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AUTREPART (ex-Cahiers des Sciences Humaines), 1997, N? 1

CAVIGNAC, Julie.

Romances d'exil. Litt?rature de cordel et migrations au Br?sil.

Une recherche portant sur les productions narratives des migrants originaires du sert?o, install?s dans un quartier p?riph?rique de la capitale de l'?tat du Rio Grande do Norte (Zona Norte, Natal, Rn.), permet d'?valuer les transformations d'une culture "traditionnelle" dans un contexte urbain. Gr?ce ? l'enqu?te ethnographique et au recueil d'un corpus essentiellement narratif, la r?alit? quotidienne des nouveaux citadins est analys?e. Cette perspective permet d'amorcer une r?flexion sur l'importance sociale et imaginaire des grands p?les migratoires -- les capitales nordestines ou les m?gapoles du Sud. De m?me, l'?tude de la culture des migrants au travers des textes permet de recueillir le discours sur le malheur mis en po?sie (exil, solitude, s?paration, changements de mode de vie, saudade, etc.) comme de saisir un rapport particulier de l'individu ? l'espace et au monde.

(BRESIL, MILIEU URBAIN, MIGRATION RURALE-URBAINE, HISTOIRE MIGRATOIRE, MIGRANT, ETHNOGRAPHIE).

Stories of exile, Literature of cordel and the migrations in Brazil.

The author here assesses the significance of the transformation of "traditional" culture into an urban context, based on research into the narrative literature of migrants, originally from the sert?o and now living in the outer areas of the Rio Grande do Norte State capital (Zona Norte, Natal, Rn.). Based on an ethnographic study and the collection of mainly narrative stories, she proceeds to apply these analyses to the day-to-day life of these new city-dwellers. With this as her starting point she suggests a new line of thought on the social and idealistic significance of the main centres for migration -- the North-Eastern capitals and the Southern megacities. At the same time, study of the migrants' culture through their written literature shows how the theme of misfortune is expressed in poetry (exile, loneliness, separation, changes in lifestyle, saudade, etc.) and is used to demonstrate the relationship between the individual and his conceptualization of space and of the world.

(BRAZIL, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, MIGRATION HISTORY, MIGRANTS, ETHNOGRAPHY).

Fran?ais ? pp. 15-40.

J. Cavignac, GRAL (CNRS-UMR 9959), CNPq-UFRN, Natal, Br?sil.

***

AUTREPART, 1997, N? 2

HEUZ?, G?rard.

L'?volution des familles de milieux populaires ? Mumbai, Inde.

Les familles de milieux populaires de Mumbai semblent pr?sentement affect?es par deux types de ph?nom?nes ?volutifs. Les premiers sont tr?s lents. Ils ne paraissent pas bouleverser la structure ou l'existence des milieux familiaux. Au terme d'un demi-si?cle de stabilisation, ces processus accompagnent une sorte d'?ge d'or de la famille "ouvri?re et populaire". Les seconds types de changements s'inscrivent dans des processus de "massification" des attitudes et des moeurs familiales. Certains d'entre eux ouvrent sur des perspectives de crise. L'affirmation des femmes, l'autonomisation des jeunes et le d?veloppement des id?aux ?galitaires, qui sont porteurs de nombreuses ?volutions positives, semblent notamment capables d'induire de dangereuses tensions.

(INDE, MEGALOPOLE, CLASSE INFERIEURE, CLASSE OUVRIERE, VIE FAMILIALE, CHANGEMENT CULTUREL).

Evolution of families in popular classes in Mumbai, India.

Families of the popular stratas of Mumbai metropolis seem to be concerned by two types of evolutionary processes. The first ones are very slow. They do not question the structure or the existence of the family under its present shape. The families are emerging from half a century of attempts for stabilisation. These processes seem to illustrate a kind of "golden age of the family" among the popular classes. The other types of changes are related to the rising of mass consciousnesses and practices. Some of them are giving way to crisis. The assertion of women, the autonomization of the youth and the spreading of egalitarian perspectives, which display in certain circumstances positive potentialities, seem also able to induce dangerous tensions.

(INDIA, MEGALOPOLIS, LOWER CLASS, WORKING CLASS, FAMILY LIFE, CULTURAL CHANGE).

Fran?ais ? pp. 15-31.

G. Heuz?, CNRS-Centre d'?tude de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud.

***

B?LANGER, Dani?le.

Changements familiaux au Vietnam depuis 1960: trente ann?es de formation des couples ? Hanoi.

Le processus d'entr?e en union t?moigne remarquablement bien des ruptures et continuit?s qui caract?risent l'?volution des rapports familiaux depuis trente ans au Vietnam. L'analyse effectu?e ? partir d'une enqu?te qualitative r?alis?e en 1994 a pour point de d?part le d?but de l'?re socialiste ? Hanoi. A cette ?poque, la loi sur le mariage et la famille de 1959 veut rompre avec la famille traditionnelle et le mariage arrang? par les parents. En d?pit de cette loi et de l'insertion du Parti dans le choix du conjoint afin d'assurer une homogamie politique des unions, la famille conserve plusieurs de ses caract?ristiques de la p?riode pr?r?volutionnaire. Au cours des ann?es 80, le mariage devient de plus en plus l'initiative des enfants mais le consentement des parents s'av?re indispensable.

(VIET NAM, VIE FAMILIALE, CONSTITUTION DE LA FAMILLE, TYPE DE MARIAGE, CHANGEMENT CULTUREL).

Family changes in Vietnam since 1960: Thirty years of couple formation in Hanoi.

By studying formation of couples, it is possible to make an effective analysis of whether family ties in Vietnam have broken down or on the contrary have maintained their relevance over the last thirty years in Vietnam. This analysis, drawn on a 1994 qualitative survey, covers the period from the beginning of the socialist period in Hanoi, when the 1959 law on marriage and the family was expected to loosen traditional family bonds and end arranged marriages. Despite this law, and despite Party intervention in the choice of partner to ensure politically correct marriages, the family held firm to its pre-revolutionary form. During the 1980s, marriages are increasingly initiated by the children, though rarely without parental consent.

(VIET NAM, FAMILY LIFE, FAMILY FORMATION, TYPES OF MARRIAGE, CULTURAL CHANGE).

Fran?ais ? pp. 31-51.

D. B?langer, D?partement de D?mographie, Universit? de Montr?al, Montr?al, QC, H3C 3J8, Canada.

***

MACPHERSON, Cluny.

D?veloppement ?conomique et transformation de la parent? aux Samoa occidentales (Pacifique Sud).

Les facteurs sociaux, d?mographiques, politiques et ?conomiques jouent un r?le dans la transformation de la structure de la parent? et de la famille dans des soci?t?s du Pacifique Sud qui sont en contact avec l'Occident depuis quelque cent cinquante ans. Le cas des Samoa occidentales offre un exemple int?ressant du processus de changement ? l'oeuvre, selon des degr?s divers, au sein des soci?t?s des ?les du Pacifique. L'int?gration de micro-?tats au syst?me capitaliste mondial affecte profond?ment l'organisation de la parent?, notamment ? travers la mise en place d'un syst?me ?lectoral, le d?veloppement du salariat, les transformations dans le droit foncier et l'?migration de main-d'oeuvre. En outre, si l'id?ologie de la parent? semble rester tr?s pr?gnante, elle n'en subit pas moins des changements cons?quents.

(SAMOA, PARENTE, DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, CHANGEMENT SOCIAL).

Economic development and changes in kinship in Western Samoa (South Pacific).

Social, demographic, political and economical factors have a role in the transformation of the structure of kinship and family in the South Pacific in the period since continuous contact with the West commenced some 150 years ago. The case of Western Samoa is offered as an example of the process of change which is occuring at varying rates throughout Pacific island societies. The incorporation of microstates into the world-capitalist system sets the stage for profound transformations of kinship organization, particularly through the electoral system, the development of salaried work, the transformations of land tenure and emigration of labour force. Therefore, while ideology of kinship may remain largely intact, the actual organization of kinship may be changing.

(SAMOA, KINSHIP, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL CHANGE).

Fran?ais ? pp. 53-65.

C. MacPherson, Department of Sociology, Auckland University, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, Nouvelle-Z?lande.

***

DELAUNAY, Daniel.

La famille mexicaine aux ?tats-Unis.

La migration mexicaine aux ?tats-Unis a amput? de 15 % la population mexicaine qui sinon serait de plus de 100 millions d'habitants. Les Mexicaines ?migr?es ?taient pourtant les moins f?condes, du moins pour les plus ?g?es. La distribution de la taille des m?nages parmi les Mexicains ?migr?s aux ?tats-Unis et ceux rest?s au pays est tr?s similaire. En revanche, on y trouve plus de m?nages complexes du fait de la multiplication des colat?raux. Une analyse des recensements men?e de 1850 ? 1990 montre que cette complexit? ne s'est d'ailleurs d?velopp?e que depuis les ann?es 70.

(?TATS-UNIS, MEXIQUE, COMPOSITION DU M?NAGE, IMMIGRANT, TENDANCE).

The Mexican family in the United States.

Mexican immigration to the United States has drained 15% of the Mexican population which would otherwise total more than 100 million people. Mexican female migrants were usually the least fertile, especially the older women. A comparison of the size of households of Mexican immigrants in the United States and of those remaining in Mexico shows similar statistics. However, in the United States, there appears to be a greater proportion of extended households. An analysis of'census statistics from 1850 to 1990 indicates that these more complex structures are a new phenomenon, having developed as recently as the 1970s.

(UNITED STATES, MEXICO, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, IMMIGRANTS, TRENDS).

Fran?ais - pp. 67-88.

D. Delaunay, IRD-COLEF, 21 calle Abelardo Rodriguez, 22320 Tijuana, Mexique.

***

BEY, Marguerite; GASTELLU, Jean-Marc; MESCLIER, ?velyne.

Au P?rou, la famille peut-elle remplacer l'?tat?.

La famille appara?t comme un noyau privil?gi? de coordination des activit?s dans les Andes du P?rou. En effet, la solidarit? territoriale des communaut?s paysannes s'effrite depuis leur reconnaissance officielle en 1969, lors de la r?forme agraire. ? l'inverse, la crise de 1987 ? 1991 a montr? que les familles des districts d?favoris?s de Lima ont recr?? une solidarit? de voisinage. En fait, un m?me mouvement r?v?le l'?mergence de la famille restreinte, qui suscite de nouvelles formes de solidarit?, davantage ? sa port?e. On aurait pu croire qu'elle pouvait se substituer ? l'?tat dans quelques-unes de ses attributions. Cependant, l'?pid?mie de chol?ra, en 1991, montre qu'on ne peut tout attendre des seules familles.

(PEROU, FAMILLE, FAMILLE NUCLEAIRE, SECURITE SOCIALE, CHANGEMENT SOCIAL).

Can the family replace the State in Peru?.

In the Peruvian Andes, co-ordination of tasks still appears to be an important part of the family's responsibilities. However, the territorial solidarity of peasant communities has been disintegrating, since their official recognition in 1969 as part of the agricultural reform. On the other hand, since the recession between 1987 and 1991, families in the poor neighbourhoods in Lima began recreating that community solidarity. At the same time, there has been a move towards emergence of the restricted family providing new forms of solidarity better adapted to the situation. These new forms of solidarity could be interpreted as taking over certain responsibilities of the State. Nevertheless, the cholera epidemic of 1991 showed that families alone cannot provide all the solutions.

(PERU, FAMILY, NUCLEAR FAMILY, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL CHANGE).

Fran?ais ? pp. 89-103.

M. Bey, CECOD-IEDES, 162 rue Saint-Charles, 75740 Paris cedex 15, France; J.-M. Gastellu, Laboratoire d'?tudes agraires, IRD, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier cedex 1, France; ?. Mesclier, IRD-IFEA, Casilla 18-1217, Lima 18, P?rou.

***

HASSOUN, Judith.

La solidarit? familiale face au sida: r?sultats d'une enqu?te r?alis?e ? Abidjan (C?te d'Ivoire) aupr?s de femmes malades du sida. Les r?sultats d'une enqu?te r?alis?e ? Abidjan aupr?s de 95 femmes malades du sida font appara?tre que le r?seau de solidarit? familiale est, face au sida, doublement mis ? l'?preuve: d'une part, ce r?seau, d?j? fragilis? par la crise ?conomique, est tr?s sollicit?; d'autre part, il est inadapt? pour r?pondre aux besoins des personnes atteintes. En effet, l'aide apport?e et re?ue est fonction du statut social de chacun au sein du groupe. Mais le sida, en se r?percutant sur la position familiale et professionnelle des personnes touch?es, modifie leur statut social; pire, il peut faire perdre son statut ? l'individu qui est mis ? l'?cart. Elles ne peuvent alors appara?tre en tant que malades du sida et b?n?ficient rarement d'un soutien moral. Mais, bien que le sida ait des r?percussions sur ce r?seau satur? en modifiant les structures familiales, ce r?seau fonctionne toujours et il semble que l'on n'assiste pas ? une individualisation des relations familiales.

(COTE D?IVOIRE, CAPITALE, SIDA, ENQUETE, FAMILLE, PARENTE, SECURITE SOCIALE, CONDITION FEMININE).

Family solidarity by AIDS: Results of a survey of women suffering from AIDS carried out in Abidjan (C?te d'Ivoire).

The results of a Abidjan survey of 95 women suffering from AIDS have shown that, in the face of the AIDS epidemic, the family network of solidarity has received two major blows: on the one hand, the network, already weakened by the economic recession, now has too many demands on its resources; and on the other, it is poorly adapted to respond to the needs of AIDS patients. The amount of assistance available depends on the social status of each member of the group. However, with its serious repercussions on the victim's familial and professional position, AIDS alters her social status, and may in turn lead to her being placed beyond the family circle. She receives little moral support as she cannot say she has AIDS. However, this overloaded network, though seriously damaged by the AIDS epidemic's effect on family structures, continues to function and apparently has not reduced the rapports of the AIDS sufferer to those of an individual excluded from the family.

(COTE D?IVOIRE, CAPITAL CITY, AIDS, SURVEYS, FAMILY, KINSHIP, SOCIAL SECURITY, WOMEN'S STATUS).

Fran?ais ? pp. 105-122.

J. Hassoun, CEPED, 15 rue de l'?cole de m?decine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.

***

HERTRICH, V?ronique.

Vers la construction d'un espace conjugal chez les Bwa du Mali?.

Des changements se produisent dans la constitution et la dynamique des couples, ici ?tudi?s dans une population rurale du Mali. Sans bouleversement apparent des structures socio?conomiques et familiales, les relations entre les g?n?rations et, plus timidement, entre les conjoints ?voluent au sein de cette population. Les contr?les familiaux dans la formation des couples s'all?gent et ceux-ci commencent ? pouvoir s'exprimer et d?cider. Autrefois conclus et contr?l?s par les lignages, les mariages rel?vent aujourd'hui de plus en plus souvent de l'initiative des int?ress?s ou de leurs proches parents, au terme de processus plus courts et sans surench?re de prestations. Le r?le des familles devient plus instrumental: celles-ci se contentent de valider les projets des int?ress?s et de g?rer les proc?dures formelles du mariage. Cet assouplissement permet aux hommes de se marier plus jeunes et plus souvent avec une femme elle-m?me c?libataire. Le p?le conjugal en sort-il renforc?? Il est encore trop t?t pour en juger. La polygamie ne semble pas reculer, les divorces sont souvent le fait de familles qui d?noncent une union qu'elles ne reconnaissent pas.

(MALI, GROUPE ETHNIQUE, POPULATION RURALE, COUPLE, CONSTITUTION DE LA FAMILLE, TYPE DE MARIAGE, CHANGEMENT CULTUREL).

Towards a conjugal household in the Bwa tribe of Mali?.

The study of a rural population in Mali has provided information on changes in the creation and evolution of couples. Although the socioeconomic and family structures have apparently remained unaltered, relationships between generations and, to a lesser extent, between marriage partners have indeed changed in the Bwa community. Family control over the creation of couples has lessened and as a result couples begin to express their opinions and take their own decisions. In the past, marriages were arranged and controlled according to lineage. Now they are increasingly initiated by the individuals themselves or their close relatives, following relatively brief negotiations and reduced bargaining for dowries. The families then take on a more instrumental role, restricting themselves to confirming the future partners' projects and to supervising the marriage formalities. Thanks to this relaxation of traditional ways, men are able to marry at a younger age and to choose an unmarried woman. Has marriage been reinforced by this development? It is still too early to tell. Polygamy does not appear to have been reduced, divorces are often due to families turning against marriages which they do not condone.

(MALI, GROUPE ETHNIQUE, POPULATION RURALE, COUPLE, CONSTITUTION DE LA FAMILLE, TYPE DE MARIAGE, CHANGEMENT CULTUREL).

Fran?ais ? pp. 123-142.

V. Hertrich, INED, 133 bd Davout, 75020 Paris, France. hertrich@ined.fr.

***

VIMARD, Patrice.

Modernisation, crise et transformation familiale en Afrique subsaharienne.

Les crises ?conomiques et sociales qui frappent de nombreux pays du Sud am?nent ? relire les th?ories de l'?volution familiale selon l'angle d'approche in?dit de leur impact sur les mod?les familiaux. L'article pr?sente tout d'abord la th?orie de la nucl?arisation familiale et les diff?rents prolongements et critiques qui lui ont ?t? apport?s depuis le milieu du XXe si?cle et qui permettent de l'infirmer. Puis il ?tudie les nouvelles hypoth?ses propos?es pour rendre compte des effets de la crise ?conomique et sociale sur les transformations familiales en Afrique sub-saharienne. Sont examin?es les hypoth?ses de repliement conjugal et de diff?renciation familiale, qui ?mergent dans la litt?rature sur le sujet, ? partir des ?volutions de la structure des m?nages et des familles dans diff?rents pays et principalement en C?te d'Ivoire. Ces analyses permettent de mettre en ?vidence les principaux ph?nom?nes constitutifs concurrents de l'organisation des groupes r?sidentiels: nucl?arisation, accueil de parents, monoparentalit?. Il en r?sulte une transformation plurielle des familles, au d?triment des transitions lin?aires d'un mod?le familial ? l'autre pr?n?es par les anciennes th?ories.

(AFRIQUE AU SUD DU SAHARA, FAMILLE, THEORIE, MODERNISATION, CHANGEMENT SOCIAL).

Modernization, crisis and transformation of the family in sub-Saharan Africa.

Economic and social crises, which have struck many Southern countries, have forced a review of family development theories, taking a new perspective in order to assess their impact on family models. This article studies first the nuclear family theory, as well as its various developments and the criticisms to which this concept has been subjected since the mid-20th century and under which it has not emerged intact. The author then studies the new hypotheses taking into account the effect of economic and social crisis on family changes in sub-Saharan Africa. The hypotheses of conjugal withdrawal and family differentiation emerging from the literature on the subject are reviewed, drawing on those dealing with the development of household and family structures in several countries and especially C?te d'Ivoire. These analyses demonstrate the main constitutive parallel phenomena in the organization of residential groups: nuclearisation, parental shelter, single-parenthood. As a result multiple changes to families can be identified, attended by a subsequent reduction in linear transitions from one family model to another as identified by previous theories.

(AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, FAMILY, THEORY, MODERNIZATION, SOCIAL CHANGE).

Fran?ais ? pp. 143-159.

P. Vimard, IRD-Laboratoire Population-Environnement (LPE), centre Saint-Charles, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France.

***

AUTREPART, 1997, N? 3 MICHAUD, Jean; CULAS, Christian.

Les Hmong de la p?ninsule indochinoise : migrations et histoire.

Du Sud de la Chine vers le Nord du Vietnam, le Laos et m?me jusqu'au milieu du bassin du Chao Phraya en Tha?lande, des groupes de migrants hmong de taille variable ont ?t? d?crits par diff?rents observateurs ? la fin du XIXe et au d?but du XXe si?cle. Quand et dans quelles circonstances une partie des Miao/Hmong originaires de la province du Guizhou a-t-elle migr? vers le Sud du massif montagneux sud-est asiatique? Qui ?taient-ils exactement? Comment leur histoire s'inscrit-elle dans celle des colonies secou?es ? plusieurs reprises par des guerres et des r?voltes? Les donn?es historiques et les observations ethnographiques permettront d'apporter quelques ?l?ments de r?ponse.

(ASIE ORIENTALE, ASIE DU SUD-EST, GROUPE ETHNIQUE, HISTOIRE, MIGRATION).

The Hmong in Indochinese peninsula: Migrations and history.

Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of observers noted the migration of Hmong groups of all sizes from Southern China through Northern Vietnam and Laos ending sometimes as far south as the mid-Chao Phraya basin in Thailand. When, and under what circumstances, did parts of the Miao/Hmong sub-group from Guizhou Province leave the southern areas of the Southeast Asian mountain ranges? Who were they? How does their arrival impact on local colonial history and in particular on the many wars and uprisings at that time? Historical data and ethnographic observations may help provide some answers.

(EASTERN ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN ASIA, ETHNIC GROUPS, HISTORY, MIGRATION).

Fran?ais ? pp. 79-104.

J. Michaud, Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, R.-U.; C. Culas, Institut de recherche sur le Sud-Est Asiatique (IRSEA-CNRS), Aix-en-Provence, France.

***

AUTREPART, 1998, n? 5

CERNEA, Michael.

La sociologie des d?placements forc?s: un mod?le th?orique.

Les d?placements forc?s et r?installations de populations cons?cutifs ? des programmes de d?veloppement ont atteint une ampleur et une fr?quence telles qu'ils sont reconnus comme des ph?nom?nes universels et n?cessitent des solutions r?gies par des politiques sp?cialis?es. L'auteur identifie les tendances g?n?rales r?v?l?es par le vaste corpus de donn?es empiriques en mati?re de r?installation, pour ensuite esquisser un mod?le th?orique de d?placement et de reconstruction. Ce mod?le tire avantage des toutes derni?res recherches en mati?re de r?installation et propose un large cadre th?orique pour diagnostiquer et anticiper les risques d'appauvrissement. Ce cadre peut servir d'outil op?rationnel. Le mod?le sugg?re ?galement que la reconstruction et l'am?lioration des moyens d'existence des personnes d?plac?es exigent une lutte pour renverser les risques de paup?risation au moyen de strat?gies soutenues par un financement ad?quat. L'auteur critique les approches qui n?gligent la reconstruction ainsi que les limites propres ? l'analyse des co?ts et avantages. Cet article montre comment le mod?le th?orique propos? peut ?tre utilis? par des planificateurs et des chercheurs comme un instrument de diagnostic, de pr?vision, de r?solution des probl?mes et d'orientation de recherche.

(MIGRATION FORCEE, SOCIOLOGIE, MODELE THEORIQUE, REPEUPLEMENT, PAUPERISATION, METHODOLOGIE).

Sociology of forced displacements: A theoretical model.

Involuntary population displacements and resettlement entailed by development programs have reached a magnitude and frequency that give these phenomena worldwide relevance and require policy-guided solutions. The author extracts the general trends and patterns revealed by a vast body of empirical data on resettlement, to outline a theoretical model of displacement and reconstruction. This model benefits from the new state of the ability in resettlement research and responds to it by offering a comprehensive theoretical framework for diagnosis and advance warnings, a framework that is usable operationally. Conversely, the model suggests that reconstructing and improving the livelihood of those displaced requires risk-reversals through explicit strategies backed up by adequate financing. The author criticizes flawed approaches to reconstruction and the intrinsic limitations of the cost-benefits analysis. The paper shows the proposed model can be used by practitioners and researchers as a diagnostic tool, a predictive tool, a problem-resolution tool, and a research-guidance tool.

(FORCED MIGRATION, SOCIOLOGY, THEORETICAL MODELS, RESETTLEMENT, IMPOVERISHMENT, METHODOLOGY).

Fran?ais ? pp. 11-28.

M. Cernea, D?partement de l'Environnement, Banque Mondiale, Washington, DC, U.S.A.

***

KOENIG, Dolor?s; DIARRA, Ti?man.

Les enjeux de la politique locale dans la r?installation: strat?gies fonci?res des populations r?install?es et h?tes dans la zone du barrage de Manantali, Mali.

La construction du barrage de Manantali a provoqu?, en 1986 et en 1987, le recasement de10000 habitants de la vall?e du fleuve Bafing au Mali. Les planificateurs ont voulu mettre en oeuvre un plan de recasement qui tienne compte des toutes derni?res connaissances, surtout en mati?re d'acc?s aux ressources ?conomiques. N?anmoins, six ? sept ans apr?s la r?installation, une grande partie de la population transf?r?e se plaignait de probl?mes d'acc?s ? la terre. Les planificateurs et le personnel du projet n'avaient pas suffisamment pris en compte les aspects politiques du recasement, surtout le r?le tenu par les droits fonciers dans le pouvoir local. Dans cette r?gion, tout d?placement entra?nait un processus de hi?rarchisation entre villages donateurs de terres et villages r?ceptionnaires. Puisque les villages r?install?s ne se concevaient pas comme des cadets ou des d?pendants, ils se refus?rent ? faire aux villages h?tes des demandes fonci?res compl?mentaires. C'est pourquoi les terres donn?es par le projet se sont appauvries et les populations recas?es ont renou? avec l'agriculture itin?rante qui n'ob?it pas ? une logique d'intensification ni de protection de l'environnement. Le manque de compr?hension des r?gles de la politique locale a aussi men? ? des situations impr?vues sur le plan social, comme l'alt?ration du statut des chefs des villages recas?s. Des exemples de cons?quences ?conomiques et politiques survenues ? la suite de l'ex?cution du recasement sont pr?sent?s et des suggestions pour une meilleure planification sont propos?es.

(MALI, REPEUPLEMENT, MIGRATION FORCEE, REGIME FONCIER, PLANIFICATION DE PROGRAMME).

The role of local politics in resettlement: Land tenure strategies among resettled and host populations in Manantali, Mali.

The construction of the Manantali dam led to the resettlement of 10,000 inhabitants of Mali's Bafing river valley in 1986-87. Resettlement planners tried to create a resettlement plan that took into account the most recent knowledge about resettlement, especially questions of access to economic resources. Nevertheless, 6-7 years after the resettlement, much of the resettled population faced problems of land availability. Planners and resettlement project personnel had not taken sufficiently into account the political aspects of resettlement, especially the linkages between local land tenure and power relations. In this region, any search for new land creates a hierarchical process between the villages giving land and those receiving it. Since the relocated villages did not see themselves as dependent upon or inferior to the host villages, they rarely asked host villages for supplementary land. Due to continuous use, the land allocated by the project began to lose fertility and resettlers once again began to undertake shifting agriculture, which undercut goals of agricultural intensification and environmental conservation. The lack of understanding of the political implementations of land tenure also led to unanticipated social consequences, including the loss of authority among village chiefs in resettlement villages. This article presents several examples of the economic and political consequences following the implementation of the resettlement project and offers suggestions for better planning.

(MALI, RESETTLEMENT, FORCED MIGRATION, LAND TENURE, PROGRAMME PLANNING).

Fran?ais ? pp. 29-44.

D. Koenig, Department of Anthropology, American University, Washington, DC, U.S.A.; T. Diarra, D?partement d'ethnosociologie, Institut des sciences humaines, Bamako, Mali.

***

SCHAEFFER-DAINCIART, Delphine.

Redistribution spatiale de la population et collectivisation au nord-Vietnam: d?localisation des Kinh et s?dentarisation des minorit?s.

Le peuplement vietnamien se caract?rise ? la fois par sa diversit? ethnique et sa tr?s in?gale r?partition. D?s 1954, afin de r?duire les disparit?s entre plaines et arri?re-pays, le nouveau gouvernement du nord-Vietnam s'attache ? mettre en place une politique de redistribution spatiale de la population. Il organise alors le d?placement de 1,2 million de Kinh du delta vers les r?gions montagneuses et la "s?dentarisation" d'un million de personnes appartenant aux minorit?s ethniques montagnardes. Ces politiques migratoires sont associ?es ? la grande r?forme collectiviste. Cependant, la concentration de ces populations dans les vall?es tr?s ?troites des milieux montagnards et les difficult?s de d?veloppement entra?nent d'importants probl?mes de subsistance. Aujourd'hui, la plupart des habitants de ces r?gions pratiquent l'agriculture sur br?lis. Les risques d'?rosion sont accentu?s par la d?forestation et la surexploitation des terres de pentes. Par ailleurs, de nouveaux mouvements migratoires, spontan?s cette fois, s'organisent au d?part de ces anciennes r?gions d'accueil en direction des hauts plateaux du Centre.

(VIET NAM, MINORITE ETHNIQUE, MIGRATION FORCEE, POLITIQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE, ENVIRONNEMENT, COLLECTIVISME).

Population redistribution and collectivism in North-Vietnam: The Kinh transmigration and minorities sedentarization.

The vietnamese population is characterized by a large diversity of ethnic groups and an unequal geographical distribution. Since 1954, in order to reduce the disparities between lowlands, midlands and uplands, the government of North-Vietnam has implemented a policy for a geographical redistribution of the population. Consequently, 1,2 million people from the Kinh ethnic group were moved from the plain areas to the mountains and one million people from ethnic minorities, who used to live in the mountains, were settled in valleys. At the same time, the collectivist reform was set in motion. Nevertheless, displaced people have been gradually facing many difficulties. Valleys are too narrow and people have not enough agricultural lands to produce food for all their family. Therefore, at the moment, many of them are still practicing shifting cultivation. Deforestation and overexploitation in mountain areas entail erosion and drop in the fertility. For a few years, in North-Vietnam, life conditions have become so tough that people are moving spontaneously to the Southern Uplands where they wish to find a better life.

(VIET NAM, ETHNIC MINORITIES, FORCED MIGRATION, GOUVERNMENT POLICY, ENVIRONMENT, COLLECTIVISM).

Fran?ais ? pp. 45-62.

D. Schaeffer-Dainciart, UMR Regards 9937, CNRS-IRD, Talence, France.

***

SANDRON, Fr?d?ric.

L'immobilit? forc?e: la s?dentarisation des nomades dans le Sud tunisien.

A des rythmes diff?rents, les soci?t?s nomades des pays en d?veloppement sont en train de dispara?tre. Cette ?volution historique semble li?e en partie ? l'existence d'un pouvoir central fort qui juge g?n?ralement le nomadisme incompatible avec la constitution d'un ?tat moderne. Dans le cas de la Tunisie, le pouvoir colonial (1881) comme le nouvel ?tat ind?pendant (1956) ont mis en place une politique de s?dentarisation des nomades et semi-nomades. Nous en retra?ons ici les ?tapes et en analysons l'impact en termes ?cologiques et en termes humains, en insistant sur les modes d'int?gration des nomades ? la soci?t? tunisienne.

(TUNISIE, NOMADE, SEMI-NOMADE, SEDENTAIRE, REPARTITION DE LA POPULATION, POLITIQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE, HISTOIRE, ECOLOGIE HUMAINE).

Forced immobility: Sedentarization of nomads in the South of Tunisia.

At different pace, nomadic communities in LDC are in the process of disappearing. This historical evolution seems to lie linked to a strong central government which estimates incompatible the coexistence of nomadism and modern State. In the case of Tunisia, settlement policies for nomads were established by both the colonial government (1881) and the new independent State (1956). The aim of this paper is both to examine the phases of these policies and to show their impacts on ecosystems and the integration of nomads in Tunisian society.

(TUNISIA, NOMADS, SEMI-NOMADS, NON-MIGRANTS, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, GOVERNMENT POLICY, HISTORY, HUMAN ECOLOGY).

Fran?ais ? pp. 63-78.

F. Sandron, IRD, El Menzah, Tunisie.

***

CAMBR?ZY, Luc.

Une enqu?te chez des r?fugi?s urbains : le cas des exil?s rwandais ? Nairobi.

Par rapport ? leurs compatriotes rassembl?s dans les camps de r?fugi?s, les Rwandais r?fugi?s ? Nairobi appartiennent aux cat?gories sociales les plus ais?es et les mieux form?es de leur pays d'origine. Mais l'histoire du g?nocide de 1994 et leur refus de retourner au pays rendent cette population particuli?rement soup?onnable. Les conditions de r?alisation d'une enqu?te sociod?mographique dans une population qui cherche avant tout ? se montrer discr?te sont ici d?crites. Les r?sultats de cette enqu?te mettent en ?vidence le bouleversement des structures familiales et, la clandestinit? aidant, le processus de marginalisation ?conomique et sociale. Les enfants, par le retard scolaire accumul?, supporteront toute leur vie les cons?quences de la guerre civile.

(KENYA, RWANDA, MILIEU URBAIN, REFUGIE, ENQUETE, CLASSE SUPERIEURE, COMPOSITION DE LA FAMILLE, CONDITION SOCIO-ECONOMIQUE).

A survey among urban refugees: The case of exiled Rwandese in Nairobi.

Compared to their compatriots gathered in refugee camps, the Rwandese who took refuge in Nairobi belong to the richest and most educated social groups of their home country. However, this population is considered with great suspiciousness because of the history of 1994's genocide and their refusal to go back to Rwanda. The conditions for realizing a sociodemographical survey among urban refugees who look for discretion and anonymity are hereafter described. The inquiry's results highlight the complete disruption of family structures and, because of the clandestinity, the economic and social marginalization process. For example, the children who are suffering a worsening scholar backwardness, will have to bear all their life the civil war consequences.

(KENYA, RWANDA, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, REFUGEES, SURVEY, UPPER CLASS, FAMILY COMPOSITION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS).

Fran?ais ? pp. 79-94.

L. Cambr?zy, IRD, Nairobi, Kenya.

***

SANTOIR, Christian.

Les naufrag?s du fleuve : le probl?me des r?fugi?s mauritaniens dans la vall?e du fleuve S?n?gal.

En 1989 et 1990, la Mauritanie expulse plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes originaires, pour la plupart, de la rive droite du fleuve S?n?gal. Ces expulsions sont l'aboutissement, entre autres, de la crise identitaire que conna?t la Mauritanie, situ?e ? la charni?re du monde arabe et de l'Afrique noire. L'am?nagement de la vall?e du fleuve S?n?gal, et notamment des r?gimes fonciers diff?rents d'une rive ? l'autre, a cristallis? les heurts entre populations de culture maure et n?gro-africaine. L'intervention des ?tats mauritanien et s?n?galais a contribu? ? "ethniciser" le conflit par m?dias interpos?s. En 1997, les relations entre les deux ?tats ont repris, mais le probl?me des r?fugi?s est loin d'?tre r?gl? malgr? les retours constat?s. Ces retours concernent surtout les populations s?dentaires. Sur la rive s?n?galaise du fleuve, la majorit? des r?fugi?s sont des agropasteurs peul dont le sort reste tr?s incertain.

(SENEGAL, MAURITANIE, REFUGIE, CONTACT CULTUREL, CONFLIT, MIGRATION DE RETOUR.)

River-wrecked populations: The issue of the Mauritanian refugees in the Valley of the Senegal River.

In 1989 and 1990, Mauritania has expelled tens of thousands of people, native for most of them from the right bank of the Senegal River. These expulsions result, amongst other reasons, from the identity crisis which strikes Mauritania, situated at the turning point of the arabic world and Black Africa. The Senegal River Valley development through land legislations, which differ from one side of the river bank to the other, has reinforced the conflict between the Moorish and the Black African population. The mediatic interventions of both Mauritanian and Senegalese governments have contributed to give an ethnic size to the conflict. In 1997, the relations between the two countries have improved, although the problem of the refugees is far from being dealt with, despite the number of people who have already come back. However, those who have mainly returned to Mauritania are sedentary populations. On the Senegalese bank of the river, most of the present refugees are agropastoral Fulani whose fate remains uncertain.

(SENEGAL, MAURITANIA, REFUGEES, CULTURAL CONTACT, CONFLICTS, RETURN MIGRATION).

Fran?ais ? pp. 95-120.

C. Santoir, IRD, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

***

GAILLARD, Anne-Marie.

La r?ponse institutionnelle chilienne aux d?fis pos?s par le retour des exil?s.

Le retour est la fin logique des exils, meme si l'on sait qu'il ne touche souvent qu'une minorit? des populations exil?es. Pour les Chiliens, le retour repr?sentait ? la fois un droit et un devoir. En r?ponse ? cette dialectique "droit/devoir", les mouvements de retour n'attendirent pas la fin du r?gime militaire pour s'amorcer et se d?velopper, cr?ant une situation unique o? un pays recevait ses exil?s en m?me temps qu'il en s?cr?tait d'autres. Pour faire face ? ces retours, consid?r?s la plupart du temps comme difficiles (souvent en raison de l'ostracisme dont ?taient victimes les ex-exil?s -- les retornados --), se mit en place une infrastructure, bas?e sur un r?seau associatif, pour aider ces personnes ? se r?int?grer dans le pays. Apr?s la restauration de la d?mocratie, l'action de ces associations fut int?gr?e dans le programme officiel mis en oeuvre par le gouvernement chilien pour faciliter l'accueil des retornados. Suscitant des attentes qu'il ne fut pas toujours en mesure de satisfaire, ce programme public, qui ?tait ?galement con?u comme outil de la r?conciliation nationale, sut mettre en place, sur la base des exp?riences acquises, tout un ensemble de mesures l?gales, ?conomiques et sociales, propres ? faire face ? la complexit? du ph?nom?ne migratoire exceptionnel qu'est le retour d'exil.

(CHILI, EXIL, MIGRATION DE RETOUR, ORGANISATION SOCIALE, INTEGRATION, POLITIQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE).

Return from exile: The Chilean institutional response.

Returning home is the logical end to exile, even though only a limited number of refugees eventually fulfill this expectation. For Chileans, returning to their country was both a right and a duty. Because of this "right/duty" dialectic, returnees did not wait for the fall of the military regime to develop their return movement, thus creating a unique situation: the return of some coincided with the exile of others. To meet the needs of the returning population, a difficult task because "retornados" were often ostracised, associations networked to help these people readjust to their home country. When democracy was restored, the actions of these associations were incorporated into a government programme established to facilitate the return out of exile. This programme, designed as a tool of national reconciliation, was not able to live up to the great hopes it created. Yet, taking heed of past experience, it was able to draw up a series of legal, economic and social measures to cope with the complexity of this exceptional migration of people returning from exile.

(CHILE, EXILE, RETURN MIGRATION, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, INTEGRATION, GOVERNMENT POLICY).

Fran?ais ? pp. 121-135.

***

POURTIER, Roland.

Les refoul?s du Za?re : identit?, autochtonie et enjeux politiques.

De novembre 1992 ? 1994, entre 600000 et 800000 habitants de la province du Shaba ont ?t? violemment "refoul?s" vers le Kasa? d'o? ils ?taient originaires. L'analyse de ces ?v?nements montre comment la manipulation politique a attis? les rancoeurs d?j? anciennes entre des groupes jaloux des droits d?coulant de l'ant?riorit? d'occupation du territoire, et des migrants dont le nombre et le dynamisme ?conomique mena?aient la pr??minence des autochtones. Les perspectives ?lectorales ont renforc? les repliements identitaires, favorisant les desseins de Mobutu qui n'h?sita pas ? pratiquer une politique du chaos pour affaiblir ses adversaires. La r?insertion des "Kasa?ens", facilit?e par les solidarit?s familiales et le soutien des ?glises locales et des ONG -- indispensable dans le contexte d'un ?tat en d?composition -- a ?t? observ?e dans les villes de Kananga et de Mbuji Mayi (agglom?ration devenue millionnaire) et dans la r?gion de Kabinda o? l'?tude d'un projet montre comment on est pass? de l'intervention d'urgence aux pr?occupations de d?veloppement.

(ZAIRE, MIGRATION FORCEE, INTEGRATION, POLITIQUE MIGRATOIRE, REGIME POLITIQUE).

Forced return migration in Zaire: Identity, autochtony and politics.

From November 1992 up to 1994, about 600,000 to 800,000 people living in the Shaba Province were violently expelled and sent back to the Kasai area from where they originated. Analyzing these events highlights in which way rigged politics stirred up long standing resentment between native groups holding land rights and large numbers of dynamic migrants. Those migrants were considered as a threat to the natives' pre-eminence. The prospects of elections strengthened identities withdrawals, favouring Mobutu plans who did not hesitate to practice a policy of chaos in order to weaken his opponents. The author emphasizes the process of reintegration of the Kasaiens in their home area, especially in the cities of Kananga and Mbuji Mayi, a town that increased up to one million people. Under an inefficient State in decay, reintegration has mainly been facilitated by support of family network and assistance of local churches and NGOs. Finally, through the study of a reinstatement project in the area of Kabinda, the author demonstrates the change occurring from a stage of emergency to a development phase.

(ZAIRE, FORCED MIGRATION, INTEGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, POLITICAL SYSTEMS).

Fran?ais ? pp. 137-154.

R. Pourtier, Universit? de Paris-I Panth?on-Sorbonne, Paris, France.

***

P?ROUSE DE MONTCLOS, Marc-Antoine.

Le poids de l'histoire et le choc des cultures : les r?fugi?s somaliens du Kenya confront?s ? la raison d'?tat.

L'afflux de r?fugi?s en 1991 et 1992 repr?sente une crise sans pr?c?dent pour le Kenya contemporain. Outre leur nombre, l'essentiel de ces r?fugi?s ?taient des Somali dont le pass? ?tait charg? du fait de leurs revendications sur le Nord-Est du pays ? l'ind?pendance et du r?le marginal dans lequel leurs compatriotes du Kenya ont ?t? maintenus par les ?lites au pouvoir ? Nairobi. La politique du Kenya ? l'?gard de ces r?fugi?s a ainsi ?t? revue ? l'aune d'une histoire conflictuelle et des besoins tactiques d'une raison d'?tat qui ne s'est pas toujours bien accommod?e des exigences de la communaut? internationale.

(KENYA, SOMALIE, REFUGIE, POLITIQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE, CONFLIT).

Weight of history and clash of cultures: Somali refugees in Kenya faced to the government's policy. The refugee influx of 1991 and 1992 has been an unparalleled crisis for contemporary Kenya. Beside their number, most of these refugees were Somali whose political influence was negligible because of the role they and their Kenyan counterparts played during the North-East province's secession war of the 1960's. The Kenyan government's policy regarding these refugees has been conducted with this conflicting history in mind. Hence many breaches of international conventions have been committed.

(KENYA, SOMALIA, REFUGEES, GOVERNEMENT POLICY, CONFLICTS).

Fran?ais ? pp. 155-171.

M.-A. P?rouse de Montclos, IRD, Nairobi, Kenya.

***

AUTREPART, 1998, n? 7

DE TAPIA, St?phane.

Les r?fugi?s dans la construction de l'?tat-nation turc.

La Turquie est depuis les ann?es soixante avant tout connue comme pays d'?migration, pays d'origine de nombreux travailleurs ?migr?s ou r?fugi?s. Cependant, on oublie souvent qu'elle a ?t? et reste d'ailleurs un pays d'immigration. Devenu r?cemment pays de transit et m?me d'immigration pour des migrants cherchant en Europe ou en Turquie m?me un travail, l'ex-Empire ottoman transform? en r?publique a attir? depuis 1771 des millions de r?fugi?s et personnes d?plac?es ? l'occasion de nombreux conflits dans les Balkans, les pays de la M?diterran?e orientale, du Caucase et de la mer Noire. Quelques petits groupes sont m?me venus de Sib?rie ou du Xinjiang chinois. Tous n'?taient pas turcophones, ni m?me d'origine turcophone, mais, ? l'exception de rares chr?tiens alli?s un moment ? l'Empire, tous ?taient musulmans. Cet article propose un bilan politique de la venue de ces r?fugi?s qui ont, dans l'?mergence de la Turquie contemporaine, jou? un r?le immense, non seulement par leur apport d?mographique, mais aussi bien par le transfert de leurs id?ologies, croyances et convictions. Si la Turquie actuelle est aussi turque, aussi homog?ne qu'elle l'est devenue sur un substrat complexe de mosa?que ethnique, c'est paradoxalement aussi par l'action de Slaves, de Grecs, de Caucasiens ou d'Albanais qui avaient en commun un islam venu de Turquie ottomane.

(TURQUIE, REFUGIE, HISTOIRE, IMMIGRATION, MUSULMAN, DEVELOPPEMENT CULTUREL).

Refugees in the creation of the Turkish state.

Since the 60s, our perceptions of Turkey have been influenced by the outward flow of Turkish emigrant workers and refugees to other lands. We often forget that Turkey has also been and indeed is still today a haven for refugees from other countries. In recent times, it has become a way-station for immigrants seeking work and homes there and in Europe. Since 1771, when the bygone Ottoman Empire was replaced by the republic, Turkey has attracted millions of refugees and displaced persons, fleeing the conflicts in the Balkans, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasian region and around the Black Sea. Several small groups have come from as far afield as Siberia and Xinjiang in China. Not all are of Turkish origin, or even speak the language but, apart from a few scattered Christian groups linked to the ex-Empire, the majority are Muslims. This article seeks to trace the political implications of the arrival of these refugees who have played an important role in the emergence of the Turkish State, not only because of their numbers, but also because of the impact of their traditions and beliefs. The homogeneity of modern Turkey has been built on the foundations of this complex ethnic substrata, thanks to the contributions made by the Slavic, Greek, Caucasian or Albanian communities, drawing on an Islamic tradition as old as the Ottomans.

(TURKEY, REFUGEES, HISTORY, IMMIGRATION, MUSLIMS, CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT).

Fran?ais ? pp. 5-21.

S. de Tapia, CNRS, Strasbourg-Poitiers, France.

***

BLACK, Richard.

L'impact des r?fugi?s sur l'environnement ?cologique des pays d'accueil (Afrique subsaharienne).

Cet article est une analyse critique des donn?es qui confortent la th?se de l'impact n?gatif important des r?fugi?s sur l'?cologie des r?gions o? ils s'installent. L'auteur fonde son argumentation sur un examen de la litt?rature, publi?e et in?dite, relative aux effets environnementaux de la pr?sence d'un grand nombre de r?fugi?s. Bien que des rapports internes d'ONG d?noncent de fa?on formelle les changements n?gatifs que subit l'environnement, il est non moins vrai que ces analyses ne sont pas toujours justifi?es sur le plan scientifique. Chaque fois que des enqu?tes empiriques d?taill?es ont ?t? r?alis?es, les auteurs ont eu trop souvent tendance ? oublier de contextualiser le dommage identifi?. Se servant du cadre de l'Afrique subsaharienne, l'auteur apporte un regard critique sur les donn?es existantes qui d?noncent l'impact des r?fugi?s sur la v?g?tation, les sols et les ressources hydriques; il s'interroge enfin sur la part de v?rit? derri?re l'affirmation courante qui d?nonce les r?fugi?s comme ?tant des "d?pr?dateurs exceptionnels de ressources".

(AFRIQUE AU SUD DU SAHARA, REFUGIE, ENVIRONNEMENT, ECOLOGIE HUMAINE, RESSOURCES NATURELLES).

The impact of refugees on host environments (sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper considers evidence to support the claim that refugees have had a significant negative effect on the environments of regions into which they have fled. Discussion is based on a review of published and unpublished material on environmental impacts of refugees. Though internal documents of NGO's are often fortright in their conclusions that negative environmental changes are occurring, they are also frequently methodologically flawed. Where detailed empirical investigation has taken place, the importance of placing any refugee impact in its wider context is often ignored. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, the paper addresses available evidence for impacts on vegetation, land and water resources, as well as considering the extent to which refugees might be expected to be "exceptional resource degraders".

(AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, REFUGEES, ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN ECOLOGY, NATURAL RESOURCES).

Fran?ais ? pp. 23-42.

R. Black, School of African and Asian Studies, University of Sussex, R.-U.

***

PAR?-KABOR?, Afsata.

Structure familiale ? Ouagadougou et performance scolaire des filles et des gar?ons (Burkina Faso).

Des recherches men?es au Burkina Faso ont montr? que les taux d'?chec scolaire sont relativement plus ?lev?s chez les enfants de familles polygames que chez les autres. L'objectif de notre recherche, en contr?lant diverses variables familiales et scolaires et en tenant compte du sexe des enfants, ?tait d'abord de v?rifier la validit? de ce constat, puis, le cas ?ch?ant, d'apporter des ?l?ments de r?ponse ? la question portant sur les causes du ph?nom?ne. Il ressort de l'analyse et de l'interpr?tation des donn?es recueillies que la polygamie a une association n?gative avec la performance scolaire des filles en particulier. Cette situation ne semble pas ?tre li?e au fait qu'en milieu urbain burkinab?, les familles polygames sont, plus souvent que les monogames, de niveau ?conomique faible, de grande taille et de m?res analphab?tes.

(BURKINA FASO, CAPITALE, COMPOSITION DE LA FAMILLE, REUSSITE SCOLAIRE, DIFFERENCE ENTRE SEXES, POLYGAMIE).

Family structures in Ouagadougou and school results for girls and boys (Burkina Faso). Research carried out in Burkina Faso has shown that the levels of failure in schools are relatively higher among children from polygamous families than from monogamous families. The objectives of this study, which compares data on family background and schools as well as children's sex, was to verify this hypothesis and then, if appropriate, find some answers to the questions inherent in such a phenomenon. In fact the analysis and interpretation of the information available showed that polygamy does have a negative impact on school results, particularly for girls. This situation does not seem to be linked to the fact that, in the Burkina urban area, polygamous families are more likely than monogamous families to enjoy a lower economic status, to be larger and to have illiterate mothers.

(BURKINA FASO, CAPITAL CITY, FAMILY COMPOSITION, SCHOOL SUCCESS, SEX DIFFERENTIALS, POLYGAMY).

Fran?ais ? pp. 125-137.

A. Par?-Kabor?, ?cole normale sup?rieure de Koudougou, Universit? de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

***

BOULY DE LESDAIN, Sophie.

Sexualit? et procr?ation chez les Mvae (Cameroun).

Chez les Mvae du Sud-Cameroun (groupe B?ti Fang), l'?tiologie de la maladie associ?e ? la st?rilit? permet de penser le corps f?minin dans ses rapports au corps masculin et d'?tablir le lien entre le corps social et l'univers. Dans le premier cas, les interdits sexuels, provisoires ou permanents, ?tablissent les cadres culturels de la sexualit? socialement proscrite, dans un r?gime de relative libert? sexuelle; en cas de rupture d'interdit, l'origine de la maladie est attribu?e au comportement de la femme, et renvoie ? une th?orie des liquides corporels et de leurs contacts. Dans le deuxi?me cas, l'origine de la maladie est attribu?e ? une action mal?fique ext?rieure au corps de la femme et int?rieure au corps social. Ces deux niveaux d'interpr?tation forment un continuum, dont l'?tude nous am?ne au plus profond de la soci?t? mvae.

(CAMEROUN, GROUPE ETHNIQUE, SEXUALITE, COMPORTEMENT PROCREATEUR, CULTURE, MALADIE, ETHNOGRAPHIE).

Sexuality and procreation among the Mvae (Cameroon).

Among the Mvae people of South Cameroon (the B?tu-Fang group), the aetiology of disease associated with sterility gives rise to a discussion of the relationship between females and males and to the place which society fulfils in the world. In the case of male/female relationships, sexual taboos, whether temporary or permanent, create a cultural framework in which socially unacceptable sexuality can take place side by side, with relatively promiscuous sexual behaviour. Should the taboos be violated, the disease's origin can be traced attributed to the woman's behaviour and thus to contacts with her body fluids. On the other hand, the origin of the disease may be attributable not to the woman's physicality but to some evil action within the social group. These two levels of interpretation form a continuum, the study of which brings us to a deeper understanding of the Mvae society.

(CAMEROON, ETHNIC GROUPS, SEXUALITY, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR, CULTURE, DISEASES, ETHNOGRAPHY).

Fran?ais ? pp. 139-152.

***

AUTREPART, 1999, N? 11

BANZO, Mayt?.

Mexico : de la ville ? la m?gapole.

L'espace rural p?riurbain constitue le point de d?part pour analyser le processus d'urbanisation de Mexico. L'?tude de sa dynamique permet d'identifier le m?canisme du changement ? travers l'analyse de ses composantes et des relations qui les unissent. Nous proposons ainsi de d?passer la dichotomie urbain-rural. L'?tude du syst?me dans une perspective temporelle permet la d?finition des principales ?tapes du processus d'urbanisation. Trois phases sont ainsi d?termin?es: la phase de prol?tarisation, la phase de m?tropolisation et la phase de m?gapolisation. Chacune d'entre elles montre une forme de relation sp?cifique entre la ville et sa campagne qui se traduit dans les modalit?s de croissance spatiale de l'agglom?ration.

(MEXIQUE, CAPITALE, MEGALOPOLE, URBANISATION, DEVELOPPEMENT URBAIN).

Mexico: From town to megapolis.

Based on an examination of rural areas close to town centres, this article describes the spread of urbanisation in Mexico. Studying the dynamics of this phenomenon allows us to identify the mechanics of change and to analyse its component parts and the relationships between them. We propose to look beyond the usual comparison of urban and rural areas by applying a temporal perspective which defines the main steps in the urbanisation process. Three stages are thus identified: proletarisation, metropolisation and megapolisation. For each stage, we explore the specific form of relationships created between the town and its countryside and their impact on spatial growth patterns around the urban centre.

(MEXICO, CAPITAL CITY, MEGALOPOLIS, URBANIZATION, URBAN DEVELOPMENT).

Fran?ais ? pp. 7-25.

M. Banzo, Universit? Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux-III, France.

***

P?ROUSE DE MONTCLOS, Marc-Antoine.

Les reconstructions identitaires de l'exode: les r?fugi?s somaliens ? Mombasa (Kenya).

Quand il s'agit de r?installer des r?fugi?s dans un pays tiers, la difficult? est de trier les groupes les plus marginalis?s en fonction du degr? de discrimination dont ils ont ?t? victimes. Le lobbying des r?fugi?s joue beaucoup dans ce domaine, si bien que certains responsables des programmes de resettlement en sont maintenant ? parler de falsification, voire d'escroquerie. A Mombasa, chez les r?fugi?s somaliens susceptibles de pr?tendre ? l'expatriation, on a ainsi assist? ? de sensibles alt?rations historiques et identitaires dans l'?laboration de "discours minoritaires". Les descendants d'esclaves bantous, pour qui avait ?t? pr?vue une installation sur la terre de leurs anc?tres en Tanzanie, ont par exemple pr?f?r? se faire appeler Mushunguli plut?t que Gosha, le nom qu'on leur donnait en Somalie. Les marchands m?tis des ports de la c?te, eux, ont d?cid? de se regrouper sous un terme g?n?rique qui reprenait le nom de Benadir d?signant le Grand Mogadiscio...

(KENYA, SOMALIE, REFUGIE, REPEUPLEMENT, REPARTITION DE LA POPULATION, ETHNICITE).

Reconstructing identities: Somalian refugees in Mombasa, Kenya.

Planning the resettlement of refugees in a country of asylum is usually made more difficult by the tendency to classify groups according to the level of hardship experienced. As a result, refugees have become more adept at lobbying and resettlement programme directors now report the emergence of cheating and outright fraud. In Mombasa, for instance, the files of refugees in Somalia deemed eligible for expatriation were found to contain historical references to support classification as "minority community". For example, descendants of Bantu slaves, in order to be resettled on the land of their ancestors in Tanzania, preferred to be called Mushunguli, rejecting the term Gosha, which was the name given them by Somalians. In another case, half-caste traders from the coastal ports chose to identify themselves as "Benadir", a generic term used to designate the area around Mogadishu.

(KENYA, SOMALIA, REFUGEES, RESSETLEMENT, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, ETHNICITY).

Fran?ais ? pp. 27-46.

M.-A. P?rouse de Montclos, IRD, Nairobi, Kenya.

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GUILLERMOU, Yves.

Villes et campagnes en Alg?rie.

La confrontation villes-campagnes est en Alg?rie et au Maghreb un ph?nom?ne ancien et complexe, rev?tant des formes diverses au cours de l'histoire. Dans le pass? pr?colonial, la compl?mentarit? tend ? se renforcer avec le progr?s ?conomique et culturel, mais implique des ?quilibres souvent pr?caires. Sous la colonisation fran?aise, l'opposition "europ?en/autochtone" renforce le clivage villes/campagnes. Apr?s l'ind?pendance, l'exode rural va peser lourdement sur les rapports entre ruraux et citadins, et sur les politiques d'am?nagement. L'effort des pouvoirs publics en mati?re d'?quipement rural permet de r?duire les d?s?quilibres entre villes et campagnes, mais l'int?gration ?conomique et sociale se heurte ? l'?chec du d?veloppement de la production agricole. La terre et l'eau font l'objet d'une concurrence de plus en plus vive, au d?triment des besoins ?l?mentaires de larges couches de la population urbaine et rurale. Une compl?mentarit? r?elle entre villes et campagnes implique des choix difficiles et des sacrifices r?ciproques, mais aussi un v?ritable projet de soci?t? partag? par la majorit? des ruraux et des citadins.

(ALGERIE, HISTOIRE, MILIEU URBAIN, MILIEU RURAL, DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE, MIGRATION RURALE-URBAINE).

Algerian towns and countryside. The confrontation between town and country in Algeria and the Maghreb is a well-established and complex phenomenon that takes different forms throughout history. In pre-colonial times, the town and its rural area served each other with mutually beneficial services during periods of economic and cultural progress, but this equilibrium was often illusory. Under French colonial rule, this situation became more difficult with the introduction of discrimination between "Europeans" and "locals". Once Algeria became independent, the rural exodus placed further strains on the relationships between country and town inhabitants, not least because of its impact on town-planning. Despite the efforts of government authorities responsible for rural development to reduce disparities between urban and rural areas, economic and social integration was further compromised by failure of agricultural policies. Competition for land and for irrigation gave rise to fierce rivalries and led to breakdowns in the supply of basic foodstuffs to large sections of urban and rural populations. Finding the right balance between towns and rural communities requires difficult choices and sacrifices on both sides, as well as commitment to future projects shared by many urban and rural dwellers.

(ALGERIA0, HISTORY, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, RURAL ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION).

Fran?ais ? pp. 47-60.

Y. Guillermou, Universit? Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

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