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INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, SUMMER 1999, VOL. 33, N° 2
Kofman, Eleonore.
Female 'birds of passage' a decade later: Gender and immigration in the European Union.
Despite the increasing body of theoretical and case study literature about the feminization of international migration, general formulations of international migration have failed to include insights derived from this research. First, this article critically assesses the dominant accounts of the sequence of labor migration and family reunification and argues that it is time to reclaim the heterogeneity of women's past migratory experiences in our understanding of European patterns of post-war immigration. Second, it examines family migration, covering diverse forms of family reunification and formation which, although the dominant form of legal immigration into Europe since the 1970s, has received relatively little attention. Third, it explores the implications of the diversification of contemporary female migration in the European Union and argues for the necessity of taking account of the reality of changing patterns of employment, households and social structures to advance our understanding of European immigration.
(EUROPE, IMMIGRATION, WOMEN, SEX DIFFERENTIALS, FAMILY MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS).
English - pp. 269-299.
E. Kofman, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, U.K.
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Cicekli, Bulent.
The rights of Turkish migrants in Europe under international law and EU law.
The main purpose of this article is to provide a framework of international legal conventions which may amount to an "umbrella regime" for EU member states as regards their treatment of Turkish migrants, thus supplementing the protection already available in domestic law. To this end, the study pulls together analyses of relevant parts of international and supranational law within the context of Turkish migrants in Europe that are applicable in protecting the rights of immigrants. In particular, the Ankara Association Agreement of 1963 and its components have put Turkish migrants in a more favorable position than most of the other non-EU migrants, hence creating a sort of "intermediate" regime for them. The study has confirmed that the developments under the EU law have remained and will remain the main source of progress as far as the rights of Turkish migrants are concerned. Nevertheless, it also draws attention to a significant countereffect of such positive developments, that is the danger of unwillingness on the part of the EU member states to enlarge the scope of the rights granted to Turkish immigrants under the aforementioned legal frameworks.
(EUROPE, TURKEY, IMMIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL LAW, LAW, CIVIL RIGHTS).
English - pp. 300-353.
B. Cicekli, Police Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Greenlees, Clyde S.; Saenz, Rogelio.
Determinants of employment of recently arrived Mexican immigrant wives.
Women are playing an increasing role in Mexican immigrant flows to the United States and are becoming more involved in the Mexican immigrant workforce in this country. Unfortunately, relatively little attention has been paid to their post-immigration labor market experiences. This study, based on data from the 1990 Public-Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), focuses on a multilevel analysis of the determinants of employment among married Mexican-origin women who immigrated to the United States in the 1980s. The analytical model incorporates the individual wife's human capital, family household resources, and the areal structural labor market conditions that describe the local labor environment. From this model, nine hypotheses are derived and examined through logistic regression. The results provide support for all but two of the hypotheses.
(UNITED STATES, MEXICO, IMMIGRANTS, MARRIED WOMEN, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR MARKET).
English - pp. 354-377.
C. S. Greenlees, South Texas Community College, U.S.A.; R. Saenz, Texas A & M University, U.S.A.
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Mata, Fernando; Pendakur, Ravi.
Immigration, labor force integration and the pursuit of self-employment.
Using correspondence analysis, we look at age-education cohorts of male immigrants who arrived in Canada between 1945 and 1961 and compare them to similar age-education groups of Canadian-born males in order to examine shifts in employment patterns across four census periods. We find that immigrants with low levels of schooling consistently had higher rates of self-employment than similar groups of Canadian-born males, and the longer they stayed in Canada, the more likely they were to become self-employed. We posit that the pursuit of self-employment may be tied to the existence of a segmented labor market, particularly for immigrants with low and moderate levels of schooling.
(CANADA, MEN, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, SELF-EMPLOYED, LABOUR MARKET).
English - pp. 378-402.
F. Mata and R. Pendakur, Canadian Heritage, Canada.
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Rogers, Andrei; Henning, Sabine.
The internal migration patterns of the foreign-born and native-born populations in the United States: 1975-80 and 1985-90.
The focus of this article is on an examination of the influence of birthplace on the internal migration and spatial redistribution patterns of the foreign-born and native-born populations in the United States during the 1975-80 and 1985-90 periods. The analyses presented here consider the following principal questions: 1)What are the internal migration patterns of the foreign-born population in the United States, and how do they differ from those of the native-born population? 2)How do the relocation choices of various birthplace-specific foreign-born and native-born subpopulations differ from each other? 3)Are the internal migration patterns generating an increased or a decreased geographical concentration of such birthplace-specific subgroups?
(UNITED STATES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, PLACE OF BIRTH, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY).
English - pp. 403-429.
A. Rogers and S. Henning, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.
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Eschbach, Karl; Hagan, Jacqueline; Rodriguez, Nestor; Hernández-León, Rubén; Bailey, Stanley.
Debates about United States border control policies have generally ignored the human costs of undocumented migration. We focus attention on these costs by estimating the number, causes and location of migrant deaths at the southwest border of the United States between 1993 and 1997. We document more than 1,600 possible migrant fatalities along the border in this period. More than 1,000 of these deaths were reported by United States data sources, and the remainder were Rio Grande drowning deaths reported by Mexican sources. Additional deaths may go unrecorded because the bodies of the decedents do not come to the attention of government officials. Deaths from hyperthermia, hypothermia and dehydration increased sharply from 1993 to 1997 as intensified border enforcement redirected undocumented migration flows from urban crossing points to more remote crossing areas where the migrants are exposed to a greater risk of death.
(UNITED STATES, MEXICO, ILLEGAL MIGRATION, MORTALITY, DEATH REPORTING).
English - pp. 430-454.
K. Eschbach, J. Hagan and N. Rodriguez, University of Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A.; R. Hernández-León, Universidad de Monterrey, Mexico; S. Bailey, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
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Simon, Rita J.; Lynch, James P.
A comparative assessment of public opinion toward immigrants and immigration policies.
This article is part of a larger study of public attitudes toward immigration in seven countries that historically and currently have had different policies and practices vis-à-vis immigration. The countries involved are Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan and the United States. The time frame for which most of the public opinion data will be reported is from 1970 through 1995. The data have been collected from national surveys that were conducted in each of the countries.
(IMMIGRATION POLICY, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRANTS, PUBLIC OPINION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, OPINION SURVEYS).
English - pp. 455-467.
R. J. Simon and J. P. Lynch, American University, U.S.A.
***
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, FALL 1999, VOL. 33, N° 3
Marr, Bill; Siklos, Pierre.
Immigrant class and the use of unemployment insurance by recent immigrants in Canada: Evidence from a new data base, 1980 to 1995.
This study examines the relationship between claiming unemployment insurance in Canada and the immigrant class in which immigrants were admitted using a new data base that combines tax and immigration records. Immigrants who entered Canada in 1980, 1985 or 1989, and who filed a personal income tax return, are followed from their year of landing until 1995 when the data end. There are large differences among the immigrant classes in the claims made against Canada's unemployment insurance scheme. Claim rates rise rapidly in the few years after arrival no matter in which class a person happened to be admitted in or which year she or he landed, but those rates decline thereafter for all classes or landing cohorts. Claim rates for Canada as a whole, as well as for the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia, for both males and females, are examined and the patterns described above are repeated.
(CANADA, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, UNEMPLOYMENT, INSURANCE, SOCIAL SECURITY, DURATION OF RESIDENCE).
English - pp. 561-593.
B. Marr and P. Siklos, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont., Canada.
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Fong, Eric; Wilkes, Rima.
The spatial assimilation model reexamined: An assessment by Canadian data.
Given the theoretical importance and policy implications of the spatial assimilation model, it is surprising that few studies have carefully and empirically examined the relationship of the three key variables in the model that has been used to explain the process of neighborhood attainment among immigrants, i.e., neighborhood environments, socioeconomic resources, and duration of residence in the host country. Few studies have delineated separate models to analyze the relationship between neighborhood environments and socioeconomic resources to the length of time spent in the host country. Using data from 1991 Canadian Census 2B profile and a special requested table from Statistics Canada, we evaluate how much the relationships of the three key variables mentioned in the spatial assimilation model apply to the spatial attainment of various racial/ethnic groups in Canada. The results reveal that the model explains the spatial attainment experiences of European groups. However, for Asians and blacks, the results suggest that their neighborhood attainments are not strongly related to their socioeconomic statuses. The study calls for a cautious approach in applying the spatial assimilation model.
(CANADA, MODELS, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION).
English - pp. 594-620.
E. Fong and R. Wilkes, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, 203 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P9, Canada.
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Sana, Mariano.
Migrants, unemployment and earnings in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area.
The unemployment rate climbed to 20% in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area in the mid-1990s. Some government officials blamed immigration from neighboring countries as one factor responsible for the increase. This paper fails to find evidence to support such a view. In addition, variation of earnings between the beginning and the peak of the unemployment crisis is considered. Although males of all national origin groups were worse off after the employment bubble burst, the earnings of immigrants from neighboring countries declined the most. The explanation for this finding may rest on the legal status of these immigrants, which could not be tested with the available data.
(ARGENTINA, CAPITAL CITY, UNEMPLOYMENT, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, WAGE LEVEL).
English - pp. 621-639.
M. Sana, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.
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Moretti, Enrico.
Social networks and migrations: Italy 1876-1913.
The standard neoclassical economic model of migration introduced by Todaro predicts 1)that migration occurs when the expected net present value of earnings from migrating, weighted by the probability of employment in the destination country, is positive; and 2)that migrants choose as their destination country the one with the largest wage premium net of transportation costs. The pattern of Italian migration to the Americas does not conform to the standard model. I propose an alternative model in which the probability of migrating to a country depends positively on the social networks that link the migrant to that country. Econometric evidence suggests that both the timing and the destination of Italian migration between 1876 and 1913 can be explained by the presence of social networks in the destination country.
(ITALY, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, EMIGRATION, WAGE LEVEL, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION).
English - pp. 640-657.
E. Moretti, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.
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Tacoli, Cecilia.
International migration and the restructuring of gender asymmetries: Continuity and change among Filipino labor migrants in Rome.
This article examines the different factors which may explain gender selectivity among Filipino labor migrants in Rome, where women are around 70% of this nationality group. Following the analysis of labor demand in the domestic service sector, it explores 'supply' aspects, ranging from economic conditions within the Philippine labor market to noneconomic constraints, such as ideologies and expectations of gender. The research findings show that migrant women's commitments and obligations toward their households in home areas are generally stronger than those of their male counterparts. However, spatial distance and increased financial independence may provide some women with the opportunity to pursue 'self-interested' goals while at the same time keeping within the 'altruistic' role dictated by normative gender roles. Important elements affecting women's increased autonomy are life course paths, households' developmental cycle, class and migration form.
(ITALY, PHILIPPINES, CAPITAL CITY, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, SEX DIFFERENTIALS, LABOUR MARKET, DOMESTIC WORK).
English - pp. 658-682.
C. Tacoli, International Institute for Environment and Development.
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Haus, Leah.
Labor unions and immigration policy in France.
The majority of French unions favored restrictionist immigration policy measures in the interwar period. In contrast, French unions have adopted more nuanced policy preferences in recent years, despite high unemployment levels. While they continue to favor some restrictionist measures, they have modified their positions with respect to a number of aspects of French immigration policy and have opposed some restrictionist measures considered or adopted by various French governments in the 1980s and 1990s. This study seeks to understand this multidimensional approach of unions and to account for the variation in preferences of unions at those times when unemployment hit in the interwar period and in recent years. The study asks to what extent the explanation is enhanced by considering changing union assumptions on the ability of the state to control effectively migration due to economic internationalization. The data suggest that this theme helps to explain union immigration policy preferences in recent years, although a thorough explanation also requires considering other causes.
(FRANCE, IMMIGRATION POLICY, UNEMPLOYMENT, TRADE UNIONS).
English - pp. 683-716.
L. Haus, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, U.S.A.
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Lievens, John.
Family-forming migration from Turkey and Morocco to Belgium: The demand for marriage partners from the countries of origin.
This article examines the intensity and trends of marriages of Turks and Moroccans living in Belgium to partners from their countries of origin ('imported partners') and the motives for marrying such partners. Using data from the 1991 Belgian census, we show that large proportions of the migrant groups choose a partner from the country of origin and that marrying such a partner is certainly not dying out. Furthermore, the results of logit analyses reveal that marrying an imported partner is more than merely an act of traditional behavior: women may marry an imported partner in order to satisfy 'modern' goals.
(BELGIUM, MOROCCO, TURKEY, IMMIGRATION, MARRIAGE, ENDOGAMY).
English - pp. 717-744.
J. Lievens, University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Click, Jennifer E.
Economic support from and to extended kin: A comparison of Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants.
This article explores the prevalence of economic exchanges with extended kin within the Mexican-origin population in the United States. Data from the 1990 U.S. Census and the 1990 Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Latino Sample are employed to compare the characteristics of those contributing income to and receiving income from coresident extended relatives and extended family members in other households. The results suggest that immigrants, particularly recent immigrants, are more likely to participate in exchanges with relatives both within and beyond their household. There is a life course dimension to these exchanges. Mexican Americans, who are more likely to live in extended family households consisting of multiple generations, engage in economic exchanges from older adults to younger adults. Mexican immigrants, who are more likely to live with relatives at similar stages of the life course, are more likely to exchange resources with these kin in other households as well.
(UNITED STATES, MEXICO, IMMIGRANTS, KINSHIP, EXTENDED FAMILY, RESOURCE ALLOCATION.
English - pp. 745-765.
J. E. Click, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
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INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Winter 1999, Vol. 33, N° 4
Brockerhoff, Martin; Biddlecom, Ann E.
Migration, sexual behavior and the risk of HIV in Kenya.
The association of migration with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa is well documented, yet the social and behavioral mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. Using data from the 1993 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, this article examines whether migrants are more likely than nonmigrants to have multiple recent sexual partners and not use condoms with those partners. Results indicate that migration is a critical factor in high-risk sexual behavior and that its importance varies by gender and by the direction of movement. Independent of marital and cohabitation status, social milieu, awareness of AIDS, and other crucial influences on sexual behavior, male migrants between urban areas and female migrants within rural areas are much more likely than nonmigrant counterparts to engage in sexual practices conducive to HIV infection. In rural areas, migrants from urban places are more likely than nonmigrants to practice high-risk sex. Given the predominance of men in urban migration and the large volume of circulatory movement between urban and rural areas, these results have serious implications for HIV transmission throughout Kenya.
(KENYA, AIDS, CONDOM, MIGRANTS, NON-MIGRANTS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR).
English - pp. 833-856.
M. Brockerhoff, Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A.; A. E. Biddlecom, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
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Driscoll, Anne K.
Risk of high school dropout among immigrant and native Hispanic youth.
This article examines the relationship between immigrant generation and high school dropout among Hispanic students. Using the NELS:88 data set, Hispanic eighth grade students were followed for four years to determine if, and when, they dropped out of high school. The findings suggest that, while the odds of early high school dropout are uniformly high among all generations, net of individual and family resources second generation eighth graders are less likely to drop out at any time, and first a second generation sophomores are more likely to complete high school. High educational expectations, family income and past academic performance protect against high school dropout.
(UNITED STATES, YOUTH, ETHNIC GROUPS, EDUCATIONAL DROPOUTS, SECONDARY SCHOOLS).
English - pp. 857-875.
A. K. Driscoll, Child Trends.
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Liang, Zai; Ito, Naomi.
Intermarriage of Asian Americans in the New York City region: Contemporary patterns and future prospects.
Using data from the 1990 U.S. Census, as well as in-depth interviews, this article examines the intermarriage patterns of five Asian-American groups in the New York City region: Chinese, Koreans, Indians, Japanese and Filipinos. Intermarriage patterns for all five Asian groups are analyzed, according to gender, nativity and education. American-born Asians are much more likely to intermarry than foreign-born Asians. Asian women are much more likely to intermarry than Asian men. We also find little evidence for Robert Merton's hypothesis that minority men exchange their high socioeconomic status for a white woman's "high" social status. Evidence strongly indicates that intermarried individuals share educational homogeneity. This analysis is further substantiated by in-depth interviews with intermarried couples who live in the region. The consequences and future prospects of intermarriage for Asian Americans are also discussed.
(UNITED STATES, ASIA, MEGALOPOLIS, MIXED MARRIAGE, IMMIGRANTS, LEVELS OF EDUCATION).
English - pp. 876-901.
Z. Liang and N. Ito, Queens College, CUNY, New York, U.S.A.
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Schoenmaeckers, Ronald C.; Lodewijckx, Edith; Gadeyne, Sylvie.
Marriages and fertility among Turkish and Moroccan women in Belgium: Results from census data.
The patterns of family formation and fertility behavior of Turkish and Moroccan women in Belgium are changing rapidly. The census data (1991) indicate a fertility decline. The reasons are changes in the nuptiality patterns, contraceptive behavior and migratory flows. The changes are not identical in both communities. Young cohorts postpone their marriage, but this is most prominent among Moroccan women. On the other hand, young Turkish women have a clear preference for smaller families. The changes also differentiate according to migrant "generation" and level of education. The changes are not restricted to Belgium but are also observed in the countries of origin.
(BELGIUM, MOROCCO, TURKEY, WOMEN, MARRIAGE, FERTILITY TRENDS, CULTURAL CHANGE).
English - pp. 901-928.
R. C. Schoenmaeckers, E. Lodewijckx and S. Gadeyne, Center for Population and Family Studies (CBGS), Flemish Community, Markiesstraat, 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
cbgs@wvc.vlaanderen.be.
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Yang, Xiushi; Guo, Fei.
Gender differences in determinants of temporary labor migration in China: A multilevel analysis.
Data from a 1988 migration survey in Hubei province are used to examine gender differences in the determinants of temporary labor migration from a multi-level perspective. We find that community level factors play a key role in temporary labor migration; models omitting community-level variables are poor in predicting temporary labor migration. Significant gender differences exist in determinants of temporary labor migration. For men, temporary labor migration is mainly a response to community level factors; individual or household characteristics have little predictive power. For women, by contrast, temporary labor migration is predominantly determined by individual characteristics; community level factors are not as important.
(CHINA, PROVINCES, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS).
English - pp. 929-953.
X. Yang, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529; F. Guo, The Australia National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Fan, C. Cindy.
Migration in a socialist transitional economy: Heterogeneity, socioeconomic and spatial characteristics of migrants in China and Guangdong province.
The peculiar features of China's socialist transitional economy, including the coexistence of "plan" and "nonplan" mechanisms, the hukou institution, uneven spatial development, and gendered constraints and opportunities, have brought about a high degree of heterogeneity among population movements. Using the 1990 Census data on reasons for migration, and an empirical analysis of both national patterns and migration in Guangdong, I document the socioeconomic characteristics and spatial patterns of major types of migration, focusing on migration for employment in industry and business, male migration due to job transfer, and female marriage migration. I argue that the multitude of migration types, and the contrasts among them, are products of the combination of state-planning and market mechanisms. The findings highlight institutional explanations for migration, and show that the "plan" - "nonplan" dichotomie is more meaningful than the economic-social dichotomy for understanding population movements in China.
(CHINA, PROVINCES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY).
English - pp. 954-987.
C. C. Fan, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
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Lorenzo-Hernández, José.
The Nuyorican's dilemma: Categorization of returning migrants in Puerto Rico.
This study investigated self and social categorization of Puerto Rican returning migrants. A sample of 121 returning migrants ("Nuyoricans") and 121 non-migrant students evaluated adolescents described as raised in the mainland as more agitated, bolder and more independent than those raised in Puerto Rico. In-group favoritism was observed for intelligence and carefulness. The students also evaluated three target adolescents differing in saliency of Nuyorican attributes and presented through photos and audiotapes. It was found that language characteristics and physical appearance were sufficient for categorizing a target as a "Nuyorican". The adolescent salient in Nuyorican attributes received a higher score on rejection than the adolescent low in Nuyorican attributes.
(PUERTO RICO, UNITED STATES, RETURN MIGRATION, ADOLESCENTS, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY).
English - pp. 988-1013.
J. Lorenzo-Hernández, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 250160, University of Puerto Rico, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.
J_Lorenzo@cora.upr.clu.edu.
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Zavodny, Madeline.
Determinants of recent immigrants' locational choices.
High levels of immigration to the United States have caused the size of the foreign-born population to increase dramatically in recent years. Recent immigrants are concentrated in several states, particularly California. This article examines the determinants of the intended state of residence of new recipients of legal permanent resident status and new refugees from 1989 to 1994. The presence of other foreign-born people is the primary determinant of the locational choices of new legal permanent residents, but there are some differences among immigrant groups by admission category and by country of origin. Only refugees' locations appear to be sensitive to welfare generosity.
(UNITED STATES, IMMIGRANTS, REFUGEES, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, PLACE OF DESTINATION).
English - pp. 1014-1030.
M. Zavodny, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, U.S.A.
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Beenstock, Michael.
Internal migration by immigrants in the short-run: Israel 1992-1994.
Econometric investigation of the Immigrant Employment Survey for the years 1991-4 suggests that internal migration by immigrants from the former USSR during their first years in Israel is unrelated to labor market status and ethnicity. While initial location depends on republic of origin, the same does not apply on the whole to internal migration. However, housing status is a predictor of internal migration. Finally, immigrants have tended to migrate to the periphery.
(ISRAEL, USSR, IMMIGRANTS, INTERNAL MIGRATION).
English - pp. 1098-1106.
M. Beenstock, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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