POLISH POPULATION REVIEW, 1999, No. 15
Labour Market in Poland: Selected Aspects
Assumptions underlying projections of the labour force in Poland in terms of the labour market monitoring.
In 1995 the Labour Division of the Central Statistical Office (CSO) produced a preliminary forecast of the labour force supply in Poland to the year 2020 and the final release of the forecast was developed in 1997, after the final demographic forecast was elaborated. The forecast of the labour force based on the forecast of Poland's population developed and forecasted fractional activity rates. The social and economic changes introduced in 1999 may effect a partial change in the behaviours of population in the labour market, which will also impact the future level of economic activity of population, and thus the accuracy of the forecast.
An analysis of data collected for the last 20 years and particularly those derived from the period 1992-1998 allowed to identify certain trends coming into view on the supply side of the labour market in the period of market economy consolidation. The knowledge of the historical changes as well as new information on factors that will shape the future labour market (e.g. pension system reform) contributed to the development of a new projection of labour force for the years 2000-2020, based on the previous variants.
(POLAND, FORECASTS, PROJECTIONS, LABOUR FORCE, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR SUPPLY, POPULATION PROJECTIONS, ACTIVITY RATIO, MARKET ECONOMY).
English - pp. 59-71.
A. Zgierska, Labour Division, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland.
***
Periodical economic emigrations of Polish citizens and integration with the European Union.
Economic emigration meant as voluntary departure from the country in order to take a gainful job has always existed, and the expansion of the economy globalisation processes being observed now as well as the gradual collapse of a variety of barriers cause that in the foreseeable future it will still be there. In terms of duration we deal with a permanent economic migration, when the country is left for ever, and periodical (seasonal) emigration chosen for temporary economic reasons. This paper aims at a presentation of the basic determinants, causes and barriers related to the periodical economic emigration of Polish citizens. This analysis will be based on a survey conducted on a representative sample of households in the central macro region at the end of 1998.
The issue of periodical economic migrations is important in the period when negotiations have been started concerning the time and terms of Poland's integration into the European Union. It is so, because one of the most important issues in the negotiations is the extent of economic integration, that is whether the free flow of commodities, services and capital will also be accompanied by a free flow of persons, an important part of which is an unobstructed movement of workers. The study is closed with the discussion of the basic problems in the periodical economic migrations of Polish citizens during association and integration into the European Union.
(POLAND, EUROPE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, EMIGRATION, SEASONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, INTEGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS).
English - pp. 84-105.
E. Krynska, Institute of Labour and Social Affairs, University of Lódz, Poland.
***
Family and fertility changes in the countries of transition.
Independently of the final closing of the first demographic transition European countries still experience profound demographic changes called the second demographic transition. Among Western countries changes occurred from around mid 1960s, in the form of the separation of sex from marriage and parenthood, and as the separation of parenthood from marriage. Changes in nuptiality and fertility patterns (fewer people marry, they marry at higher ages, and more divorces) influenced the structure of households by the increasing number of single-person households, single-parent families, childless families and small (nuclear) families. The first part of the article is focused on the family and fertility changes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which started the socio-economic transition from the centrally planned to market economy. The revision of changes is based on the typical demographic measures like an annual growth rate of population, crude birth rate, TFR, crude marriage rate, extra-marital birth rate, mean age at first marriage. In the second part of the article, the author discussed the selected determinants of the observed changes: change in the relation between state and households and individuals, shifts in income distribution, poverty, erosion of the social security, labour market developments, education developments, changes in structure of values and norms.
(EASTERN EUROPE, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, FERTILITY TRENDS, MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, SOCIAL CHANGE, FAMILY COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS, INCOME, POVERTY, EDUCATION, LABOUR MARKET, VALUE SYSTEMS, SOCIAL NORMS).
English - pp. 128-148.
A. Kowalska, Institute of Statistical and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland.
***
POLISH POPULATION REVIEW, 2000, No. 16
Total Fertility of Polish Women in the Period of Socio-economic Transformation in Poland.
Changes in fertility pattern in Poland during the transformation period - measurement and interpretation.
The main aim of the paper consists in evaluation of changes in women's fertility pattern in Poland over the transformation period (1989-1998). Discussion of the main topic was preceded by subjects, like: demographic dimension of fertility analysis, measurement and modelling and theories in studies on fertility. Evaluation of changes in fertility patterns included: changes in fertility level, number, intensity and structure of births by their order. Concluding, changes in fertility and total fertility in Poland under transformation were characteristic of:
1) decrease of fertility, being mainly a result of sweeping changes in fertility pattern, reflected by: (a) decrease of birth intensity in all age groups, (b) differentiated dynamics of fertility decline in individual age groups, (c) equalisation of fertility rates in age groups of the highest fertility (20-24 and 25-29), (d) percentage increase of age groups 25-29 and 30-34 in TFR;
2) decline in TFR;
3) decrease in birth number and intensity;
4) increase in the average age of women at birth;
5) decrease in differences in distribution of partial rates between urban and rural areas;
6) steady and systematic increase in extra-marital births;
7) steady, still strong connections between fertility and marriage;
8) changes in cohort fertility, indicating the advancing, evolutionary process of fertility and cohort total fertility decline.
(POLAND, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY TRENDS, SOCIAL CHANGE, FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS, INDICATORS, TOTAL FERTILITY RATE, BIRTH RATE, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS, ILLEGITIMATE FERTILITY, COHORT FERTILITY).
English - pp. 9-40.
E. Fratczak, Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland.
***
Predicted changes in the level of women's fertility and their consequences.
The 1990s experienced significant changes in fertility. The paper is focused on elaboration of fertility level and pattern projections to foresee the possible effects of these changes on future population size and structure. Several prognostic simulations were prepared under assumptions of total fertility rate and mean age of woman at childbirth. The forecasted values of these parameters were calculated by method of extrapolation of their trend (or by interpolation between the recently observed values and presumed for the last year of short-term projection). The future number of births was projected by using gamma function as a model of fertility distribution. The results of calculations lead to conclusion that the ageing process will be progressed regardless of variant of projection assumptions.
(POLAND, FERTILITY TRENDS, PROJECTIONS, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, POPULATION SIZE, AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION, DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING).
English - pp. 41-52.
G. Marciniak, Central Statistical Office, Division of Demographic Statistics, Al. Niepodleglosci 164, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland.
***
Factors which shape birth number, intensity and spatial distribution of women's fertility in Poland.
The author characterizes changes which occurred in birth number and women's fertility in Poland over the past decades. The 1990s, i.e. the period of systemic transformation in Poland, was of special interest to the author. He makes assessment of the impact demographic and non-demographic changes exerted on total fertility.
It is stated that a large decrease in total and partial women's fertility rates in the 1990s was reported in Poland. He also mentions, that the non-demographic causes of fertility decrease are numerous and they are hard to define unequivocally.
He also focuses on spatial differentiation of fertility, presenting the data for urban and rural women in the age group 15-49 and the two groups characteristic of high marriage and reproductive activities: 20-24 and 25-29. The author indicates that big differences can be observed among voivodeships with respect to both urban and rural areas.
(POLAND, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS, SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, TOTAL FERTILITY RATE, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS).
English - pp. 53-68.
I. Sobczak, University of Gdansk, Polish Demographic Society, Branch in Gdansk, Poland.
***
Kuciarska-Ciesielska, Marlena.
Birth control in marriages.
Problems of family have been included in the studies of the Central Statistical Office since the early seventies. Surveys have covered the questions of the contraceptive methods used at different stages of marriage and the attitude of spouses to abortion.
Close attention was focused on these problems in the "Family Survey 1995", which addressed the persons who had had entered a similar survey at marriage, ten years before.
The following questions have been discussed in the paper: "What family planning methods are used by women who still hope to have a child and those who do not plan to have any more children?" and "Who are the women who do not use any family planning methods?". Women's preferences were shown concerning the family planning methods: they should not pose hazard to health, or have any disadvantageous impact on future children. They should be easy to use, convenient and they should comply human nature, as well as agree with the religious principles.
Factors were also studied to produce changes in the family planning methods applied over the married life. These were mainly: unreliability, or difficult application of the methods used before as well as occurrence of health problems.
Most respondents expressed opinions that information on family planning can be easily obtained in Poland, and the contraceptive devices are available, but the information of the effects they produce to woman's health is inadequate.
Books and brochures are the main source of information on the family planning methods. Parents and school seldom provide such advice.
(POLAND, MARRIAGE, FAMILY PLANNING, CONTRACEPTION, CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, METHOD ACCEPTABILITY, ABORTION, PREFERENCES, ATTITUDE, HEALTH, RELIGION).
English - pp. 69-89.
M. Kuciarska-Ciesielska, Central Statistical Office, Division of Demographic Statistics, Al. Niepodleglosci 164, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland.
***
Contribution to the study of the relationship between procreation and health.
Among many issues within the scope of the problems discussed in the present study those pertaining to the distributions and relationships between selected parameters which characterised the procreation process, as well as selected health measures were approached in more detail. Detailed hypotheses were verified based on the results of a comprehensive representative study of the state of health of rural population conducted on the verge of political and economic transition, which included the study of reproduction among females. This study allowed us to examine the relationships between the course of the procreation process and the state of health of females participating in the study on the basis of extensive statistical material and specially prepared documentation.
The following parameters describing procreation were considered: pathological symptoms in the course of pregnancies, ways of terminating each pregnancy, intervals between subsequent births and further procreation plans. The evaluation of the state of health was based on the following criteria: information concerning past diseases of females in the study, deviations from normal, pathological symptoms or diseases which may be classified into one of the categories covered by the ICD-09; evaluation of the general state of health by an expert, after an in-depth analysis of the documentation completed by a physician in the field during medical subjective and objective examination, as well as the parameter expressing perceived health.
(POLAND, MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, RURAL POPULATION, SOCIAL CHANGE, REPRODUCTION, HEALTH, MORBIDITY, DISEASES, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR, BIRTH INTERVALS, CHILDBIRTH).
English - pp. 90-105.
B. Skretowicz, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland.
***
POLISH POPULATION REVIEW, 2000, No. 17
Processes and Forms of the Spatial Mobility of Population in the Period of Political System Transformation.
Chapter I. Changes in Processes and Demogaphic Structures in European Countries.
Micro and macroregional aspects of spatial dynamics of the population in the Czech Republic in the 1990s.
The Czech Republic was, until January 1, 1998 inhabited by 10,299,125 legal residents. Since the 1990s, like in the other post-communist European countries, crucial changes in the demographic potential have been taking place in the Czech Republic. These were launched by a new political and economic situation. The territory of the Czech Republic is highly urbanized, thus towns, or more precisely regional agglomerations, form centres not only of demographic, but also of economic, cultural, social and ecological impact on the landscape development. This means that 60% of the Czech Republic's population is concentrated in the most urbanized areas of the state that altogether represent the total of 11 regional agglomerations. The total female fertility rate in the Czech Republic decreased from 1.89 (in 1990) to 1.28 (in 1995). The rate of live-born children per one woman is 1.28, which means that in the course of one generation the potential of mothers will be reduced to one third. A positive aspect of the contemporary demographic development of the Czech Republic's population is the gradual lengthening of the average life expectancy.
In the course of the 1990s there appeared other typical features, such as a long-term decreasing volume in internal migration, a marked decline in the migration volume of higher territorial units (i.e. on the national and regional scale). Migratory mobility as an important aspect in the formation of regions from territorial units higher than districts lost its function already in the 1970s. It has been mentioned the process of concentration population from rural areas to cities and from small municipalities to selected centres. It seems that the most characteristic phenomenon in the development of internal migration in the CR is the development of sub-urbanization processes in the peripheries of big cities. Commutation to work and various forms of temporary residence are the increasingly important factors for the spatial dynamics of the CR population.
(CZECH REPUBLIC, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, SOCIAL CHANGE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, COMMUTING, URBAN AREAS, URBANIZATION, CONURBATION, SUBURBAN AREAS, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, POPULATION DYNAMICS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, FERTILITY DECLINE).
English - pp. 11-22.
J. Vencálek, Ostrava University, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
***
Karakashev, Hristo; Maleshkov, Hristo; Bachvarov, Marin.
Demographic decay - the case of Bulgaria.
No summary.
(BULGARIA, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY, FERTILITY DECLINE, POPULATION DECREASE, POPULATION SITUATION).
English - pp. 23-28.
H. Karakashev and H. Maleshkov, Economic Univeristy, Sofia, Bulgaria; M. Bachvarov, University of Lódz, 90-924 Lódz, Poland.
***
Change in the population of Latvia due to migration.
No summary.
(LATVIA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, POPULATION DYNAMICS, POPULATION SIZE, POPULATION COMPOSITION, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION).
English - pp. 29-31.
J. Jankevics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia.
***
Political system of transformations and changes in population behaviour.
No summary.
(POPULATION DYNAMICS, SOCIAL CHANGE, POLITICAL SYSTEMS, POLITICS, TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY).
English - pp. 32-34.
J. Kõre, Tartu University, Estonia.
***
Chapter II. New Phenomena and Processes of Spatial Mobility of Population - National and International Aspects.
Metodological aspects and values of migration phenomenon.
The cognitive target of this study is to consider the axiological approach, that is one that evaluates spatial mobility of population, its multiple connotative functions in the social, economic and cultural processes as well as in terms of a synthesizing category.
Spatial mobility is a special phenomenon as it is characterized by a multi-layer connotative role: a) theoretical and methodological, b) factographic.
The research goal and empirical data usually determine the methods, hence the issue of indicators and models has remained debatable. The discussion of the movements of population reveal their connotatively rich nature that qualifies them for the role of a synthetic socio-eocnomic indicator.
(MIGRATION, GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, CULTURAL CHANGE, METHODOLOGY, MODELS, MIGRATION MEASUREMENT, SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS).
English - pp. 35-44.
A. Szajnowska-Wysocka, Silesia University, Sosnowiec, Poland.
***
Russia in international intellectual migration of population: Main features, tendencies, problems.
The unknown burst of mobility of population was marked also for Russia in the 1990s. Very quickly Russia became one of the main migration centers on our planet. In the period of last 10 years the total migration on a temporary basis has increased three-fold - with 4.8 million up to 13.5 million persons. At the same time the globalization process has not only positive, but also negative impacts on socio-economic development in a country and on international migration process in particular. Only on the official reports of the Federal Emigration Service, annually 20-25 thousand of highly skilled experts abandon the country. The intensive intellectual migration looks especially negative for Russia when its qualitative parameters are considered. General scales of the "brain-outflow" in Russia should be viewed also including the temporary intellectual migration, in which nowadays 10,000 of Russian experts are involved. It is obvious, that enormous scales of modern intellectual emigration from Russia have a lot of different negative and far-reaching consequences. So during a short time Russia has turned into a donor-country, supplying the world labor market with intellectuals. Consequences of this transformation are estimated by the majority of domestic experts as rather heavy.
(RUSSIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, EMIGRATION, BRAIN DRAIN, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS).
English - pp. 45-55.
N. Sluka, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
***
Contemporary migration processes and flows of labour force abroad (as present in Opole Silesia).
The paper refers to international migration between the citizens of the Opole Silesia and Germans, its scale, motives and perspectives. Generally, visits paid by guests from Germany to the Opole Silesia are more frequent than those paid by the residents of the Opole Region to their kins living abroad. Very strong family and emotional bonds between residents of Silesia and those living in Germany are connected with the post-war displacement of population as well as strong emigration of the native Silesian population to Germany, which have gone on since the early 1950s.
Visits paid by foreign guests have a particular social meaning both on the micro- and macro-scale. Among the number of motives behind the Germans' visits in Silesia are also those connected with entering into a marriage. The Opole Silesia seems to be one of Poland's regions, in which there might occur the most favourable conditions for taking decisions concerning re-emigration. It is not an easy task to identify the most common reasons for re-emigration from Germany.
Leaving Poland in order to work in Germany has been an element of a considerable important for the Opole labour market and regional economy. Labour migration is becoming currently a vital alternative of the economic stability and security and also a reaction to the growing rates of the quantitative and structural unemployment in Poland. Foreign shuttle migration to work have a mass character in the Opole Silesia.
(POLAND, GERMANY, REGIONS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, REPEATED MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, MARRIAGE, UNEMPLOYMENT).
English - pp. 56-66.
B. Solga, Silesia Institute, Opole, Poland.
***
Molodikova, Irina N.; Nozdrina, N. N.
Migratory flows to Russia and their effect on the territorial distribution of the population.
Region-specific reasons for population migration and external migration to Russia in the 1990s are examined on the basis of 1994 microcensus data and current statistics. The effect of migration on territorial redistribution of the population is analyzed.
Essential changes in the size and direction, as well as in the factors of the main migratory flows to Russia have taken place over the reform years.
It is commonly thought that the flows of migrants and refugees have poured into Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This is only partially true. If we examine the migration balance, this is the impression that we get, because in the 1980s, for example, it amounted to about 200,000 people each year, while in the past five years it has increased to 500,000 annually or 2.5 times more. The analysis for the 1980s and 1990s showed, however, that the number of those arriving to Russia has remained virtually invariable during the last 15 years or so ranging from 850,000 to 950,000 migrants annually. The number of people leaving Russia fell, however, in the last 5 years by 700,000-800,000 in the 1980s to only 300,000-350,000 a year. It follows that no mayor changes were recorded in the number of arrivals in Russia whereas the number of departures sharply dropped in the past five years.
In addition, it was in the past few years that hitherto unknown categories of citizens called refugees and force migrants appeared in Russia. In 1994-1996 alone, their number more than doubled with Kazakhstan and the former republics of Central Asia being the main suppliers of refugees and forced migrants to Russia.
(RUSSIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, MIGRATION TRENDS, MIGRATION BALANCE, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, REFUGEES, FORCED MIGRATION).
English - pp. 67-78.
I. N. Molodikova, N. N. Nozdrina, Central Urban Planning Institute, Moscow, Russia.
***
The influence of definitive migration on the process of population concentration in Poland in 1976, 1985 and 1995.
This paper is an attempt to outline the influence of migration on the concentration of population in Poland by using the balances in a dynamic system. It focuses on selected years of the 20-year period: 1976, 1985 and 1995. The analysed period characterised level of concentration of population extended with an analysis of population density broken down into regions (voivodships) that existed between June 1, 1975 and December 31, 1996.
Current demographic situation, which formed as a result of the socio-political changes in the past two decades, is characterised by growing irregularity of population distribution. In the first decade (1976-1985) that characteristic came as a consequence of urbanisation and industrialisation of the country. The next ten years (1985-1996) brought a slowdown in concentration of population - apparently an effect of the economic crisis and the administrative changes in the 1990s.
(POLAND, REGIONS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS, POPULATION DENSITY, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, URBANIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, ECONOMIC RECESSION, POLITICS).
English - pp. 79-96.
M. Stanny-Burak, Koszalin Technical University, Koszalin, Poland.
***
Chapter III. Regional Differentiation of Spatial Mobility of Population in Poland.
Inflow and outflow regions in Poland.
The aim of this paper is to provide an account of the influence of migration on real increase of population in all the former voivodships (49) in the years 1975-1996. The paper deals with both internal (within country) and international (foreign) definitive migration. As the title suggests net migration and the migration balances are analysed in the greatest detail here. It is the final net migration flows, its size and nature (negative or positive sign) that contributes the most to the dynamics of change in the size of population on a territory. The paper is necessarily limited in its length and does not provide an analysis of the impact of migration on the change in the number of residents of towns and country nor the transformations in the structure of population according to the various characteristics.
The role of definitive migration in the increase or decrease of the number of people was analysed in all of the 49 voivodships, that were existing in Poland from 1975 until the end of 1998. The terms region and voivodship are used alternate in this paper.
(POLAND, REGIONS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, MIGRATION BALANCE, POPULATION DYNAMICS, POPULATION SIZE).
English - pp. 97-109.
E. Zdrojewski, Koszalin Technical University, Koszalin, Poland.
***
Runge, Jerzy; Klosowki, Franciszek.
Migration of the population of Katowice Province in the period 1977-1997.
Katowice region has showed migration for a long time numerous, especially related to the labour market. This resulted from its industrial, the 18th and 19th century genesis and from the fact that it was a slice of land between neighbouring countries.
This paper discusses the range of research activities undertaken so far and the basic characteristics of migration (especially permanent migration) on the background of general socio-economic transformations in the Province of Katowice.
(POLAND, PROVINCES, REGIONS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, SOCIAL CHANGE, LABOUR MARKET, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS).
English - pp. 110-118.
J. Runge, F. Klosowki, Silesia University, Sosnowiec, Poland.
***
The intensity and directions of migratory flows in the Opole Silesia.
The subject of this analysis is migration in the region of Opole with special emphasis on inter-voivodship migration. In the region of Opole such migration has been researched since 1975, that is from the moment of dividing Poland into 49 administrative units - voivodships. The division into the relatively small units of administration provided a convenient benchmark to analyze the spatial structure of migration in Poland. The over twenty year long period of existence that division allows to draw conclusions and make generalizations on the spatial structure of migratory flows. The new division introduced in January 1999 offers a new point of reference and, undoubtedly, closes some period of surveys and research on the aforementioned topic.
This analysis has been built using data on inter-voivodship migration in the years 1985-1998 and comparing it with results of the survey conducted in the second half of the 1970s. Allowing for the 14 year period (from 1985), we tried to investigate whether changes in the social and economic systems in Poland were reflected in migratory behaviors.
(POLAND, TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, SOCIAL CHANGE, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH).
English - pp. 119-127.
J. Slodczyk, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
***
Chapter IV. Dynamics and Processes of Population Migration in the Polish Towns.
The scale of impact exerted by Bydgoszcz and Torun in the scope of permanent migration and its role in the suburbanization process.
The article discusses outflow and inflow of population from and to the towns of Bydgoszcz and Torun, respectively, and the extent of their impact. The analysis of permanent movement to and from Bydgoszcz as well as to and from Torun focused mainly on the 1990s; however, wherever possible we tried to include also some earlier years into the study. Because of the absence of data only intensity, directions and scope of spatial impacts were identified, assuming at the same time that migration was only one element testifying to the links between a given town and its close and more distant surrounding. The links result from both real socio-economic connections and from the history of the existing spatial relations in Bydgoszcz and Torun.
(POLAND, CITIES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, SUBURBANIZATION, MIGRATION FLOW, MIGRATION BALANCE).
English - pp. 128-135.
D. Szymanska, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
***
Holowiecka, Beata; Grzelak-Kostulska, Elzbieta.
Permanent migration to and from medium-size towns in the transition period by the example of Inowroclaw Chelmno and Dzialdowo.
The directions in the outflows of urban population changed in the 1990s. The outflow from towns to rural areas has been going up and the outflow to other urban areas has been declining. At the same time we can observe an outflow of population from large cities to communes that immediately surround them and their satellites. A reverse situation can be found regarding the directions of outflows from rural areas.
As a result of those identified and fading out tendencies in the movement of population, the authors of this paper decided to investigate whether the tendencies are observable in towns of all sizes. Consequently, the analysis covered medium-sized towns - Inowroclaw, Chelmno and Dzialdowo, located in different geographical and socio-economic areas.
(POLAND, CITIES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIDDLE-SIZED TOWNS, SATELITE TOWNS, TURNAROUND MIGRATION, URBAN-URBAN MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS).
English - pp. 136-145.
B. Holowiecka, E. Grzelak-Kostulska, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
***
Changes in the mobility of population in the period of transition on the example of the Poznan city and its suburban area.
The objective of this paper is to describe the scale, dynamics, and spatial patterns in the migration of Poznan population and its suburban area in the years 1989-1998. The reference of the paper to the concept of the spatial mobility transformation is justified among others by its explanation of the growth of migration share between cities in relation to the drop of the migration from the village to the city. Moreover, the concept allows explaining some changes in the migration directions within the cities system, among others, the decrease in the inflow of the population to large cities and the increase in the outflow from the cities to their suburbs (Korcelli P., 1980, pp. 777-888).
(POLAND, CITIES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, URBAN-URBAN MIGRATION, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, SUBURBAN AREAS, URBAN STRUCTURE).
English - pp. 146-153.
D. Marcinowicz, Department of Spatial and Environmental Economy, Academy of Economics, Poznan, Poland.
***
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