JOURNAL OF POPULATION AND SOCIAL STUDIES, 1998, Vol. 7, No. 1
The need for another revolution after the reproductive revolution in Thailand.
Ten years ago a book describing Thailand as being in the middle of a "reproductive revolution" was published. That revolution has been now substantially completed. However, the very rapid social change that accompanied drastic fertility changes have thrown up new challenges that must be met by researchers and policy makers. A rapidly changing age structure, accompanied by low levels of human resources is related to several outcomes that are only now beginning to catch the attention of Thai policy makers. These outcomes that are only now beginning to catch the attention of Thai policy makers. These outcomes may be real, such as the influx of foreign workers and the consequent rise in negative attitudes towards migrants, or perceived, such as a loss of Thai identity as a result of the low levels of fertility. But whether perceived or real these and other issues are receiving increasing attention in the media. In this paper the author argues that with the end of the reproductive revolution there is a need to direct attention to these other changes that should be occurring in Thai society. In order to respond to the ongoing effects of reproductive change there is a need to promote forms of (social revolutions, including "human resource revolution") that are consistent with the goals of Thai society and the aspirations of the Thai people. The paper outlines several areas where such efforts are required, by comparing to the preceeding reproductive revolution.
(THAILAND, FERTILITY DECLINE, AGE DISTRIBUTION, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, SOCIAL CHANGE, ADJUSTMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, FOREIGN WORKERS, ATTITUDE, DISCRIMINATION).
English - pp. 1-20.
Aphichat Chamratrithirong, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
pracr@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Urbanization and its implications for health services.
This paper examines how demographic trends, specifically those related to urbanization and rural-urban migration, potentially impact upon the delivery and quality of health services. The geographic focus is on Southeast Asia, with detailed analysis focusing on Thailand. Migrants are selected on characteristics that are conductive to good health, although certain groups of migrants, especially temporary migrants, need special targeting for the delivery of health services. Because the demographic and economic processes associated with urbanization result in urban and rural populations with very different compositions, the health service needs of the populations will vary. Special efforts will need to be directed towards rural areas and other segments of the population to ensure that traditionally disadvantaged groups share in the opportunities that urbanization has the potential to create. At the same time, services directed towards the young, and especially young females, need to be strengthened in urban areas where there is a high concentration of this group.
(SOUTHEASTERN ASIA, URBANIZATION, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS, POPULATION AT RISK, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH POLICY).
English - pp. 21-52.
P. Guest, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prplg@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Best practice in reduction of vulnerability of girls to HIV/AIDS.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the implementation of project that aims to reduce the vulnerability of girls to HIV/AIDS. Sema-Pattana Cheewit Project was selected to be evaluated. This project provided scholarships to girls who are finished grade 6 and are at risk of entering into prostitution to continue their education until finish grade 9. Data derived from both secondary and primary sources including in-depth interviews with project personnel at both central and provincial level and teachers in selected schools. Focus group discussion and questionnaire were used to collect data from girls participated in the project.
The study showed that majority of girls who are selected to get scholarships are conform with the criteria set by Ministry of Education. Majority of girls (81%) who finished grade 9 continue their education, 9% began working and 1.01% dropped out from school. The most common problem found was the delay in transferring money to the students. The process took about a semester for the students to get their scholarship. Drop out girls are another major concern and needs greater attention. This group of girls are at risk of becoming commercial sex workers. Yet, little has been done to follow them and help them to find another career alternatives in line with Sema-Pattana Cheewit project aims.
(THAILAND, CITIES, AIDS, POPULATION AT RISK, WOMEN, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, EDUCATION OF WOMEN, PROJECT EVALUATION, PROGRAMME EVALUATION).
English - pp. 53-84.
Chururutai Kanchanachitra, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
pracr@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Prevalence, acceptability and accessibility of tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs among school children in a rural market town in Isaan, Thailand.
The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence, acceptability and accessibility of tobacco, alcohol and drugs use among younger high school children in a small market town in North-eastern Thailand. The area is not a specially high risk area but fairly typical of poor rural Thailand. Although there have been national surveys of smoking and drinking habits in Thailand, there are few surveys where school children have been asked themselves about health damaging behaviours and especially what they think should be done about it.
On the whole children themselves were well aware of the problems and although users were more likely to consider that substance abuse was acceptable the majority did not. Children recognised the hypocrisy of adults who told them one thing and did another.
The purpose of this study was as important as the results because it enabled children's opinions to be heard by those able to make changes: health professionals, teachers, police and civic officers.
(THAILAND, CITIES, RURAL AREAS, STUDENTS, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SMOKING, ALCOHOLISM, DRUG ADDICTION, ATTITUDE).
English - pp. 85-94.
G. Miles, Asian Team, Tear Fund, 100 Church Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 8QE, U.K.
GMMiles@compuserve.com.
***
AIDS knowledge and knowledge about center for AIDS information among young adults in Muang district, Rayong province.
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the AIDS campaign project which is organized by the Thai Association for Voluntary Sterilization and Quality of Life. The campaign took place between March to July 1997 at Muang district, Rayong province, Thailand. The research applies both quantitative and qualitative approaches. 230 young adults ages between 15 and 24 years old are interviewed. In addition, small group discussion is employed when discuss with AIDS campaign coordinators. The results show that individual characteristics of young adults and their types of residences are not important obstacles that prevent them to understand about AIDS and knowledge about center for AIDS information. Besides, it is found that individual experiences that related to AIDS activities and the existence of core group at the work place are important factors to AIDS education and campaign. The research suggests that young adults who have education less than secondary school, male, and single person need to understand more about AIDS education. Therefore, AIDS campaign should aim at these young adults as the target population.
(THAILAND, CITIES, AIDS, POPULATION AT RISK, ADOLESCENTS, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, SINGLE PERSONS, HEALTH SERVICES, INFORMATION SERVICES, IEC, PROJECT EVALUATION).
Thai - pp. 95-115.
Yothin Sawangdee, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
psysw@mahidol.ac.th.
***
JOURNAL OF POPULATION AND SOCIAL STUDIES, 1999, Vol. 7, No. 2
What is the number of child prostitutes in Thailand?
The paper estimates the number of child prostitutes in Thailand at any one time in 1997. A child in this estimate refers to a person aged below 18 years old. It is the first estimate that includes Thai and non-Thai sex workers and is broken down by gender and age. The estimation procedure is straightforward by estimating the undercount rate of the 1997 annual survey of establishments and sex workers conducted by Department of Communicable Diseases Control of Ministry of Public Health. This would yield the total number of sex workers in the country. Then, the proportion of foreign sex workers, the proportion of child prostitute, the proportion of the sex workers who entered sex work before 18 years old are estimated by using various sources of data. It is estimated that 17,978 or 20% of the total number of sex workers (90,916) in Thailand in 1997 were child prostitutes. Of this, about 12,500 were Thai and 5,500 were transnational. The number of sex workers entering sex work at early age was around 50,000.
(THAILAND, PROSTITUTION, MINORS, ESTIMATES, UNDERENUMERATION, DATA COLLECTION, SURVEYS).
English - pp. 1-9.
Kritaya Archavanitkul, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prkac@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Role of private sector in family planning service delivery in Thailand.
Using data from the 1987 Contraceptive Use Patterns Survey and the 1996 National Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, the role of private sector in family planning service delivery was analyzed. It was found that during the last two decades from 1978 to 1996, the role of private sector was more less stable, providing family planning services to slightly over one-fifth of contraceptive acceptors. The share of private sector was higher than the public sector in only one method - condom. Due primarily to the fact that it is the only one of the nonmedical-provided method which is promoted and provided by drug stores. Within the private sector, drugstores were the most popular service outlets being the main source of service delivery for condom and pills, followed by private clinics in both urban and rural areas. It was concluded that the government outlets, especially the sub-district health centers and community hospitals, still play the major role in family planning service delivery in rural areas where about 70% of the population reside.
(THAILAND, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, FAMILY PLANNING CENTRES, PRIVATE SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR, CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONDOM, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS).
English - pp. 11-17.
Boonlert Leoprapai, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prblp@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Ethical issues in social science research.
The ethical issues in social science research has been raised up in the past decade which is later than clinical or medical science research. At present social science researchers are trying to clarify these issues.
The author selects some ethical issues in doing social science research for consideration. One issue is concerned with the need to do a particular research. Some approaches of data collection may hurt the feeling of subjects. At the same time informed consent is good for informants but it is an obstacle to collect data. Confidentiality and anonymity of subjects are enough or not, but some qualitative approach such as focus group discussion reveals information on discussants at first.
The presentation of research findings may affect or influence the opinions or behaviours of groups of people, which is hazardous to public. The donor who takes part in directing research conducting and disseminating is obviously violating research ethics or not. All issues should be considerately discussed among social science researchers.
(SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOCIAL RESEARCH, RESEARCH METHODS, ETHICS, DATA COLLECTION, CONFIDENTIALITY, DATA EVALUATION, QUALITY OF DATA).
Thai - pp. 19-31.
Chanya Sethaput, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prcst@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Bangkok and its environments in the context of commuting.
Commuting has occurred in the context of the special physical and social environment of Bangkok. This paper aims to explore why commuting has become a major contributor to traffic congestion in Bangkok. Using data from various sources such as primary research, news reports, and government and non-government reports, it is found that the expanding economy, increasing urban population, expansion of built-up areas, improved transportation and communication networks, and government policies encourage commuting and increase commuting distances in Bangkok. Rapid economic growth has been associated with an increase in population and expansion of the built-up areas. The improvement of infrastructure and transportation has raised level of movement and commuting distances. On the other hand, economic growth is also correlated with changes in occupational structure from agriculture to non-agriculture income and lifestyle. When people's income increases their demand from more space for housing and comfortable means of commuting modes increase. This results in housing being located far from the congested city center and an increasing use of cars. The high rate of private-vehicle use leads to congestion, which results in increased commuting times. Government policies relating to land use, housing and workplace, and the provision of transportation systems have attempted to deal with the problems arising from commuting, but without significant success.
(THAILAND, CITIES, COMMUTING, PLACE OF WORK, TRANSPORT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, URBAN STRUCTURE, URBAN TRAFFIC, HOUSING, LAND USE, URBAN PLANNING, GOVERNMENT POLICY).
English - pp. 33-69.
Sureeporn Punpueng, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prspu@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Continuation and failure rates: Indicators of family planning service.
Using data from 1996 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey conducted by the Institute for Population and Social Research of Mahidol University, annual cross-sectional continuation and failure rates were applied as indicators of family planning service. The study employed 6,780 cases of currently married women from 9,558 cases of all women aged 15-49. Continuation rate indicated the satisfaction of users of contemporary contraceptive methods ie. pills, IUD, injection, implants, condom, safe period, and withdrawal. Failure rate measured use-efficiency of these methods.
Contraceptive prevalence rate of currently married women aged 15-49 was 72.2 in 1996. The pattern of contraceptive use was a well-balanced mix of varieties of contraceptive methods. Majority of younger women had tendency to choose temporary method while older ones chose permanent method.
Annual cross-sectional continuation rates were between 67-83 percent indicating high user satisfaction. Implant was the most satisfying method while safe period the least. Women in the South were pleased with natural methods while condom satisfaction was among the residents of Bangkok. On the other hand, use-efficiency of pills, injection and safe period were found lower. These use-efficiency and satisfaction varied among regions and place of residence suggested difference in services. Consequently, family planning providers should give emphasis on improvement of use-efficiency while maintaining user satisfaction.
(THAILAND, CITIES, CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION, CONTRACEPTION FAILURES, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, METHOD ACCEPTABILITY, USE-EFFECTIVENESS, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES).
Thai - pp. 71-92.
Varachai Thongthai, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prvtt@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Factors affecting self-help and self-care behavior of the persons with AIDS.
The objective of this study is to investigate self-help and self-care behavior of the persons with AIDS (PWAs). The four factors influencing this behavior under investigation are the demographic and socio-economic background of the PWAs, stage of illness and family and social support. The selective random sampling technique was employed to draw samples from Bamratnaradul Hospital, Wat Prabathnampuh, "Wednesday" self help group, Nakornpathom Provincial Hospital and Mercy Center. Data were collected during December 1997 to January 1998. The instrument used in this inquiry was a structured interview schedule. Data were first presented by means and percentage distribution. Then, the multivariate analysis was employed to analyze the results of multiple factors affecting the self-help and self-care behavior.
Results of this study showed that the stage of illness (fullbrown AIDS & tuberculosis), income, receiving of counseling service, family occupation, family support, education, number of the household members and duration of illness were the significant factors affecting the self-help and self-care behavior of PWAs. PWAs who have higher education, own income, live in family of the larger number of the household member, receive more family support, have been ill for a long time and have received counseling support, are more likely to be active in self-help and self-care. On the contrary, PWAs who live in agricultural family, already become fullbrown AIDS and are infected with tuberculosis, are less likely to be engaged in self-help and self-care behavior. Lastly, policy implications are discussed in relation to counseling strategies and assistance plans for PWAs and their families to improve self-help and self-care.
(THAILAND, CITIES, AIDS, SELF-HELP, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, HEALTH CENTRES, NOSOLOGY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, FAMILY ALLOWANCES, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, COUNSELING).
Thai - pp. 93-114.
***
Evaluation of AIDS education and promotion for factory worker project.
The evaluation of the AIDS Education and Promotion for Factory Workers Project, funded by the Australian Embassy, was undertaken by the Thai Association for Voluntary Sterilization and Quality of Life Development (TAVS & QLD). The outcome of the evaluation is positive and indicates that the Project was successful as it met all of its objectives. The investigation shows that workers between the ages of 15 to 39 know what AIDS is and they understand that certain types of behaviour must change in order to avoid the risk of HIV infection. They now have a better attitude towards AIDS patients, are more willing to accept them and can associate with them in every day life.
All the parties: TAVS & QLD; Provincial Health Officers; Labour Protection and Welfare Officers; Industrial Officers of Pathum Thani and Ratchabuti Province; Factory Owners; and Management Staff and AIDS Volunteers, involved in the project worked very hard even though co-operation and co-ordination among the public and private organizations as well as factories could have been improved, especially with regard to joint planning and the process of selecting qualified AIDS volunteers. This point is very important because volunteers have to be able to provide as much knowledge as possible about AIDS to factory workers.
It is recommended that meetings of factory executives and other people involved in the project be held on a regular basis, possibly every three months, to achieve a better understanding of what an AIDS education project entails. News and information updates on the HIV epidemic should also be provided regularly. Factory AIDS volunteers should, from some kind of club, association or network that would allow them to exchange information and support one another. Their training should be continuous and their knowledge evaluated from time to time because they have to be confident and competent in giving advice to the workers. The project should be extended to include more factories as there are as many as 2,000 factories in Pathum Thani and Rachaburi provinces. Last year, AIDS volunteers only worked in 60 factories. It is therefore strongly recommended that more volunteers be recruited so that education on AIDS can be spread to more people. When this is achieved, the reduction in the number of HIV infected will be a real possibility.
(THAILAND, CITIES, AIDS, INDUSTRIAL WORKERS, HEALTH EDUCATION, IEC, INFORMATION NETWORKS, VOLUNTARY WORKERS, PROJECT EVALUATION).
English - pp. 115-160.
Yupin Vorasiriamorn, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prspu@mahidol.ac.th.
***
JOURNAL OF POPULATION AND SOCIAL STUDIES, 1999, Vol. 8, No. 1
Fertility preferences in Thailand.
Fertility levels in Thailand have fallen to levels that would have been unthinkable only two decades ago. The Total Fertility Rate, over six in the 1960s, had dropped to below replacement level by the end of the 1980s, and by 1996 was slightly below two. Over the last several years there has been an active debate over the future course of Thai fertility. Those who rely on past trends to project fertility suggest that fertility will continue to decline. Others, who note the importance of a balanced sex composition of children to Thai parents, argue that two children are the lower limit of fertility decline. This paper uses data from a recent contraceptive and fertility survey to document trends and differentials in desired fertility desires of Thai married couples. The data indicate that fertility desires have essentially remained unchanged during the 1990s. On average, currently married women aged 15-49 in 1996 desired 2.4 children and women aged 15-29 desired 2.1 children. There was little variation in desired number of children, especially among younger women, by region of residence, rural/urban place of residence, education or occupation. Approximately 39% of women desired one child of each sex. A further 27% of women, most of whom wanted two children, had no sex preference. The results support the argument that little further decline can be expected in marital fertility in Thailand, with the desire for a balanced sex composition of children playing a role in setting a lower limit for fertility decline.
(THAILAND, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY TRENDS, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR, TOTAL FERTILITY RATE, DESIRED FAMILY SIZE, SEX PREFERENCE).
Thai - pp. 1-19.
P. Guest, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
***
Factors associated with sexual behavior and attitudes of never-married rural Thai youth.
The paper analyzes quantitative data related to the sexual attitudes and behaviour of young never-married Thai men and women selected from two regions of Thailand. The results document major differences in the way that young men and women think about sex and their sexual behaviour. Both men and women hold more permissive attitudes towards premarital sexual behaviour of men than for women. This is reflected in very low levels of premarital intercourse for females, while approximately half of the never-married males had experienced sexual intercourse. The results suggest that family variables are very influential in forming attitudes, however, they have no effect on sexual behaviour. The factors that are most likely to affect the probability of having premarital sex are related to loosening constraints, especially parental and community control. These factors include having sexually experienced friends and experience of living away from home.
(THAILAND, RURAL AREAS, YOUTH, BACHELORS, SPINSTERS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOUR, SEXUAL PERMISSIVENESS, ATTITUDE, SEX ROLES, SOCIAL CONTROL, PEER GROUPS).
Thai - pp. 21-44.
Pimonpan Isarabliakdi, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prib@mahidol.ac.th.
***
A national survey of utilization of sources of family planning program in Thailand 1996.
This survey provided detailed method-specific contraceptive sources including both government and private outlets. It confirmed that government sources were major sources of family planning services for all methods. Three-fourth of current users were using contraceptive service from the government. Sub-district health centers were the most popular source of contraception. The main source of private sector were drugstores, especially in urban areas.
Considering the socioeconomic characteristic of users, women who had higher educational and occupational status were more likely to use contraceptive service from private sources. Regarding user's perspective of contraceptive service, although three-fourth appreciated the services, others recommended that government health officers should be improved on their relationship to the clients, and that better and faster service and more appropriative surrounding in the service areas should be promoted.
(THAILAND, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE, PRIVATE SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR, HEALTH CENTRES, FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL, EDUCATION OF WOMEN, OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS).
Thai - pp. 45-63.
Aphichat Chamratrithirong, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
pracr@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Gray, Rossarin Soottipong; Gray, Alan.
Social aspects of mortality in young and middle adulthood in Thailand.
In many countries mortality risks are correlated with characteristics such as marriage, employment and parenthood. Possibly, poor health restricts entry into these states. A competing explanation is that valued social roles reduce the likelihood of risk. Differences in adult death risks that might be associated with social roles were examined using the Survey of Population Change in Thailand, 1995-96. The survey investigated 268,000 individuals in sample households over a twelve-month period.
Cox regression models controlling for age, sex and urban-rural location showed that never-married and widowed people were over twice as likely to die as married people. However, household heads and their spouses were at low risk compared with married or unmarried descendants in the same household. Marital status differentials almost disappeared in a multivariate model, while differentials in household relationships and employment remained strong.
(THAILAND, ADULT MORTALITY, DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY, MORTALITY DETERMINANTS, MARITAL STATUS, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD, PARENTHOOD, EMPLOYMENT, SOCIAL ROLES, HEALTH CONDITIONS).
Thai - pp. 65-83.
R. S. Gray, Social Statistics Division, National Statistical Office, Thanon Larn Luang, Bangkok 10100, Thailand; A. Gray, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
faraug@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Unmet need for family planning among Thai women.
Objectives of the present study, using data from the 1997 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey for analysis, are: 1) to determine the level of unmet need for family planning among the currently married women in reproductive age (15-49 years) while the contraceptive prevalence rate is approaching maturity; 2) to find out about the demographic and social characteristics of women who should but are not using contraception and how these characteristics are related to their purpose of contraception (for birth spacing or limiting).
Results of the analysis indicate that there is an inverse relationship between contraceptive prevalence rate and the rate of unmet need for family planning. As contraceptive prevalence rate increases the unmet need for family planning rate tends to decrease. Though the level of currently married women in reproductive age who should but are not using contraception is relatively low, the total potential demand for family planning or the size of the market for family planning is still large. It is estimated that as of mid-1996, there will be approximately 8.48 million customers, or about 78.1% of currently married women in reproductive age.
Determination of the relationships, using the chi-square test, between demographic and social characteristics of women who should but are not using contraception and purposes of contraception shows no relationship except the relationships with women's number of children ever born and number of children still alive. Implications of these findings are that if the family planning program strives to attain the status of "Family Planning for All", all potential users, regardless of their type or region of residence, age and educational background have to be encouraged and facilitated to use contraception irrespective of their purposes of contraception, namely, birth spacing or birth limiting.
(THAILAND, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, MARRIED WOMEN, FEMALE CONTRACEPTION, SUPPLY AND DEMAND, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE, CHOICE).
Thai - pp. 85-105.
Boonlert Leoprapai, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prblp@mahidol.ac.th.
***
Yadava, K. N. S.; Jain, S. K.; Kumar, Alok.
Breastfeeding in rural Northern India: Levels and differentials.
The duration of the distribution of breastfeeding (BF) has been examined for its level and differentials by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of rural women of Northern India. The BF data have been collected through both retrospective (last but one child) as well as current status (last child) reporting of the duration of BF. The breastfeeding in the study area was found universal.
The "survival analysis" which allowed "censoring" revealed a higher mean duration of breastfeeding for the last child than for the last but one child; the difference being statistically significant. However, for the same mothers who gave BF information in both the data sets, the difference in their mean duration of BF was not statistically significant. The average duration of BF was almost identical for mothers who had the last but one child and the last child (19 to 21 months). This study favoured the "current status" data as these were more complete in terms of the coverage, and perhaps less distorted due to reporting errors caused by recall lapse.
Breastfeeding differentials by specific characteristics of mother were identical for both the last or the last but one child cohorts. Mothers belonging to the older birth cohorts breastfed for longer duration's than the younger generation's cohorts. Education as well as upper social and economic status of mothers were found inversely related with the duration of breastfeeding.
(INDIA, RURAL AREAS, BREAST FEEDING, DURATION OF LACTATION, BIRTH ORDER, EDUCATION OF WOMEN, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, FEMALE GENERATIONS, DATA COLLECTION, SURVEYS, METHODOLOGY, SURVIVORSHIP FUNCTION).
Thai - pp. 107-141.
K. N. S. Yadava, Department of Statistics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; S. K. Jain, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; A. Kumar, International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai 88, India.
***
Factors affecting satisfaction of Thai senior citizens living with their children.
A rapid decline in both fertility and mortality has affected age-structure of the Thai population. With the decline in average number of children living with old-aged parents, senior citizens' quality of living is an important issue. In this study, three objectives are: (1) to study living arrangements of senior citizens; (2) to examine their satisfaction; and, (3) to investigate factors affecting satisfaction of senior citizens living with their children. The analysis uses data from the 1994 Survey of the Elderly in Thailand, conducted by the National Statistical Office. Data concerning 6,233 senior citizens were employed and analyzed by frequency, percentage, cross-tabulation, mean, standard deviation, correlation and multiple regression analysis.
The results showed that majority of Thai senior citizens live with their children; a household usually consists of children, spouse, grandchildren, and others. Approximately 30% live without children and the majority of these senior citizens live with spouse only. There is a difference in arrangements of living, with children between urban and rural areas. However, senior citizens in both areas have high scores of satisfaction.
Significant factors explaining the satisfaction in the aggregate model in declining order of importance are support from children, income sufficiency, marital status of senior citizen, health status, need to be cared for by children, and education. Although area of residence does not have any effect on satisfaction score, factors affecting satisfaction score are different between senior citizens living in urban and rural areas. That is to say, significant factors explaining the satisfaction in urban areas are, in declining order, income sufficiency, support from children, health status, marital status of senior citizens, and marital status of children. Significant factors explaining the satisfaction in rural areas are, in declining order, support from children, income sufficiency, marital status of senior citizens, health status, and need to be cared for by children. The effects on senior citizens' satisfaction of these factors are significantly positive, except for that of marital status of children which is negative.
(THAILAND, AGED, INDIVIDUAL WELFARE, SATISFACTION, LIVING CONDITIONS, QUALITY OF LIFE, KINSHIP, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, MARITAL STATUS, HEALTH CONDITIONS, MULTIPLE CORRELATION, REGRESSION ANALYSIS).
Thai - pp. 143-162.
Madee Kanchanakitsakul, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
***
JOURNAL OF POPULATION AND SOCIAL STUDIES, 2000, Vol. 8, No. 2
Pramote, Prasartkul; Anchalee, Varangrat; Patama, Vapattanawong; Madee, Kanchanakitsakul.
Age-sex structure of aged population in Thailand.
The objective of this study was to determine the age-sex structure of aged population in Thailand. The aged population means population aged 60 years and over. Data from four sources namely 1) 1990 Population Census; 2) 1995-1996 Survey of Population Change; 3) Civil Registration; and 4) 1993 Survey of Aged Population in Thailand were assessed for the accuracy and completeness. Pilot study was taken in order to estimate the proportion of completeness of registered aged population in civil registration. The study found that there was less aged population than the number registered. This age specific over-registration rate was used to adjust the structure of aged population. The graphical age-sex distribution of aged population from four sources were compared. Logistic curve was found to be the best fit to age pattern of aged population especially among the oldest old.
(THAILAND, AGED, AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION, ESTIMATES, OVERESTIMATION, DATA ADJUSTMENT, CURVE FITTING, LOGIT).
Thai - pp. 1-16.
Pramote Prasartkul, Anchalee Varangrat, Patama Vapattanawong, Madee Kanchanakitsakul, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
***
Routh, Subrata; Jahan, Shamim Ara.
Shifting away from doorstep distribution of contraceptives in urban Bangladesh: Effects on discontinuation and acceptance of family planning.
The paper describes the effects on discontinuation and acceptance of family planning of an operations research intervention on alternative (to the conventional doorstep distribution of contraceptives) service-delivery strategies for MCH-FP services. In partnership with relevant government agencies and a national non-governmental organization (NGO), Concerned Women for Family Planning (CWFP), the study was tested in two areas of Dhaka City - during 1996-1997. Two alternative strategies (featured with the withdrawal of door-to-door contraceptive distribution) were tested in two areas of Dhaka City. In one area, a range of MCH-FP services, including distribution of contraceptives, was delivered from the static Primary Health Care Clinic (PHCC). At another area, a transitional arrangement was made to provide pills and condoms to a group of clients at common sites in the neighborhood (e.g, schools, clubs) known as Community Service Points (CSPs). Both of the strategies were complemented by selective (targeted) home visits to the nonusers of modern family planning with the purpose of motivating them to become acceptors. The government and NGO population programmes in various countries are now undergoing major changes that entail broadening of the service package from family planning to reproductive and other essential family health services, and introduction of less resource-intensive service-delivery strategies. However, a fear is widely persistent in this regard that these restructurings might adversely affect the family planning program performance. Findings of the paper are likely to provide important insights on these pertinent issues.
(BANGLADESH, URBAN AREAS, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION, METHOD ACCEPTABILITY, POPULATION PROGRAMMES, OPERATIONS RESEARCH, PROGRAMME EVALUATION).
English - pp. 17-33.
S. Routh, S. A. Jahan, Operation Research Project, Health and Population Extension Division, ICDDR,B, Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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Impact of migration on age at first marriage of Thai.
This paper examines the relationship between migration and the timing of first marriage in Thailand, using data from the 1992 National Migration Survey (NMS) and the 1970, 1980, 1990 censuses as well as qualitative data collected in 1998. The methods used for analysis include descriptive methods to describe the sample, life tables to estimate the number of months after age of fifteen until marriage and proportional hazard models for the multivariate analysis.
Results indicate that migration slows the timing of first marriage for both males and females. The number of moves before marriage is linearly and positively related to the timing of marriage. There is a variation in the timing of first marriage by direction of migration, with migrants who moved from rural to rural areas exhibiting a more rapid tempo than migrants who undertook other types of moves. Migrants who moved from urban to urban areas had the slowest tempo of marriage. Concerning time spent in their new places, females who lived in their new places for one year before marriage had the most rapid tempo of marriage, followed by males who lived in their new places for 2-4 years. If migrants lived more than five years, the timing of marriage by females was slower than that of males. There is no difference in the tempo of marriage between migrants who moved within province, within regions or between regions. Others variables that affect timing of marriage include sex, in which males have a later age of marriage than females, higher education, and higher status occupations which are associated with later timing of marriage. Analysis effects of community variables shows that the effects of origin variables diminish when controlled by destination variables.
(THAILAND, FIRST MARRIAGE, AGE AT MARRIAGE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RURAL-RURAL MIGRATION, URBAN-URBAN MIGRATION, SEX DIFFERENTIALS, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, DURATION OF RESIDENCE, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, OCCUPATIONS, PROPORTIONAL HAZARD MODELS).
Thai - pp. 35-65.
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The relevant population dynamics to land degradation in the northeast region.
The concept of land degradation refers to the deterioration or total loss of the productive capacity of soil both under physical conditions by wind and water erosion, and under the man activities such as deforestation; overgrazing; agricultural activities and use of machines. Land degradation in the northeast is associated with population factors such as population size/growth; population change/migration (in-migration and out-migration). Population factors can play a role in land degradation. In this paper, there are two objectives; 1) to scrutinize the feasible relationship between population factors and land degradation and help integrate environmental concern and considerations in population policy; and 2) to promote people's awareness relating to land degradation problems as a public policy on environment management. Study's result, population growth usually appears as the major cause for land degradation. The main historical causes of deforestation in order of priority have been poverty, population growth, and the price of cassava. Overgrazing especially cassava growing has destroyed vegetation and led to the loss of topsoil. The rapid increase in production has been stimulated by the demand for cassava by the animal-feed industry. The promotion of mono-cash crops since 1970s by the government has been increased land clearing for cassava cultivation in the northeast both for the domestics market and for export. Cassava is a very popular crop, a part of the cash income of northeastern farmers, but it results in soil depletion. The statistical correlation between population dynamics (percent of population growth rate), economic factors (cassava crop; percent of land area) and land erosion (depletion rate of forestland per year) is significantly demonstrated at both the 0.01 and the 0.05 level. The government has set a forest conservation target by reforestation, population policy, and people's awareness. It is hoped that a combination of reforestation policy; population policy such as family planning, and people's awareness incentives such as increased education will help bring about a better balance between people and resources in densely populated resources-poor areas.
(THAILAND, REGIONS, POPULATION DYNAMICS, POPULATION GROWTH, INTERNAL MIGRATION, ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURE CONSERVATION, LAND USE, DEFORESTATION, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, EDUCATION, POPULATION POLICY).
English - pp. 67-89.
Thirapong Santiphop, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prtst@mahidol.ac.th.
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Factors associated with choice of destination among the out-migrants from Bangkok.
The objectives of this study were to examine migrants characteristics, migration trend, reasons for moving and factors associated with choice of destination between the periods of 1975-1980 and 1985-1990. The samples were drawn from the 1% and 1.2% of the 1980 and 1990 Censuses of Population respectively. Out-migrants were defined as persons who had moved out of Bangkok to other provinces within 5 years prior to the survey. The provinces of destinations were vicinity provinces, growth cities and other provinces.
The study found that the characteristics of out-migrants and the reasons for moving were similar for the two periods. Most of the out-migrants were in the 20-29 age group, married, had only primary school education and unemployed. The proportion of male out-migrants was similar to female out-migrants. The main reason for moving was to accompany the head of the household. Between 1975-1980, most of the out migrants moved to other provinces, while between 1985-1990, the vicinity provinces were the most preferred destination.
Factors associated with choices of destinations were similar for the two periods. These factors were age, marital status, migrant status and reasons for moving. The migrant who were young, single, move to search for job or to study preferred to move to growth cities, while the migrants who were older, married, Bangkok-born, move to accompany the head of the household or change residence were more likely to move to vicinity provinces.
(THAILAND, CITIES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, OUT-MIGRATION, PLACE OF DESTINATION, CHOICE, MIGRATION TRENDS, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, FAMILY MIGRATION, MARITAL STATUS, EMPLOYMENT, JOB REQUEST).
Thai - pp. 91-114.
Sutham Nanthamongkolchai, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
prpps@mahidol.ac.th.
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