ESTUDIOS MIGRATORIOS LATINOAMERICANOS, 1999, Vol. 14, No. 42
Multiple and complementary identities: Immigrants, ethnic leaders and the state in the United States [Identidades múltiples y complementarias: inmigrantes, líderes étnicos y el Estado en los Estados Unidos].
This article focuses on European immigrants in the United States in the 19th century and their relationship to their leadership and the state. Ethnic leaders acted as brokers between their group and the larger society. Since the United States as a nation was conceived of in ideological terms, it was quite possible for immigrants to be loyal to the United States while retaining their national culture. Immigrants and their children could thus maintain allegiances simultaneously and in a complementary manner, to the United States and to their land of origin. This complementarity was understood almost intuitively by mid-19th century immigrants. But a complementary could lead to assimilation and thus constitute a trap for ethnic leadership. Complementary identities survived in permanent tension along the 19th century, but their maintenance in the 20th century became increasingly difficult.
(UNITED STATES, EUROPE, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRANTS, ETHNIC GROUPS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, STATE).
Spanish - pp. 3-21.
J. Gjerde, Department of History, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, U.S.A.
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Who went South? The choice of destination among German emigrants in the 19th century [¿Quiénes se fueron al sur? La elección de destino entre los inmigrantes alemanes en el siglo XIX].
On the basis of the German experience, the author analyzes (and rejects) different explanations and hypothesis on how emigrants chooce their destination. By comparing German emigrants to the United States with those who "went South" and establishing the opportunities they found in the Southern societies, the author seeks to explain the patterns of German emigration towards different destinations in the United States, Latin America and, to a lesser extent, Australia, as well as the influence of early settlements in the building of migration chains.
(GERMANY, UNITED STATES, LATIN AMERICA, AUSTRALIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, EMIGRANTS, PLACE OF DESTINATION, CHOICE, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS).
Spanish - pp. 23-47.
W. Kamphoefner, Department of History, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4236, U.S.A.
waltkamp@tamu.edu.
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From legitimate transmission to legal inheritance. Land, labor and gender in a context of social change (Southern Brazil, 1824-1980) [De la transmisión legítima a la herencia legal. Tierra, trabajo y género en un contexto de cambio social (el sur del Brasil, 1824-1980)].
Forms of land transmission and marriage patterns among German settlers and their chidren in Southern Brazil are analyzed. These were influenced by almost unlimited land availability in the 19th century. As time went by, the scarcity of available land, the development of Brazilian economy and the need to adjust to Brazilian laws generated changes in patterns of land transmission, as well as organized land invasion aiming at preserving the traditional order.
(GERMANY, BRAZIL, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL CHANGE, LAND TENURE, INHERITANCE, ADJUSTMENT, CULTURAL CHANGE).
Spanish - pp. 49-66.
E. F. Woortmann, Universidad de Brasilia, Brazil.
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Some notes on the social image of the Galicians in Argentina (1860-1940) [Algunas notas sobre la imagen social de los inmigrantes gallegos en la Argentina (1860-1940)].
The article analyses the contents and meanings of the repertorium of stereotypes and images on the Galician immigrants in Argentina since the beginning of the 19th century. Although it is assumed that images reflect a construction of reality which does not automatically respond to it, it is also shown the extent to which the stereotypes on the Galicians which have been transmitted by travellers, popular literature and theatre, reflect a complex mixture of inherited images (Galicians as a synonim of Spanish colonists at the beginning of the 19th century) and social realities, as a mirror of the positions occupied by Galicians in the Argentinian labour market.
(ARGENTINA, SPAIN, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, CULTURE, ACCULTURATION, CULTURAL CONTACTS, LABOUR MARKET).
Spanish - pp. 67-109.
X. M. Nuñes Seixas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Fascism, anti-fascism and Italian communities in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay: A comparative perspective [Fascismo, antifascismo y las comunidades italianas en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay: Una perspectiva comparada].
This article compares the attitudes of Italian communities in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay towards fascism and anti-fascism between World War I and World War II in order to understand how their different reactions (fascism was stronger in Brazil, while anti-fascism was stronger in the River Plate countries) can be explained by the evolution and assimilation of these communities in their respective host societies. The analysis considers also the popularity of fascist and anti-fascist Italians in the Brazilian, Uruguayan and Argentine societies of the time, with emphasis on the support given by those communities (and by the Italian government) to the local fascists parties, and the influence of this support in their evolution.
(BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY, ITALY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES, NATIONALISM, ATTITUDE).
Spanish - pp. 111-133.
J. Fábio Bertonha, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil.
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