STANOVNISTVO, 1999, No. 1-4
Basic tendencies in demographic development of rural population and revitalization - Related Issues [Osnovne tendencije u demografskom razvitku seoskog stanovni?tva i neki problemi njegove revitalizacije].
The end-result of the complex and contradictory processes taking place in the village and agriculture throughout the period since the Second World War is depopulation and persistent crisis in agriculture. Mass relocation of rural population to cities and transition from agricultural to non-agricultural activities has had a series of negative demographic, sociological, cultural, economic and even political consequences. Note that all basic tendencies observed in rural population of Serbia (except in Kosovo and Metohia) are unfavorable. They have weakened the overall demographic development, and are reasonably expected to persist. The seriousness of the demographic problem caused by relocation of rural population is aggravated by many years of insufficient child bearing and open depopulation. Hence, a negative growth in natural (except in Kosovo and Metohia) and migration components makes the turn of the century the time of major demographic disturbances with potentially destructive consequences, and eventually jeopardizing our community in general.
(YUGOSLAVIA, CITIES, RURAL AREAS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, RURAL DEPOPULATION, POPULATION DECREASE, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, SOCIAL CHANGE, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 9-24.
S. Radovanovic, Geografski fakultet, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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Rural settlements in Yugoslavia: Their number, spatial distribution and structure by demographic size [Seoska naselja Jugoslavije: broj, prostorni razme?taj i struktura prema demografskoj velicini].
The paper analyzes rural settlements in the FR of Yugoslavia and its major regions, (Montenegro, central Serbia, Vojvodina, as well as Kosovo and Metohia): their number and structure by demographic size in 1991 relative to 1948 (at the level of major regions), as well as the average size and density of population in 1991 (at the level of communes). The analysis presented shows a continued gradual process of differentiation of settlements, not only by the main social and functional differentiation (rural -- urban) but also within the settlement category with rural characteristics. This differentiation was caused not only by the physical and geographical specifies and the inherited social and historical characteristics, but also by very significant changes in the main population flows (process of depopulation, spatial and demographic polarization, etc.). The above differences are less pronounced in Vojvodina and in Kosovo and Metohia, and more in Montenegro and central Serbia. The common feature of rural settlements in all four major regions (the absolute majority of communes in the FR of Yugoslavia), in the period from 1948 to 1991, is a strong upward tendency in population decline due to long-term migratory movements and unfavorable trends in natural movement (rapid decline in fertility and increase in mortality), except in the majority of communes in Kosovo and Metohia. This has, among other things, led to a very rapid increase in the number of small (dwarf) rural settlements, most of which are under threat of demographic extinction, as well as to a pronounced decline in the population size of a growing number of rural settlements, which is likely to continue in the near future.
(YUGOSLAVIA, CITIES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL DEPOPULATION, POPULATION DECREASE, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS, HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, FERTILITY DECLINE, MORTALITY INCREASE, MIGRATION, NATURAL MOVEMENT)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 25-44.
R. Stevanovic, Centar za demografska istra?ivanja Instituta dru?tvenih nauka, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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Natural movement of the rural population of Yugoslavia with an emphasis on fertility in the early 90s [Prirodno kretanje seoskog stanovni?tva Jugoslavije sa posebnim osvrtom na fertilitet pocetkom 1990-ih].
The process of intensive deruralization or decline in total rural population of the FR of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century came exclusively as a result of migration from rural to urban areas. Though constantly positive at the level of the country as a whole, the downward tendency in rural population growth was observed throughout the period. The author analyzes components and dynamics of natural movement in rural population with emphasis on the period from 1981 to 1997, regional specifics up to the republican and provincial levels, and the main differences from the specifics of natural movement in urban population. The author highlights that in analysing natural movement by type of settlement, particular attention should be paid to the very pronounced interdependency between the components of population dynamics and the age-sex structure, the more so as the latter is becoming the most significant direct determinant of the natural population growth.
The author goes on to analyze the main features of fertility and reproduction in rural population based on demographic statistics. He argues that the general and total fertility rates represent more adequate indicators of fertility in rural population, as the impact of age structure has been partially or even fully eliminated. Finally, the author analyzes cohort fertility of the autochton versus migrant populations, as well as fertility by ethnic origin. He draws a general conclusion that fertility is higher in migrant relative to autochton female population, and that the differences are much more pronounced in rural relative to urban populations. This phenomenon is explained by the so-called marriage-motivated migration, which the author assumes to be dominant in migrant female population.
(YUGOSLAVIA, NATURAL MOVEMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL DEPOPULATION, POPULATION DECREASE, AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS, FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 45-72.
G. Penev, Centar za demografska istra?ivanja Instituta dru?tvenih nauka, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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Aging of rural population in Yugoslavia [Starenje seoskog stanovni?tva Jugoslavije].
Mass migration to urban areas constitutes the basic direct factor of the decline in rural population of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century. Due to the characteristic migration patterns by age and sex, they have had a substantial impact on the change in age structure of rural population towards rapid demographic ageing. By inducing decline in fertility and an increase in mortality, the newly formed age structure is increasingly becoming one of the basic factors to further decline in population, or even the major factor to rural depopulation in the majority of regions.
The paper analyzes changes in age structure of rural population in the FR of Yugoslavia and across its republics and provinces during the period from 1961 to 1991. The conditions prevailing during the last census (1991) are particularly highlighted. The author points to distinct differences in ageing of urban versus rural populations, and considerable regional differences at the achieved level of demographic ageing.
In view of the minimal differences in fertility and mortality levels by type of settlement (particularly in central Serbia and Vojvodina), the author argues that the inherited age structure constitutes the main cause of rapid acceleration in rural population ageing in low fertility regions.
(YUGOSLAVIA, DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS, AGE DISTRIBUTION, FERTILITY DECLINE, MORTALITY INCREASE)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 73-92.
J. Antonovic, Centar za demografska istra?ivanja Instituta dru?tvenih nauka, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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Modern rural family and household in Yugoslavia [Savremena seoska porodica i domacinstvo u Jugoslaviji].
The paper analyzes modern rural household in Yugoslavia, both by region and at the level of the country as a whole. The author begins by providing a statistical and sociological definition of basic terms, and proceeds with a combination of social and demographic analysis. The basic criterion used is the residential status of the population (permanent residence) based on the administrative distribution of settlements with the non-city ("other") population treated as part of rural population.
The descriptive basis was formed on the basis of two types of sources: population census data and relevant studies, on the one hand, and comprehensive researches of rural family in the 90s, on the other.
The following components of the rural households are analyzed: dynamics and average size, as well as composition of households. With reference to the level of the social change they had undergone and some demographic special features, rural households are classified into four main types: 1) purely agricultural; 2) mixed (with income earned from agricultural and non-agricultural activities); 3) non-agricultural; and 4) households of elderly people.
As a result of social and economic transformation the village was exposed to a strong demographic transformation, which was most readily observed in ageing and feminization of population and its labor force, and narrowing down of family structure to conjugal family united through marriage, which is made up of aged parents without an heir.
The rural household and/or family have undergone crucial changes in respect of three main segments: 1) size; 2) structure; and 3) position and role of family members.
(YUGOSLAVIA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, REGIONS, FAMILY SIZE, FAMILY COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, SOCIAL ROLES, SOCIAL CHANGE, AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 93-118.
M. Bobic, Centar za demografska istra?ivanja Instituta dru?tvenih nauka, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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Economic structures of rural population in Yugoslavia [Ekonomske strukture seoskog stanovni?tva Jugoslavije].
The inter-dependence of demographic and economic development both determines and is reflected in the economic structure of the population. Industrialization and the process of de-agrarization have strongly influenced the changes in rural population structures.
The underdeveloped economy of Yugoslavia before the World War II of mostly agrarian character and underdeveloped industry, was characterized by excess labor force in villages and substantial agrarian overpopulation. Preferential treatment of industry during the post-war period, based on the outpouring of savings from agriculture, hindered agricultural activity and created discrepancy in the level of industrial and agricultural development. This led to mass migration of rural population into cities and its engagement in non-agricultural activities. Hence, by changing the structure of the economy, the process of accelerated urbanization also changed the economic structure of the population. The transfer of rural population continued throughout the period following the World War II. It was very intensive during certain periods and far in excess of the natural growth in agricultural population. Abandoning agriculture and migration to cities has had numerous negative effects, particularly because of its immoderate and rapid development. Senilization and feminization of villages practically left them without labor force, while agriculture became a neglected economic activity.
(YUGOSLAVIA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS, URBANIZATION, SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, RURAL DEPOPULATION, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, AGRICULTURE, DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING, LABOUR FORCE)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 119-139.
B. Radivojevic, Ekonomski fakultet, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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TODOROVIC, Marina; VOJKOVIC, Gordana.
Population -- element of development of agriculture in Serbia [Stanovni?tvo - element razvoja poljoprivrede u Srbiji].
The author begins by discussing the relationship between agriculture and population at a theoretical level, proceeds with a historical review of changes in the role and significance of an individual as agricultural producer, and finally, analyzes population as an element (potentials - limitations) of agricultural development in Serbia. The overall production results, and particularly the propensity to technical and technological innovation, as well as the ability to adapt to the changed conditions are, as we know well, crucially dependant on the structure of the working population. Hence, the author discusses regional differences in agricultural population by age, sex, level of education and productivity to provide a clear illustration of the impact of this element (indicator) on the population as the factor of agricultural production. The results show significant macroregional differences by this element with respect to the average for Serbia.
(YUGOSLAVIA, CITIES, POPULATION COMPOSITION, LABOUR FORCE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 141-161.
M. Todorovic, G. Vojkovic, Geografski institut "Jovan Cvijic" SANU, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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Implementation of the family planning programs in villages: needs, prospects and possible solutions [Sprovodjenje jprograma za planiranje porodice u seoskim uslovima: potrebe, izgledi, mogucih centara razvoja Srbije].
This paper is made up of three parts. The first part provides an analysis of the family planning program adopted by the Government of Serbia in early 1998. In addition to the targets, measures and the institutional basis of the activities envisaged by the program, attention is also given to the evaluation of the document itself. It is highlighted that formulation of the elements of the family planning program and their adoption constitute only the first step and that the success of the program shall largely depend on the manner of its operationalization, and particularly, on the implementation of the proposed measures and activities.
In the first part of the paper, the author also asserts that the document adopted neither included the points of particular interest nor the specific conditions for implementing the program-related activities in the context of rural population. Hence, the second and the third parts discuss the research findings regarding rural population of Serbia and the pragmatic experience acquired by other countries in carrying out similar activities. The information gathered in the 90s by means of questionnaires conducted in low and high-fertility regions was analyzed to highlight the need for implementing the program in rural population and to assess the prospects of the program-related efforts pertaining to a change in reproductive behavior. The summary experience gained in implementing family planning programs in other countries, and concretization of different elements of the activities undertaken was observed from the point of view of the need to operationalize family planning programs in Serbia.
(YUGOSLAVIA, CITIES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR, GOVERNMENT POLICY)
Serbo-croatian - pp. 163-184.
M. Ra?evic, Centar za demografska istra?ivanja Instituta dru?tvenih nauka, Beograd, Yugoslavia.
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