| Retour ŕ la page d'accueil |
| Back to Home page |
ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL, 1999, Vol. 8, N° 1-2
The exile in Philippine history.
Exile migration in Philippine history is examined in this article from earliest times to the pre-sent. The exile experience has assumed different forms, meanings and impact on individuals and the society left behind in different periods. Up until 1588, i.e., up until the end of the Ma-nila ethnic state, exiles (who were either banished or were self-exiles) moved about in the familiar Indo-Malayan world, and thus, their exile did not necessarily uproot them from a familiar culture. Exile took on a different meaning with the arrival of colonial powers, particularly from 1872, when political exiles became numerous. The article reexamines the external exile of the ilustrados and propagandistas as well as the internal exile of those who were outside the colonial structure. The same analysis is applied to the different exiles during the American occupation, the Japanese occupation, and contemporary exiles. The author discusses separation and exile from the well-spring of kalinangang bayan (culture of the people) and Inang Bayan (Motherland).
(PHILIPPINES, HISTORY, EXILE, COLONIALISM).
English - pp. 19-64.
Z. A. Salazar, University of the Philippines.
***
Propagandista and Deportado: Return to the motherland, ca. 1888-1892.
This article links the return of the propagandistas from Spain with the "Calamba Period", which the author proposes as a critical period in the shift in the aspirations and strategies of the Spain-based propagandistas, the principales and the Filipino people. The parallels in the lives of the propagandistas as exiles in a foreign land, and those of the deportados as exiles in their own land pointed to the need for a more radical agenda. The significance of the " Calamba Period" and the political as well as cultural dimensions of the return to the Mother-land are elaborated in the article.
(PHILIPPINES, SPAIN, RETURN MIGRATION, HISTORY, EXILE, DEPORTA-TION).
English - pp. 83-100.
F. C. Llanes, University of the Philippines.
***
Philippines-Marianas relations in history: Some notes on Filipino exiles in Guam.
This article situates the nature of the exile of Filipinos to the Marianas in the shared history of the Philippines and the Marianas. The links between the two can be traced to as far back as the voyages and travels of the Austronesians and Nusantao from the Philippines to the Maria-nas. The nature of exile was different before and after the arrival of the colonisers. The Ma-rianas became a place of exile for Filipinos who opposed or criticized the Spanish and American colonial governments. A discussion is devoted to Apolinario Mabini, considered to be the most prominent exile at the time of the American rule in the Philippines.
(PHILIPPINES, UNITED STATES, GUAM, HISTORY, EXILE, COLONIALISM).
English - pp. 117-130.
A. M. Navarro, University of the Philippines.
***
Pensionados and workers: The Filipinos in the United States, 1903-1956.
Between 1903 and 1956, there were two groups of Filipino "migrants" to the United States: the government scholars known as pensionados and workers. Distinct also were their experi-ences as migrants as well as the role that they played in the Philippines (in the case of the pen-sionados) and the United States (in the case of the workers). The article raises the question of rootedness to or estrangement from Filipino culture in assessing the influence of these mi-grants on their country of origin.
(PHILIPPINES, UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRANT WOR-KERS, CULTURE).
English - pp. 157-178.
N. V. Teodoro, University of the Philippines.
***
ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL, 1999, Vol. 8, N° 3
Special Issue: Population Mobility and Market Reforms: China and Vietnam
Guest Editors: Ben WHITE, Ashwani SAITH and Cen HUANG
Migration processes and policies: Some Asian perspectives.
This article argues that perspectives of migration as a matter of individual choice or structural coercion are limited in explaining Asian experiences in internal and international migration. Migration experiences in Asia range from early coerced and state-mediated migrations to mi-grations that are mostly demand-determined. A few exceptional cases, such as that of Malay-sia, Indonesia's transmigration programs, and enforced migration on account of infrastructural projects, are noted. Also highlighted is migration in China before and after 1978. The Chinese path is distinct in that before market reforms, there was little rural to urban migration despite a high rate of industrialization. After 1978, rural to urban migration and urbanization increased, but was still lower compared to the rest of Asia. Whether China will go the same way as other Asian countries and how the state will respond to the challenges of increasing migration re-main to be seen.
(ASIA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POL-ICY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS).
English - pp. 285-311.
A. Saith, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands.
***
Spatial patterns of migration under China's reform period.
With the hukou (household registration) system in place since the 1950s, migration in China was limited to officially approved registration changes. Economic changes resulting from the introduction of economic reforms in the late 1970s and changes in the household registration system gave rise to the mobility of rural labor. Initially confined to rural areas, rural labor later expanded to urban migration in response to regional disparities in employment and in-come. This article presents and analyzes data showing the relationship between spatial pat-terns of migration and regional disparities.
(CHINA, SOCIAL REFORM, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, ECO-NOMIC SYSTEMS, MIGRATION TRENDS).
English - pp. 313-327.
Fang Cai, Institute of Population Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Chi-na.
***
Labor allocation of Chinese rural migrant workers in urban areas: Job election or job en-forcement?
China has experienced significant rural-to-urban migration since the launching of economic and social reforms in the early 1980s. This paper discusses the factors that led to the emer-gence of the "floating population," describes the characteristics of the employment market of rural migrant workers, and proposes some alternatives for a more efficient labor distribution. Rural migrant workers remain as "outsiders" in urban areas, despite their contributions to economic dynamism in the destination areas. The paper concludes that labor allocation seems to be a combination of choice and enforcement factors: migrant workers exercise some choice in their jobs, but their choices are limited to only a few job possibilities.
(CHINA, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, LABOUR MARKET, JOB SUPPLY, GOVERNMENT POLICY).
English - pp. 329-341.
L. Fernandez-Stembridge, Centro de Estudios de Asia Oriental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
***
Xi, relations cluster, and the formation of a migrant community in contemporary China.
The formation of "Zhejiang Village," a migrant community in Beijing, is the subject of this article. Based on years of fieldwork in the community, the author elaborates on the concept of xi or relations cluster, i.e., social networks revolving around a key person who organizes the different relations, as the constitutive unit of Zhejiang Village. The characteristics of xi, the relations that it forges among its members, the nature of migrant community that derives from it and its contributions to the conceptualization of social networks are discussed in the arti-cle.
(CHINA, CAPITAL CITY, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL GROUPS, SOCIAL ORGANIZA-TION).
English - pp. 343-359.
***
Management of migrant labor in overseas Chinese enterprises in South China.
The migration of labor into overseas Chinese enterprises in South China has been a significant phenomenon in internal migration in China since the early 1980s. This phenomenon has not only changed the structure of traditional Chinese labor markets but has also reduced urban-rural differences in the country. This massive migration, participated mostly by young women of peasant background, has also contributed to the rise of a new migrant working class in Chi-na. This article explores the management of migrant labor in overseas Chinese enterprises. Specific issues examined are characteristics of migrant workers and employer-managers, management practices and the impact of management and worker's education in the work-place.
(CHINA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, ENTERPRISES, PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT).
English - pp. 361-379.
C. Huang, International Institute for Asian Studies, Netherlands.
***
Market reforms and internal labor migration in Vietnam.
This article considers the nature and patterns of labor migration in Vietnam since the introduction of market reforms or Doi Moi in 1986. Using data from the 1989 census, the article examines provincial or area characteristics and human capital resources in determining migration. Migration was found to play a role in providing human resources to labor-scarce areas and it has also become a means for people to improve their life chances. Among others, the findings indicate the selective impacts of market reforms on the migration propensities of men and women. Possible explanations for the findings and their policy implications of the results are discussed.
(VIET NAM, INTERNAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, EONOMIC SYSTEMS, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS).
English - pp. 381-409.
***
ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL, 1999, Vol. 8, N° 4
OGENA, Nimfa B.; DE JONG, Gordon F.
Internal migration and occupational mobility in Thailand.
This study explores the impact of temporary and more permanent internal migration, along with family resources and individual human capital attributes, on upward and downward job transitions of workers in Thailand. Four multinomial logit origin and destination occupational transition models were estimated using the 1992 National Migration Survey of Thailand. Re-sults showed that the increasingly frequent phenomenon of temporary migration was consis-tently associated with both lower occupational transition rates and downward occupational mobility. More permanent migration was associated with both upward and downward occupa-tional mobility, and migration to Bangkok affected only specific occupational sector transi-tions.
(THAILAND, INTERNAL MIGRATION, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, LABOUR MI-GRATION, TEMPORARY MIGRATION).
English - pp. 419-446.
N. B. Ogena, University of the Philippines, Philippines; G. F. De Jong, Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A.
dejong@pop.psu.edu.
***
Economic interactions of migrants and their households of origin: Are women more reli-able supporters?
One of the salient features of internal migration in Thailand is the increasing participation of women in population mobility. Drawn by growing economic opportunities in urban areas, more and more women are participating in migration streams. This paper examines, from a gender perspective, the interactions between migrants and their households of origin, in terms of the transfer of money and goods. The analysis of the National Migration Survey data sug-gests that, as the theory of New Economics of Labour Migration posits, migration might have functioned as a survival strategy of many Thai households. The flows of money and goods into migrant-sending households are large and essential supplements for the livelihood of the households. Presumably conditioned by traditional gender roles in Thai culture, female mi-grants showed deeper commitment than male migrants in providing economic supports for their households left behind.
(THAILAND, INTERNAL MIGRATION, WOMEN, HOUSEHOLD, PLACE OF ORIGIN, REMITTANCES, ECONOMIC RESOURCES).
English - pp. 447-471.
K. Osaki, Population Division, United Nations, 2 U.N. Plaza, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A.
***
ROBERTS, Kenneth D.; WEI, Jinsheng.
The floating population of Shanghai in the mid-1990s.
The purpose of this paper is to profile the floating population of China's largest city, Shang-hai, based upon one of the most representative data sets available, and to estimate the relative size and characteristics of the major groups of this migrant population. The data permit sepa-ration of rural labor migrants from other categories of the floating population such as students, tourists, relatives on social visits, and business people from outside Shanghai. From 61 to 78 percent of the floating population can be classified as rural labor migrants. Particular attention is given to the demographic and occupational characteristics of this stigmatized group, as well as to the factors influencing their duration of stay in the city.
(CHINA, MEGALOPOLIS, FLOATING POPULATION, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES).
English - pp. 473-510.
K. D. Roberts, Department of Economics, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626, U.S.A.; Wei Jinsheng, China Population Information and Research Center, China.
robertsk@southwestern.edu.
***
SIDDHISENA, K. A. P.; WHITE, Paul.
The Sri Lankan population of Great Britain: Migration and settlement.
Research on Asian migration flows to and community creation in Great Britain has neglected the case of Sri Lankans. In fact Sri Lankans by 1991 constituted the sixth biggest Asian com-munity, with over 39,000 residents of Britain having been born in Sri Lanka. An estimate of the population of Sri Lankan origins by the end of the 1990s suggests around 65,000 resi-dents, including British-born offspring. Using information on country of birth from the 1991 British census, this paper discusses the characteristics of the Sri Lankan community. It is shown to be markedly different from other South Asian groups in a number of respects, most particularly through its extreme, and growing, geographical concentration in the South East and Greater London.
(UNITED KINGDOM, SRI LANKA, IMMIGRANTS, POPULATION SIZE, ETHNIC MI-NORITIES, POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS).
English - pp. 511-536.
K. A. P. Siddhisena, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; P. White, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.
***
ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL, 2000, Vol. 9, N° 1
LIN, Ji-Ping; TSAY, Ching-Lung.
Labor migration and allocation of human resources in Taiwan: Return and onward cases.
Utilizing the 1990 Population and Housing Census of Taiwan, this paper attempted to exam-ine return and onward labor migration and to identify their determinants by applying a three-level nested logit model. The study found that urban-to-rural movements mainly characterize return migration while onward migration is mostly inter-urban movements. Returnees in gen-eral tend to be less "successful" than their onward counterparts in the labor market. Other than the experience of "disappointment" in the market, location-specific capital left behind exerts a strong positive effect on return migration. Onward migrants are rather sensitive to market forces and spatial disparities in economic opportunities. In order to improve the efficiency of relocating human resources, the corresponding policy should focus more on measures that help "open up" market information for the labor force.
(TAIWAN, LABOUR MIGRATION, RETURN MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMI-NANTS, REPEATED MIGRATION, LABOUR MARKET).
English ? pp. 1-34.
Ji-Ping Lin and Ching-Lung Tsay, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Tai-wan.
***
Forced relocation, language use, and ethnic identity of Koreans in Central Asia.
This article deals with the current situation of language use, ethnic identity, and ethnic rela-tions of Koreans in Central Asia. The primary set of data for this study came from a sample survey of 1,302 Koreans in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sakhalin done in July 1997 through March 1998. Raymond Breton's concept of institutional complete-ness proved to be useful in explaining the regional and temporal differences in the level of assimilation of Koreans to Russian culture and society. High levels of education and occupa-tional upward mobility of Koreans in urban areas, historical experiences and structural condi-tions have contributed to the assimilation of Koreans in Russian society. Nonetheless, Koreans have maintained high levels of ethnic identity primarily because ethnicity is a so-cially imposed and recognized marker, differentiating Koreans from others and limiting their life chances.
(ASIA, KOREA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, ETH-NICITY, LANGUAGES, CULTURAL CONTACTS).
English ? pp. 35-64.
In-Jin Yoon, Korea University, Korea.
***
DJAMBA, Yanyi K.; GOLDSTEIN, Sidney; GOLDSTEIN, Alice.
Migration and occupational changes during periods of economic transition: Women and men in Vietnam.
This paper examines the impact of internal migration on gender differences in occupational mobility after the introduction of economic reform (Doi Moi) in Vietnam. Data derived from a survey conducted in 1997 in six provinces of Vietnam provide the basis for comparing the experience of permanent migrants, temporary migrants, and non-migrants. The results show that migration reduces gender differences in occupational distribution by increasing women's participation in traditionally male occupations. But men's relative advantage in occupational mobility over women's remains. The multivariate analysis showed that permanent male mi-grants were more likely to be upwardly mobile than females if their move occurred in the later Doi Moi. Such findings suggest that the freedom of movement and the ability to engage in private enterprise, while allowing women more autonomy, have not yet successfully promoted female upward occupational mobility.
(VIET NAM, INTERNAL MIGRATION, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, TRANSI-TIONAL SOCIETY, SEX DIFFERENTIALS, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS).
English ? pp. 65-92.
Y. Djamba, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, U.S.A.; S. Goldstein and A. Goldstein, Box 1916, Providence, RI 02912, U.S.A.
Alice_Goldstein@Brown.edu. Sidney_Goldstein@Brown.edu.
***
The crisis and international population movement in Indonesia.
Indonesia is the country most affected by the Asian financial crisis which began in mid-1997 and has been the slowest to recover from it. In the present paper the effects of the first two and a half years of the crisis on international population movements influencing Indonesia are discussed. The crisis has increased economic pressures on potential migrant workers in Indo-nesia and the result has been increased out-movement. In both pre and post-crisis situations this was dominated by women, at least among official migrant workers. The crisis has tight-ened the labor market in some of Indonesia's main destination countries but the segmentation of the labor market in those countries has limited the impact of the crisis in reducing jobs in those countries. The crisis has created more pressure on undocumented migrants in destina-tion countries but the extent of repatriation, while higher than in the pre-crisis situation, has been limited. The crisis has directly or indirectly affected other international movements in-fluencing Indonesia including expatriate movement to Indonesia and longer-term, south-north migration out of the country. The policy implications of these changes are discussed including the fact that the crisis has led to an increased appreciation of the importance of contract labor migration by government and greater attention being paid to improving the system for mi-grants themselves and the country as a whole.
(INDONESIA, ECONOMIC RECESSION, MIGRANT WORKERS, EMIGRATION, IL-LEGAL MIGRATION, GOVERNMENT POLICY).
English ? pp. 93-129.
G. Hugo, Geographical and Environmental Studies, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Austra-lia.
graeme.hugo@adelaide.edu.au.
***
ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL, 2000, Vol. 9, N° 2
Filial or rebellious daughters? Dagongmei in the Pearl River Delta region, South China, in the 1990s.
Economic opportunities in the Pearl River Delta region in Southern China have attracted a large number of unmarried female temporary workers or dagongmei from the central and western regions of the country. Existing literature on the dagongmei tend to cast them into either "rebellious" or "filial" daughters. This study reexamines these ideal types based mainly on data gathered from in-depth interviews with 75 female and 55 male factory workers in 1993 and 1994. Data gathered from male workers allowed the study to compare behavior pat-terns and life plans of male and female temporary labor migrants. The study suggests that it might be more meaningful to understand the tension the dagongmei face in their desire to be independent and their sense of family obligation.
(CHINA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, WOMEN'S STATUS).
English - pp. 137-169.
Yuen-fong Woon, University of Victoria, Canada.
***
Nationhood and transborder labor migrations: The late twentieth century from a late nine-teenth-century perspective.
This paper seeks to provide a perspective on contemporary Philippine labor migrations by viewing this phenomenon in light of analogous transborder movements of workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Based on information about so-called Manilla men in Australia and British Malaya, the paper discusses living and working conditions of migrant workers in the earlier period. The paper takes up the broader context of indentured work in the nineteenth century and the reaction by such countries of origin as China and Japan to interro-gate the pervasive sense of shame and victimization felt in present-day Philippines arising from the export of labor. The broad parameters of the Philippine national narrative are ex-plored in view of the continuities and changes in the relationship between national identity and long-distance movements of workers.
(PHILIPPINES, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LA-BOUR MIGRATION, MIGRANT WORKERS).
English - pp. 171-198.
F. V. Aguilar, Jr., James Cook University, Tropical North Queensland, Australia.
***
Regional cooperation on labor issues.
Globalization in the past few decades has facilitated the growth of economies and individuals that possess mobile capital and knowledge. However, the situation of less educated workers did not improve as expected because the possibilities for employers to adopt technology, out-sourcing, or moving elsewhere serve to keep their bargaining power low. Gaps are widening between less educated and educated workers and between developing and developed econo-mies. This paper suggests that a closer cooperation among Japan, the newly industrial econo-mies and Southeast Asia in monitoring and facilitating short-term labor migration can be a positive factor in narrowing the gaps. Enhancing the skill formation functions of the migration process and upgrading the skills of workers in labor importing economies are among the criti-cal areas that would benefit from regional cooperation.
(ASIA, ECONOMIC GROWTH, LEVELS OF EDUCATION LABOUR MIGRATION, IN-TERNATIONAL COOPERATION, OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS).
English - pp. 199-212.
Fung-Yea Huang, Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, Taiwan.
***
Push-and-pull migration and satisficing versus optimizing migratory behavior: A review and Nepalese evidence.
Most theories of migration assume homogenous optimizing behavior by economic agents. In contrast Lipton assumes heterogeneity of group behavior - rich persons optimize whereas poor persons are more reactive than proactive. Hence, the migratory decisions of the rural poor are more likely to be influenced by push factors while pull factors more likely apply to the rural rich. In this article, push and pull factors are associated with satisficing and optimiz-ing migratory behavior, respectively. To some extent, Nepalese data support Lipton's hy-potheses concerning migratory behavior and remitting behavior of poor and rich families.
(NEPAL, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, PULL FAC-TORS, PUSH FACTORS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS).
***