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50 STUDI EMIGRAZIONE - MIGRATION STUDIES, December 1998, Vol. 35, N° 132, Special Issue
"Diffusion of Italian in the World. Language, School and Emigration. General Bibliography (1970-1999)"
Editors: Massimo VEDOVELLI and Andrea VILLARINI.
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50 STUDI EMIGRAZIONE - MIGRATION STUDIES, March 1999, Vol. 36, N° 133
00.50.1 - BONIFAZI, Corrado; CERBARA, Loredana.
Attitudes, knowledges and opinions of Italians toward immigrants [Gli immigrati stranieri: valutazioni, conoscenze e giudizi degli italiani].
The general attitude of local population toward immigration is one of the main variable in the process of immigrants' integration. It has a significant effect on political debate and policies themselves. The Institute for Population Research (IRP) of the National Research Council (CNR) has included this subject in three of its surveys on the attitudes and opinions of the Italians towards population trends. The first of these surveys was conducted between December 1987 and January 1988, the second in March 1991, and the third in January 1997. They offer the possibility to follow the evolution of this important aspect of migration. The aim of the paper is to describe the changes in attitudes and opinions of Italians towards immigration and immigrants in a decisive decade for the role of the newcomers in the Italian society. Particular attention is devoted to the results of the most recent survey. The statistical analysis of the data is also based on a cluster analysis, in order to highlight the characteristics of people with similar opinions.
Italian - pp. 3-38.
C. Bonifazi and L. Cerbara, Istituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione del CNR, Rome, Italy.
(ITALY, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, IMMIGRANTS, ATTITUDE, PUBLIC OPINION, TRENDS.)
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00.50.2 - CARIANI, Giovanni; MIGNOLLI, Nadia; SILVESTRINI, Angela.
Foreign students and cultural integration programmes in Italy [Studenti stranieri e programmi di integrazione culturale in Italia].
Since the 1983-84 academic year, national surveys on education conducted by ISTAT, and then by the Ministry of Public Education, have included data collection on foreign students (classified by country of origin). The paper analyses data on foreign population attending pre-primary, primary and secondary schools disaggregated by citizenship of origin, type of school attended and geographical distribution on the national territory. In order to monitor the increased presence and school attendance, the study takes into account available data referring to the last ten years. In addition the paper presents a thorough analysis of the Italian legislation (laws and ministerial decrees) applicable to education during the period. The concept of social and cultural integration is then analysed because of the importance that school programmes will bear on it. In conclusion, the paper aims at highlighting the role of the education system in promoting a multicultural coexistence within a multiethnic society.
Italian - pp. 39-61.
G. Cariani, N. Mignolli and A. Silvestrini, Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Rome, Italy.
(ITALY, FOREIGNERS, STUDENTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES, LEGISLATION, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS.)
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00.50.3 - VALENTINI, Alessandro.
The impact of immigration on Italian population: Comparison of various patterns [Impatto delle immigrazioni sulla popolazione italiana: confronto tra scenari alternativi].
The article presents alternative scenarios built upon different demographic hypotheses in connection with the evolution of the Italian population and the immigration dynamics between the years 1996 and 2046. By taking into consideration the complexity and variability of the observed phenomena, this study simulates theoretical scenarios, based on hypothetical demographic tendencies. However, they constitute a valid indication of the impact that international migrations could have on the Italian population, whose increasing reduction is constant because of low fertility and ageing of the structure. Therefore, the closing of frontiers does not seem to be a rational solution on a demographic level, for it would worsen the already delicate problem of the decline. On the other hand, the policy of entry visas should not be disconnected from the family policies, in order to faster increased fertility.
Italian - pp. 63-79.
A. Valentini, Dipartimento di Statistica e Matematica Applicata all'Economia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
(ITALY, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION POLICY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, POPULATION PROJECTIONS, SIMULATION.)
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00.50.4 - HILLMANN, Felicitas.
Life and activity of immigrants in Milan in the 1990s [Vita e lavoro degli immigrati nella Milano degli anni '90].
The article analyses social policies towards immigrants, in particular those relating to work and housing in the city of Milan in the 1990s, comparing and contrasting the changing conditions during the decade. Three areas of interest are highlighted: the dynamics of social politics and changing public and political perception, the housing conditions and patterns of spatial segregation of non-EU-immigrants. The article uses quantitative and qualitative data sources and focuses especially on gender differences.
Italian - pp. 81-101.
F. Hillmann, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin, Germany.
(ITALY, CITIES, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL POLICY, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, EMPLOYMENT, HOUSING, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION.)
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00.50.5 - ÁLVAREZ GILA, Óscar.
Basque clergy and nationalism: From exile to leadership of emigration (1900-1940) [Clero vasco y nacionalismo: del exilio al liderazgo de la emigración (1900-1940)].
The reaction of the hierarchy against the growing spread of Basque nationalism within the Basque Catholic Church during the first decades of 20th century generated a current of Basque priests being exiled for their ideology. America was their principal destination, as it was quite usual since the Carlists Wars. At the beginning, self-exiles were isolated; after 1910, the attacks became much stronger and the emigration movement increased even more. It was with the Spanish Civil war that this movement reached the top. The participation of these priests in the process of expanding the nationalism in the Basque colonies of America was essential; and their help was also very useful for the emigrants who left Basque Country until the 1936-1939 War.
Spanish - pp. 103-118.
Ó. Álvarez Gila, Euskal Herriki Uniberstitatea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
(SPAIN, PROVINCES, AMERICA, NATIONALISM, EMIGRATION.)
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00.50.6 - CARDELLINI, Innocenzo.
Reflections on "foreigner" in the Bible, in the light of migration history in the Ancient Eastern world. Presentation of thematical bibliography [Riflessioni sullo " straniero " nella Bibbia alla luce del Vicino-Oriente-Antico. Presentazione di una bibliografia scelta].
The article sums up the general aspects of the researches presented in the bibliography which deals with migrants and human mobility in the Bible, in comparison with the neighbouring cultures of the Ancient Eastern world.
Italian - pp. 119-133.
I. Cardellini, Pontificia Università Lateranense, Italy.
(BIBLIOGRAPHIES, WESTERN ASIA, FOREIGNERS, MIGRATION, HISTORY.)
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50 STUDI EMIGRAZIONE - MIGRATION STUDIES, June 1999, Vol. 36, N° 134
00.50.7 - NÚÑEZ SEIXAS, Xosé M.
Revolutionists or conformists? Socio-political influence of American return migration in Galice, 1900-1936 [Révolutionnaires ou conformistes ? L'influence socio-politique de l'émigration américaine de retour en Galice, 1900-1936].
The Galician migration to the Americas, during the period of massive exodus, has been often considered as having very negative consequences on the society of origin. The essay takes a different view and proves that return migration has played a decisive role in the upgrading process of the Galician society before 1936. Migrants have financed schools and farmers' associations, have supported local newspapers in their fight against the power of local owners and have given a major contribution to the growth of workers unions in rural regions. However, since return migration is a multifaceted phenomenon, the study aims at defining a theoretical framework which takes into account different variables connected with associative experience and political engagement in America, degree of social mobility, etc.
French - pp. 283-308.
X. M. Núñez Seixas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
(SPAIN, PROVINCES, AMERICA, RETURN MIGRATION, HISTORY, MODERNIZATION, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, POLITICS.)
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New researches on the history of autochtonous and immigrant groups in Canada [Schegge di etnicità: nuovi studi sulla storia dei gruppi autoctoni e immigrati in Canada].
The clash between Canada and Québec, which become stronger in the latest years, has paradoxically drawn more attention to the history of native and immigrant groups. Therefore, political confrontation is responsible for the increased amount of studies which have been produced, even though sometimes scholars have been carried away by enthusiasm and have gone beyond history by over-estimating data and features of little value.
Italian - pp. 309-321.
M. Sanfilippo, Académie canadienne, Canada.
(CANADA, PROVINCES, CONFLICTS, HISTORY, INDIGENOUS POPULATION, IMMIGRANTS, RESEARCH.)
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50 STUDI EMIGRAZIONE - MIGRATION STUDIES, September 1999, Vol. 36, N° 135
"Mass media, ethnical and immigration conflicts"
00.50.9 - COTESTA, Mauro; DE ANGELIS, Simone.
Mass media, immigration and ethnical conflicts in Italy. Quantitative analysis of data on immigration [Mass media, immigrazione e conflitti etnici in Italia. Analisi quantitativa dell'informazione sull'immi grazione].
Italian - pp. 395-416.
(ITALY, MEDIA, IMMIGRATION, ETHNICITY, CONFLICTS.)
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00.50.10 - STOPPIELLO, Sabrina.
Designations and images of the "other". A multidimentional analysis of the press [Nomi e immagini dell'" altro ". Un'analisi multidimensionale della stampa].
Italian - pp. 417-442.
S. Stoppiello, ISTAT, Italy.
(ITALY, FOREIGNERS, TERMINOLOGY, PRESS.)
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Mass media, ethnical conflicts and identity of Italians [Mass media, conflitti etnici e identità degli italiani].
Italian - pp. 443-470.
V. Cotesta, Università di Salerno, Italy.
(ITALY, MEDIA, ETHNICITY, CONFLICTS, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY.)
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The ethnical conflicts, actions of solidarity and their motivations in the Italian press [Conflitti etnici, azioni solidali e motivazioni nella stampa italiana].
Italian - pp. 471-486.
M. Pendenza, Università di Salerno, Italy.
(ITALY, ETHNICITY, CONFLICTS, INTEGRATION, PRESS.)
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00.50.13 - PELLICANI, Michela Camilla.
Italy in the context of Mediterranean migrations [L'Italia nel quadro delle migrazioni mediterranee].
Having ascertained that Italy rediscovers today an important role in the Mediterranean migrations, the study first analyses the statistical resources of the Mediterranean European countries, including Portugal, to evaluate the reliability of the official data. Subsequently, bearing always in mind the central position of Italy, attention is concentrated on migration dynamics of the Mediterranean basin in order to point out the direction, the dimension of flows and the main structural characteristics. Finally some evaluation is made, in the perspective of the year 2020, on the probable future evolution of population of the countries of the Mediterranean basin.
Italian - pp. 499-522.
M. C. Pellicani, Dipartimento per lo Studio delle Società mediterranee, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy.
(ITALY, MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES, INTERNA-TIONAL MIGRATION, QUALITY OF DATA, MIGRATION TRENDS, PROJECTIONS.)
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00.50.14 - FARINA, Patrizia; TERZERA, Laura.
Pregnancy and abortion: Experience of immigrant women in Milan [Maternità e abortività nell'esperienza delle donne immigrate a Milano].
In the latest years, foreign population has been steadily increasing in Lombardy, especially within the metropolitan area of Milan. The female presence has particularly grown, thus producing a better balance between genders. This is certainly due to the persistence of groups where females prevail, but also to a progressive rebalance of nationalities that previously were mostly male composed. This factor, together with the young age of immigrant population, has certainly created, at least on a theoretical level, a suitable context for reproductivity. To this aim, the latest official statistical data were used and researches were conducted into the obstetric and gynaecological services of various Milan clinics. The observation was carried out in 1998 and took into account 3,717 foreign women admitted to delivery or abortion in 1996 and 1997. Besides data strictly relevant to the questions under study and biographical characteristics of foreign women, special attention was given to past personal reproductive experiences. Information collected enables researchers to describe both cases.
Italian - pp. 523-552.
P. Farina and L. Terzera, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
(ITALY, CITIES, FOREIGNERS, WOMEN, SEX RATIO, FERTILITY, ABORTION.)
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50 STUDI EMIGRAZIONE - MIGRATION STUDIES, December 1999, Vol. 36, N° 136
00.50.15 - AMBROSINI, Maurizio
Migratory phenomena like social constructions: Contributions and limits of the approaches based on the ethnic networks [I fenomeni migratori come costruzione sociale: apporti e limiti degli approcci basati sulle reti etniche]
The essay reflects upon social networks as an approach for the study of migrations. Analyses based on ethnic networks are viewed as an exit from the limits of macro and micro sociological theories, as well as from the visions that explain migrations in terms of supremacy of push or pull factors. Through networks, it is possible to study the social construction of migrations, in which interpersonal links play an important role in the arrival and insertion of immigrants in the receiving society.
The paper, on the other hand, also shows the limits of the approaches based on the ethnic networks: the difficulty in explaining the beginning and changes of destinations of the migration chains; the poor attention for institutional factors and for the dynamics of labour markets; the implicit functionalism, with little consideration for networks that insert migrants in illegal activities. It emphasises above all the role of "supporting institutions" in the receiving society. Finally, the author analyses in terms of social construction the so-called "complementarity" between migrants and national workers in the labour market.
Italian - pp. 655-676
M. Ambrosini, Università di Genova, Italy.
(MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, THEORY, METHODOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY.)
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00.50.16 - SCHMIDT DI FRIEDBERG, Ottavia
Immigrant and contractor: An inevitable choice? Morrocans in Milan [Immigré et entrepreneur : un choix inévitable ? Les Marocains à Milan]
The author asserts that transnationality doesn't only consist of relations between nations and States and between big enterprises, but is also accomplished in the spaces constructed by individuals and small businesses. In Europe the strengthening of local identities is not in contradiction with the transnational dimension expressed by the social networks interwoven by immigrants. The author gives an account of the experience of four Moroccan entrepreneurs in Milan who have chosen to set up their own business in order to avoid the professional uncertainties linked to their state of dependant workers and to try to climb the social ladder. The "ethnic" variable (products or services destined to an ethnic group) is of secondary importance: these businesses aren't arranged in an economic niche, but enter directly into competition with other businesses managed by the autochthonous. The success of the Moroccan entrepreneur in Milan depends not only on the opportunities of the market, but also on their capability of saving in order to invest and to undertake the local people's way of thinking. In order to be successful, it is necessary to chose between either isolating oneself, working so as to return to the country of origin as soon as possible, or integrating oneself and giving up something of the past. Unlike many other Moroccans who invest their savings in the country of origin, the four entrepreneurs who were interviewed, not only seek recognition of their success from their country of origin but also in Milan. Transnationality is not only defined as family networks, ethnic products, specific expertise (linguistic), but also in terms of images, of models, in the construction of individual itineraries that link places and people.
French - pp. 677-699
O. Schmidt di Friedberg, Université de Trieste, Italy.
(ITALY, CITIES, MOROCCO, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, ENTREPRENEURS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, SOCIOLOGY.)
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