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38 BEVOLKING EN GEZIN, 1998, Vol. 27, N° 2
The global fertility transition, the need for unifying theory [De globale vruchtbaarheidstransitie, de nood aan een eenvormige theorie].
This paper was presented at the first plenary session of the 23rd IUSSP International Population Conference, Beijing, China, 11-17 October 1997. In his presidential address, the author tries to make the bridge between the theories with respect to the fertility transition that relate to "spontaneous" social cultural change and those that relate to "man-made" forces such as family planning programmes. A great deal of the paper is a historical overview of research on the fertility decline in the West and in the developing countries. The author concludes that, whatever the angle from which the research was realised, the global fertility transition seems to have been inevitable.
Dutch - pp. 5-17.
J. C. Caldwell, Health Transition Centre, NCEPH, National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 0200, Australia.
(WORLD POPULATION, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, FERTILITY DECLINE, THEORY.)
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Demographic analysis of ageing and longevity [Demografische analyse van de veroudering en de langlevendheid].
This paper was presented at the 2nd plenary session of the 23rd IUSSP International Population Conference, Beijing, China, 11-17 October 1997. The author starts by pointing at the central importance of demography with respect to the social sciences on the one hand and the biological sciences on the other hand. In his own words, the paper is "a blend of mathematics and statistics with policy analysis and insights from the biological sciences with insights from the social sciences". The central theme of the paper is the decline of mortality at older ages which questions the so-called biological limit. The author then turns to the causes for longevity. The increased survival at older ages is seen as part of the mortality pattern at all ages and regarded in the context of the issue of selection.
Dutch - pp. 19-46.
J. W. Vaupel, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
(DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING, LIFE SPAN, DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS, MORTALITY DECLINE, AGED.)
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00.38.3 - POSTON, Dudley L. jr.
Cultural, social and economic determinants of family size norms in China with special attention to son preference [Culturele, sociale en economische determinanten van gezinsgroottenormen in China, met speciale aandacht voor de voorkeur voor zonen].
This paper was presented at the 23rd IUSSP International Population Conference, Beijing, China, 11-17 October 1997 in the session "Family size norms in China". The author examines empirically the relationships between a few factors of cultural, social, and economic development and several measures of son preference among the 28 provinces of China. First is reviewed the literature on the family size norm of son preference, and its determinants and consequences. Also considered are various ways to measure son preference. Then for each of the provinces of China a series of measures of son preferences are constructed as observed in the late 80s as well as measures of several of its cultural, social, and economic determinants.
Dutch - pp. 47-62.
D. L. Poston Jr., Department of Sociology, Texas A & M University, U.S.A.
(CHINA, PROVINCES, SEX PREFERENCE, FAMILY SIZE, SOCIAL NORMS.)
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Dilemmas of family size norms in China [Dilemma's van gezinsgroottenormen in China].
This article was presented as an invited paper at the 23rd IUSSP International Population Conference, Beijing, China, 11-17 October 1997 in the session "Family size norms in China". The author starts by pointing at the rapid fertility decline in China since the early 70s. In 1979 was launched the one-child policy. While it can be argued that the one-child policy is an efficient way to curb population growth, it also has raised structural problems (population ageing) and moral dilemmas (sex-selective abortions related to cultural son preference). The author discusses how to fill the gap between cultural and individual norms and preferences on the one hand, and national interests on the other hand.
Dutch - pp. 63-78.
Z. Yi, Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
(CHINA, ANTINATALIST POLICY, SEX PREFERENCE, FAMILY SIZE, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES.)
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00.38.5 - KLIJZING, E.; MACURA, M.
Cohabitation and extra-marital childbearing: Early FFS evidence [Samenwonen en geboorten buiten het huwelijk: Vroeg FFS-materiaal].
This article was presented as an invited paper at the 23rd IUSSP International Population Conference, Beijing, China, 11-17 October 1997 in the session "A fresh look at the new forms of reproductive and family behaviour". The analysis is based on data of the FFS project carried out between 1989 and 1996 in 17 countries, in Europe, Canada and New Zealand. It offers a new view on the cohabitation and fertility out of wedlock. Countries are classified according to the degree of extra-marital cohabitation (weak, intermediate, high). This degree varies widely. Another dimension is the frequency of first births to women who at the time of birth were living in consensual union. Also according to this dimension, there is a wide variation between countries. These results are, however, based on limited aggregated data already available at the time of the analysis. It is obvious that the issues of consensual union and extra-marital fertility merit to be studied further on the basis of the individual FFS data as they become available, for women and men alike.
Dutch - pp. 79-97.
E. Klijzing and M. Macura, Population Activities Unit, UN Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva, Switzerland.
(EUROPE, CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, CONSENSUAL UNION, ILLEGITIMATE FERTILITY, DATA COLLECTION.)
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European variation in education and in the birth of the first child: FFS evidence [Onderwijs en de geboorte van het eerste kind in Europa: FFS gegevens].
One of the most important variables that is supposed to influence the timing of first birth is education. The educational attainment of women is increasing all over Europe. Since there also is a shift in having a first baby at higher ages than in earlier generations, education may be a profound "explanation" of this shift, as it is supposed that higher educational achievements go together with increased labour force participation preferences. As the new female life course increasingly exists of being economically active and being a mother rising economic activity rates may yield greater incompatibility between the labour and family careers.
The Fertility and Family Surveys (FFS) data set, becoming available now for many countries of the ECE region, provides us with recent insights in the link between the two topics, and yields hypotheses for the future trends in European fertility, which is expected to remain low. However, it is still too early for an in-depth analysis; moreover a fundamental methodological problem (how well can educational levels be compared internationally?) that shows up now, may hinder the analysis.
Dutch - pp. 99-121.
G. Beets, NIDI, Postbus 11650, 2502 AR The Hague, Netherlands.
(EUROPE, FIRST BIRTH, MATERNAL AGE, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS.)
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00.38.7 - SCHOENMAECKERS, Ronald C.; LODEWIJCKX, Edith.
Demographic behaviour in Europe: Some results from FFS country reports and suggestions for further research [Veranderingen in het demografisch gedrag in Europa: Enkele resultaten uit de FFS-landenrapporten en voorstellen voor verder onderzoek].
As part of its FFS project the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations in Geneva has launched an international comparative research programme to come to a better understanding of the changes in reproductive behaviour and family formation in the ECE region. This paper provides a basis for the identification of specific research topics. The paper starts by looking at the main trends that can be observed from registration data. It is obvious that Europe is far from homogeneous with respect to demographic behaviour. There are, for example, remarkable differences in the combination between marriage and divorce. The paper shows that some more insight about the level and trends can be derived from results of the FFS Standard Country Reports. It is also argued that the FFS biographies would best be used in conjunction with contextual data to predict future demographic developments.
Dutch - pp. 123-161.
R. C. Schoenmaeckers and E. Lodewijckx, Centrum voor Bevolkings- en Gezinsstudie (CBGS), Markiesstraat 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
CBGS@wvc.vlaanderen.be.
(EUROPE, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR, FAMILY FORMATION, RESEARCH, DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.)
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38 BEVOLKING EN GEZIN, 1999, Vol. 28, N° 1
00.38.8 - CLIQUET, Robert; AVRAMOV, Dragana.
The future of the family. A sociobiological approach [De toekomst van het gezin : een sociobiologische benadering].
Modernisation has fundamentally changed family structures, family functions and family life. This has raised the question whether the family still has a future. This contribution starts with a discussion of the origin and the fundamental functions of the family from a sociobiological point of view. Subsequently, the background of the modernisation and its implications for the family is analysed. Several possible futurist scenario's are discussed on the basis of a confrontation of the family related human biogram within the framework of a further developing modernisation. Finally the policy implications of the analysis are dealt with.
Dutch - pp. 1-34.
R. Cliquet, Centrum voor Bevolkings- en Gezinsstudie, Vlaamse Wetenschappelijke Instelling, Markiesstraat 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
(BELGIUM, FAMILY, BIOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, MODERNIZATION.)
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00.38.9 - JANSSEN, Jacques P. G.; DE GRAAF, Paul M.; KALMIJN, Matthijs.
Heterogamy and divorce: An analysis of Dutch register data, 1974-1994 [Heterogamie en echtscheiding : een analyse van Nederlandse registergegevens 1974-1994].
Do marriages in which partners do not resemble each other with respect to age, religion, nationality, and former marital status, have larger probabilities of divorce than marriages in which partners have similar characteristics? To answer this question, we employ marriage and divorce registration data as collected by Statistics Netherlands. These data allow to assess whether all new marriages between 1974 and 1984 have ended in divorce between 1974 and 1994. The analysis of this data set shows that several forms of heterogamy affect the divorce risk. Couples in which spouses differ in age (especially if the wife is older than her husband), couples in which husband and wive have different religions, and couples with different nationalities have higher divorce risks than homogamous couples.
Dutch - pp. 35-57.
J. P. G. Janssen, Vakgroep Sociologie, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Postbus 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, Netherlands.
(NETHERLANDS, DIVORCE, HETEROGAMY.)
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Divorce in Flanders [Echtscheiding in Vlaanderen].
The number of divorces increased strongly, but at a different rate, in the three parts of Belgium. The change in the divorce legislation in 1994 that shortened the divorce procedure led to a peak number of divorces in 1995. Studies on divorce in Belgium are rare. An analysis of the Fertility and Family Survey of 1991 reveals that the determinants of divorce in Flanders are similar to those found in other Western European countries. Implications of the quality of the data on divorce and of the determinants of divorce are discussed. Plans for further research are presented.
Dutch - pp. 59-89.
M. Corijn, Centrum voor Bevolkings- en Gezinsstudie, Markiesstraat 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
(BELGIUM, REGIONS, DIVORCE, TRENDS, LEGISLATION.)
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00.38.11 - CHARAPOVA, Elena; SAGRADOV, Alexandre; ZEMLIANOVA, Elena.
Reproductive health and induced abortions in Russia: Survey results.
Abortion is one of the most serious socioeconomic problems in today's Russia. Abortion remains the main method of fertility regulation. Many women have four to five abortions during their life time. The consequences of abortion are dramatic for the reproductive health situation. Two surveys (a face-to-face interview and a paper questionnaire) were conducted to investigate which socioeconomic and medical reasons lead women to their decision to go for an abortion.
The article gives an overview of the low efficiency of family planning services, the lack in measures preventing unwanted pregnancies, the unpopularity of modern methods of birth control, the lack of responsibility considering the consequences of sexual behaviour, the lack of information about reproductive health problems, the spread of chronic diseases among women of reproductive age, and the improvements of the reproductive health situation when the (household) income per head gets higher.
English - pp. 117-130.
E. Charapova, A. Sagradov and E. Zemlianova, Public Health Institute, 11, Dobrolubov str., Moscow, 127254, Russia.
(RUSSIA, INDUCED ABORTION, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH, SURVEYS.)
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