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30 REVUE EUROPEENNE DES MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1999, Vol. 15, N° 1
"Migration and Ethnicity in the United Kingdom" Coordination : Philip OGDEN and Yves CHARBIT
Ethnic groups in the 1991 Census [Les groupes ethniques au recensement de 1991].
The 1991 British census was the first to pose a question on ethnic origin. It revealed a non-European origin population of 3 million, or 5,5% of the British population; nearly half of this number had been born in Britain. Indians constitute the largest group and together with the Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, they account for nearly half of the ethnic population. The ethnic minorities are highly concentrated into the largest urban centres. However, there are large contrasts between the socioeconomic profiles of the different groups with a high degree of professionalisation of the Indians and Chinese and a more blue collar profile of the Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations. The Bangladeshis appear particularly disadvantaged. There are signifiant differences in the degrees of ethnic segregation of the different groups.
French - pp. 13-37.
C. Peach, Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB, U.K.
ceri.peach@geography.oxford.ac.uk.
(UNITED KINGDOM, POPULATION CENSUS, ETHNIC MINORITIES, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES, SEGREGATION.)
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Geographical patterns of recent migration and population change for minority ethnic groups within Great Britain.
This paper relates the migration of people from minority ethnic groups within Great Britain to spatial population change during the 1980s. The estimated geographical pattern of population change by ethnic group between 1981 and 1991 is described, demonstrating the continuing counter-urbanisation of white people and the rapid growth of minority ethnic group populations in the larger cities. The shift of population to smaller, more rural and remote places was dominated by the outward migration of white people. Migration patterns for minority ethnic groups were focussed upon the "axis of urbanisation" stretching from London to Manchester, but these ethnic groups were also moving outwards from central London to the surrounding suburbs.
English - pp. 39-75.
D. Owen, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
D.W.Owen@warwick.ac.uk.
(UNITED KINGDOM, ETHNIC MINORITIES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, DIFFERENTIAL MIGRATION, POPULATION DYNAMICS.)
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Racism and far-right voting in London Docklands. To go beyond the media image [Racisme et vote d'extrême droite dans les Docklands de Londres. Pour aller au-delà de l'image médiatique].
In September 1993, the British National Party won an historical victory -- we have to go back to the thirties to find a precedent -- on the occasion of a local by-election in the Isle of Dogs, a peninsula located in the centre of London Docklands. The aim of the article is two-fold. Firstly, it is to prove whether the image, which is proposed by the media, of an "exceptionnally racist" local population is justified or not. Secondly, it is to describe the daily reality of racial relations, in particular through their territorial expression. On the one hand, the analysis of the ballot results and of the environment which surrounded the election, and on the other hand, the mapping of racial violence, allow us to seriously contest the bad reputation of the locals. BNP voting is therefore interpreted as a protest of the local working class against the iniquity of Thatcherism and as a means of territorialisation. As for racial and class conflicts which can be manifest in both public space and housing, they appear through questions like visibility, urban markers or appropriations that sometimes are deliberate but are sometimes unconscious.
French - pp. 77-100.
F. Richard, UMR 6588 MIGRINTER-IERS-TIDE, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, MSHS, 99 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
richard@mshs.univ-poitiers.fr.
(UNITED KINGDOM, CAPITAL CITY, RACIAL PREJUDICE, ETHNICITY, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, POLITICAL PARTIES.)
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00.30.4 - HURDLEY, Louise; WHITE, Paul.
Japanese economic activity and community growth in Great Britain.
Japanese inward investment in Great Britain has been associated with the development of manufacturing activities within areas offering government assistance, whilst all forms of service activities have been concentrated in London. Japanese economic activity has been associated with the relocation of Japanese personnel, primarily for management and specialist functions. During the 1980s the number of Japanese residents in Britain grew at a faster rate than almost any group from the developed world. Although London houses the majority of these migrants, there are significant numbers in other locations throughout Britain, associated with manufacturing investments. The distribution of the Japanese in Britain is therefore highly distinctive in comparison to the distribution of other foreign or ethnic minority groups. In particular, there are now small Japanese communities in several towns where they constitute one of the biggest immigrant or ethnic minority groups, and they are particularly located in high status neighbourhoods. The evidence presented in this paper comes from unpublished data from the 1991 population census.
English - pp. 101-120.
L. Hurdley, Loughborough Business School, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, U.K.
P.White@sheffield.ac.uk.
(UNITED KINGDOM, JAPAN, ETHNIC GROUPS, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION.)
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00.30.5 - FINDLAY, Allan M.; LI, F. L. N.; SKELDON, Ron.
Foreign academics in a global city: The case of Hong Kong.
Much has been written about the international linkages of global cities, but most migration research on this topic has focused either on labour for the secondary sector or professional and managerial staff moving in relation to flows of international capital. This paper addresses the lack of research on skilled migration to global cities by professionals working in public sector activities such as health and education. The empirical context is a survey of over 400 foreign academics contributing to the international skill specialisation of Hong Kong as a global city. The historically specific circumstances of Hong Kong's changing role in the 1990s from British colony to Chinese global city adds an extra dimension to the analysis.
English - pp. 121-137.
A. M. Findlay and F. L. N. Li, Department of Geography, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN, U.K.
(HONG KONG, MEGALOPOLIS, FOREIGNERS, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, INTELLECTUALS.)
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30 REVUE EUROPEENNE DES MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1999, Vol. 15, N° 2
"Employment, Gender and Migration" Editors: Michelle GUILLON and Daniel NOIN
The value of work. The integration of Moroccan immigrant women into the Spanish labour market [La valeur du travail. L'insertion dans le marché du travail des immigrées marocaines en Espagne].
This article analyses several aspects of the integration of Moroccan immigrant women into the labour market in Spain. This integration is determined by the migrant's project which in turn depends upon the migrant's family situation in her country of origin. The central idea is that the context of Moroccan employment does not allow working women to gain greater autonomy or to improve their general condition through work. However, in spite of their social position of inferiority in Spain both as foreigners and as women, working does allow Moroccan immigrant women greater access to, and control over resources, and provides them more autonomy in managing their lives. As a result, and keeping in mind that Spain's immigration policy gives priority to female immigrants, the possibility of immigrating can alter the situation of Moroccan women from the outset, becoming an additional factor of change.
French - pp. 9-36.
A. Ramirez, Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos, Depto. de Estudios Arabes e Islamicos, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
angeles.ramirez@uam.es.
(SPAIN, MOROCCO, WOMEN'S STATUS, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, LABOUR MIGRATION.)
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00.30.7 - JACKSON, Richard T.; HUANG, Shirlena; YEOH, Brenda S. A.
The international migration of Filipina domestic workers. Structural conditions and experiences in the Philippines and Singapore [Les migrations internationales des domestiques philippines. Contextes et expériences aux Philippines et à Singapour].
Although it has often been argued that the conditions which have generated the migration of Filipinos as overseas contract workers are embedded in the unequal economic and political relationships between the Philippines and labour importing countries, we contend that international levels of inequality alone cannot explain the dominance of particular streams of Filipino migrants. Beyond examining the historical patterns of female employment in the Philippines and the structural conditions of labour demand in one receiving country (Singapore), this paper also investigates the experiences of the migrants as individuals.
By focusing on foreign domestic helpers in Singapore, it demonstrates that the decision to become an overseas contract worker is ultimately located at the nexus between public accounts of the broader structural conditions underlying human motivations and actions, and private micro-level life-narratives as interpreted from a personal perspective. It is only by recognising the need to focus on both these levels that we can come to a fuller understanding of labour migration.
French - pp. 37-68.
R. T. Jackson, Department of Tropical Environment Studies and Geography, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
(PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, DOMESTIC WORK, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, LABOUR MIGRATION.)
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00.30.8 - FIBBI, Rosita; BOLZMAN, Claudio; VIAL, Marie.
Italians and Spanish women in Switzerland. Approaching retirement age [Italiennes et Espagnoles en Suisse à l'approche de l'âge de la retraite].
Based on findings concerning a study of Italian and Spanish immigrant women in Switzerland nearing retirement age, the authors deal with the question of the condition of immigrant women. The authors discuss the models of incorporation of immigrant women into the labour market, the way in which this extra-family activity is estimated and perceived in terms of health and its impact on roles within the family, the characteristics of social networks constructed throughout the years of immigration, and finally, the immigrants' projects concerning their future residence once they have reached retirement age.
French - pp. 69-93.
R. Fibbi, Institut d'Anthropologie et de Sociologie, Université de Lausanne, BFSH2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
fibbi@uni2a.unige.ch.; claudio.bolzman@ies.unige.ch; marie.vial@us.unige.ch.
(SWITZERLAND, ITALY, SPAIN, WOMEN'S STATUS, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, RETIREMENT.)
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00.30.9 - AMBROSINI, Maurizio.
Working in the shadow. The immigrants in the informal economy [Travailler dans l'ombre. Les immigrés dans l'économie informelle].
The article analyses the reasons and the forms of the insertion of immigrants in various sectors of Italian informal economy, in the context of the transformations of western economy that foster the reproduction and the growth of irregular labour relations. Starting from a pilot research carried out in the Milanese area, three forms of irregular work by immigrants can be identified: irregular employment, irregular self-employment and coerced work. The article also investigates the functionality of these phenomena for Italian economy and society, in terms of lower labour costs, higher competition, supply of domestic help for double career families. Finally it illustrates how the immigrants networks constantly feed the flux of irregular workers, thus becoming a typical case of socially embedded economic relations.
French - pp. 95-121.
M. Ambrosini, Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Scienze Antropologiche, Sezione di Sociologia, via Lomellini 3, I-16124 Genova, Italy.
(ITALY, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, INFORMAL SECTOR.)
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00.30.10 - BENBOUZID, Mohamed.
Financial networks and parallel currency markets: Algerians in the black-market economy [Réseaux financiers et marchés parallèles de devises. Des Algériens dans l'économie informelle].
The black-market economy plays an important role in Algerian society. It is the response to a planned economy that is progressively pulling the country toward destitution. Informal activities, which have imported foreign goods more or less illegally since the 1970's, are rapidly increasing. Informal importation requires foreign currency. Importers are faced with the obstacle of the non-convertibility of Algerian currency and the inaccessibility of exchanging it by legal means, just as the demand for foreign currency is rising to fill the need for all sorts of products that have become more scarce and more expensive in Algeria.
Logically, Algerian emigration is becoming the main source of foreign currency. The parallel market for foreign currency has expanded as migrants, then later as Algerian economic speculators, have taken charge of it. By way of a reticular process which structures these parallel currency markets, these actors organise the gathering and distribution of foreign currency from migration. After analysing the economic and sociological bases of this phenomenon, the author describes the organisation of these exchange transactions, based on a study, beginning in Saint-Etienne and extending to Algeria.
French - pp. 123-139.
M. Benbouzid, GREMMO, Université Lyon 2, 7 rue Raulin, 69007 Lyon, France.
(ALGERIA, FRANCE, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, INFOR-MAL SECTOR, MIGRANT WORKERS, FINANCING.)
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00.30.11 - SANTELLI, Emmanuelle.
Children of Algerian immigrants and country of origin. Economic and professional relations [Les enfants d'immigrés algériens et leur pays d'origine. Modes de relations économiques et professionnelles].
The objective of this article is to present the different forms of economic and professional ties that children of Algerian immigrants maintain with their country of origin. These ties vary according to the time frame considered, gender and professional status in France. In the past, economic and professional ties with Algeria were maintained in four distinct ways: through studies undertaken in Algeria, fulfilment of military service, employment and by spending several years in Algeria.
Moreover, if several types of relations with the country of origin have been observed, professional or economic projects oriented towards Algeria or the Maghreb are even more numerous. When compared to previous relations with the country of origin, these more recent projects reveal a profound change: these activities are seen as temporary and they do not imply a return to Algeria. They involve solely independent economic or professional activities initiated by individuals who, in some cases, are already entrepreneurs in France. These activities are either considered to be supplementary or complementary to an existent professional activity in France. They also show the role played by family members in Algeria, as well as the years spent in France, which have altered the original migration project and, in turn, influence the migrant's new professional project. Finally, the economic and/or professional ties maintained with Algeria reveal three strongly interconnected elements: that the children of Algerian immigrants claim the right to a place in both French and Algerian society, the emergence of an economic elite and the "new" Algerian policy concerning this "second generation".
French - pp. 141-166.
E. Santelli, Université Lyon II, Faculté d'anthropologie et sociologie, 5, avenue Pierre Mendès-France, CP 11, 69676 Bron Cedex, France.
( emmanuelle.santelli@accesinter.com.
( ALGERIA, FRANCE, SECOND GENERATION MIGRANTS, PLACE OF ORIGIN, ECONOMIC RELATIONS.)
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00.30.12 - COGNET, Marguerite.
"Trajectories of difference" of ethnicized groups, from "Auvergnats" to "Antillais" [" Trajectoire de la différence " des groupes ethnicisés. Des " Auvergnats " aux " Antillais "].
The main purpose of this article is to examine the heuristic value of the sociological concept of "trajectory" in order to better apprehend the processes of construction and evolution of ethnic groups. This concept, developed by Anselm Strauss to study the management of chronic illness by patients and those around them to manage its progress, treat it and shape it. Here, this concept is applied to the management of "ethnic difference" as signified through social interaction. Through the observation of two groups of migrants in the Paris metropolitan region, coming from Quercy and from the overseas departments, and categorized as "Auvergnats" and "Antillais", our conceptual approach reveals beyond certain particularities, more general common processes of ethnicization. It allows us to question the dialectic between migrants and natives and propose a more holistic conception of the process than that offered by conventional approaches.
French - pp. 167-187.
M. Cognet, Groupe de Recherche Ethnicité et Société (GRES), Centre d'Etudes Ethniques de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
cognetm@magellan.umontréal.ca.
(FRANCE, ETHNICITY, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, METHODOLOGY.)
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