Back to Home page
11 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Summer 1998, Vol. 32, N° 2
Foreign workers in Israel: History and theory.
Beginning in 1993, Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers, replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration, placing it in the context of Israel's reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analysing labor migration to Israel, but only by also analysing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor, and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized.
English - pp. 303-325.
D. V. Bartram, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A.
bartram@ssc.wisc.edu.
(ISRAEL, HISTORY, THEORY, LABOUR MIGRATION, IMMIGRANTS, GOVERNMENT POLICY.)
*****
00.11.2 - JONES-CORREA, Michael.
Different paths: Gender, immigration and political participation.
Building on arguments made by Grasmuck and Pessar (1991), Hardy-Fanta (1993), and Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994), among others, this article makes the case for a gendered understanding of immigrant political socialization. Looking at recent Latin American immigrants to New York City, the article argues that immigrant Latino men are more likely to favor continuity in patterns of socialization and organization, and immigrant Latinas are more likely to favor change. This finding helps bridge theoretical and empirical literatures in immigration studies, applying the logic of gender-differentiated decisionmaking to the area of immigrant political socialization and behavior.
English - pp. 326-349.
M. Jones-Correa, Harvard University, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, LATIN AMERICA, METROPOLIS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, SOCIALIZATION, SEX DIFFERENTIALS.)
*****
Discourse, politics and policy: The Dutch parliamentary debate about voting rights for foreign residents.
This article contains the results of research concerning parliamentary debate about voting rights for foreign residents in the Netherlands (1970-1996) using a discourse analytical framework. Due to the characteristics of the Dutch political field, a large majority of the political actors has to be willing and able to combine political interests and ideological narratives into one story line propagating franchise for foreign residents in order to grant voting rights to nonnationals. It is claimed that the success and failure of policy changes regarding the political participation of nonnationals is foremost determined by the extent of the discursive affinity of argumentative clusters used by parties of the "center-right" with the (leftist) discourse which propagates enfranchisement.
English - pp. 350-373.
D. Jacobs, Department of General Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
(NETHERLANDS, FOREIGNERS, MIGRANT ASSIMILA-TION, POLITICS, CIVIL RIGHTS.)
*****
00.11.4 - DE LA GARZA, Rodolfo O.; DESIPIO, Louis.
Interests not passions: Mexican-American attitudes toward Mexico, immigration from Mexico, and other issues shaping U.S.-Mexico relations.
As Mexico has become more significant to the United States in the past decade, political leaders on sides of the border have raised questions regarding the role that the Mexican-origin population of the United States will play in U.S.-Mexico relations. Will they become, as many Americans fear and Mexican officials hope, an ethnic lobby mobilized around policy issues affecting Mexico? Or will they abandon home-country political interests while maintaining a strong cultural identity? This article examines Mexican-American attitudes toward Mexico and toward the public policy issues that shape United States-Mexico relations. Our analysis suggests that Mexican Americans have developed policy attitudes that diverge from those of Mexico. Yet, the relationships of Mexican Americans to the United States and to Mexico are sufficiently volatile to suggest caution in concluding that Mexican Americans will take no role in shaping relations between the two countries.
English - pp. 401-422.
R. O. de la Garza and L. DeSipio, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, MEXICO, IMMIGRANTS, ETHNIC GROUPS, PLACE OF ORIGIN, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.)
*****
Immigration to Spain: Implications for a unified European Union immigration policy.
This article examines the difficulties of establishing a joint policy regarding the free movement of people within the European Union by focusing on changing immigration policies in one member -- Spain. Previous studies have shown that negotiations toward harmonizing national policies on border control and immigration among EU members have many sticking points. By comparing Spain, a country of recent immigration, to Germany, a country with a longer history of non-European immigration, the difficulties of harmonizing immigration policies to satisfy this varied constituency become clearer. Administrative control of entry, estimates of legal and illegal immigrants present, and the current state of bilateral relations with Morocco are examined to illustrate the political difficulties of a unified immigration policy within Spanish society and for the EU. Spain is a threshold to the EU as well as a destination. Conclusions suggest that control of borders, although difficult, may be the easier part of implementing a joint immigration policy. Control of settlement is more difficult and problematic, involving the role of immigrants in European society. Moreover, high rates of native unemployment may coexist with immigration, given local demand for low-skilled, low-paid workers.
English - pp. 423-450.
L. Huntoon, Indiana University, U.S.A.
(SPAIN, GERMANY, WESTERN EUROPE, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION POLICY.)
*****
11 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Autumn 1998, Vol. 32, N° 3
00.11.6 - SINGER, Audrey; MASSEY, Douglas S.
The social process of undocumented border crossing among Mexican migrants.
In this article a theoretical model is developed that views undocumented border crossing as a well-defined social process influenced by the quantity and quality of human and social capital that migrants bring with them to the border, and constrained by the intensity and nature of U.S. enforcement efforts. Detailed histories of border crossing from undocumented migrants originating in 34 Mexican communities are employed to estimate equations corresponding to this model. On first trips, migrants rely on social ties to locate a guide to help them across the border. As people gain experience in border crossing, they rely less on the assistance of others and more on abilities honed on earlier trips, thus substituting migration-specific human capital for general social capital. The probability of apprehension is influenced by different factors on first and later trips. On initial trips, crossing with either a paid (coyote) or unpaid (a friend or relative) guide dramatically lowers the odds of arrest; but on subsequent trips mode of crossing has no effect on the odds of apprehension, which are determined primarily by the migrant's own general and migration-specific human capital. On all trips, the intensity of the U.S. enforcement effort has little effect on the likelihood of arrest, but INS involvement in drug enforcement sharply lowers the odds of apprehension.
English - pp. 561-592.
A. Singer, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, MEXICO, FRONTIER MIGRATION, ILLEGAL MIGRATION, REPEATED MIGRATION, SOCIAL SYSTEM.)
*****
00.11.7 - MYERS, Dowell; WOO LEE, Seong.
Immigrant trajectories into homeownership: A temporal analysis of residential assimilation.
Homeownership is an important symbol of a middle-class standard of living and residential assimilation in the United States. This study explores the rate of advancement into homeownership of immigrants, relative to native borns, in Southern California, a principal region of immigrant settlement. Application of a double cohort method enables longitudinal trends for immigrants, due to both aging and assimilation, to be distinguished from the cohort levels observable by cross-sectional techniques. Recent immigrants as well as young native borns are newcomers to the housing market and have lower attainment levels than earlier arrivals or older cohorts. Cohort trajectories are tracked from 1980 to 1990, adjusting for the influence of income, education, English proficiency, and marital status. Asian immigrants achieved extraordinarily high levels of homeownership soon after arrival, whereas Hispanic immigrants demonstrated sustained advancement into homeownership from initially very low levels.
English - pp. 593-625.
D. Myers, University of Southern California, U.S.A.
UNITED STATES, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, HOUSING, OWNERSHIP, LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS.)
*****
00.11.8 - CHENG, Lucie; YANG, Philip Q.
Global interaction, global inequality, and migration of the highly trained to the United States.
Following recent attempts to link migration of the highly trained to broader global processes, we argue that national variation in the size of highly trained migration can be explained by interaction and inequality between nations, both reflecting the process of global integration. Guided by this analytical framework, we tested the structural determinants of highly skilled migration to the United States. The evidence confirms our hypotheses that economic and educational interactions between sending countries and the United States increase the flow of the highly trained to the United States. Results also provide mixed proof for our hypotheses that levels of professional migration are positively associated with disparities between sending countries and the United States in living conditions, research conditions, children's educational opportunities, political conditions, and professional employment opportunities.
English - pp. 626-653.
L. Cheng, University of California at Los Angeles, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, IMMIGRATION, BRAIN DRAIN, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.)
*****
00.11.9 - FERNANDEZ, Marilyn; CHUNG KIM, Kwang.
Self-employment rates of Asian immigrant groups: An analysis of intragroup and intergroup differences.
Self-employment rates and related business activities of four groups of recent adult Asian immigrants (Koreans, Chinese, Asian Indians, and Vietnamese) are empirically examined with the 1990 census data. As expected, both intra- and intergroup differences in self-employment rates are observed among the four groups. Korean immigrants are sharply different from other Asian immigrant groups in their rate of self-employment and pattern of intragroup differences in self-employment rates. As a whole, for non-Korean Asian immigrant groups, intragroup differences in self-employment rates can be explained by the interactive model and by the related issue of immigrants' labor market disadvantage in the United States. To some extent, the interactive model also offers a useful framework to explain Korean immigrants' rate of self-employment. But the pattern of their intragroup divergence is better explained by the linkage between their businesses and their home country economics reflecting the international dimension of immigrant small business entrepreneurship. Implications of the findings of intra- and intergroup differences observed among the four groups are discussed.
English - pp. 654-681.
M. Fernandez, Santa Clara University, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, ASIA, LABOUR MARKET, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, SELF-EMPLOYED, PLACE OF ORIGIN.)
*****
00.11.10 - FINDLAY, Allan M.; LI, F. L. N.
A migration channels approach to the study of professionals moving to and from Hong Kong.
This article evaluates the concept of migration channels, identifying the strengths and weaknesses that have emerged from use of a migration channels framework in international migration research. Using professional migration to and from Hong Kong in the 1990s as an empirical lens, it is argued that the meso-scale understanding offered by examining the effect of migration channels is valuable. This is illustrated in terms of the contrasting channels used by different professions, as well by migrants motivated to move by citizenship as opposed to career reasons. Survey research of migrant engineers and doctors, however, points to the need to recast the channels migration framework in at least three ways, giving stronger recognition to 1) the strategic behavior of migrants themselves, 2) the need for a theorization of the hierarchically ordered economic space within which migration channels operate and, 3) the sociocultural context within which constructions of the meaning of migration and place occur.
English - pp. 682-703.
A. M. Findlay and F. L. N. Li, University of Dundee, U.K.
(HONG KONG, IMMIGRANTS, EMIGRANTS, OCCUPA-TIONAL GROUPS, OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS, MIGRATION FLOW, THEORY.)
*****
00.11.11 - GRIECO, Elizabeth M.
The effects of migration on the establishment of networks: Caste disintegration and reformation among the Indians of Fiji.
This article focuses on how migration auspices affect the formation of migrant networks and ethnic communities. Using ethnographic data and migration histories to focus on caste "reformation" in the subcommunities of the Indians of Fiji, the ability to reestablish and maintain subcaste group "extensions" in Fiji is shown as directly related to the migration auspices that originally established the community. By determining the characteristics of migrants, the reason for migrating, and the magnitude and duration of migration streams, migration auspices define a migration type. This migration type affects the strength and density of social ties present in migration streams. It also affects the strength and density of network ties that members of a migrant community can establish in a receiving society. By extension, this can influence the level of cultural reformation overseas.
English - pp. 704-736.
E. M. Grieco, Florida State University, U.S.A.
(FIJI, INDIA, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, CULTURAL CHANGE.)
*****
11 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Winter 1998, Vol. 32, N° 4
00.11.12 - BOYD, Monica ; GRIECO, Elizabeth M.
Triumphant transitions: Socioeconomic achievements of the second generation in Canada
Articulated within the last decade, the revisionary perspective on second generation integration argues that the model of equal or above average success of the second generation in North America is historically specific, based on the postwar entry of a white second generation in boom economic times. One implication is that the past patterns of second generation success may not hold now and in the future for immigrant offspring. Using data from the 1994 Canadian General Social Survey for women and men, age 25-64, this article assesses the proposition of triumphant transitions in which the second generation experiences high levels of educational and labor market achievements. Multivariate analyses confirm second generation success with respect to educational levels and occupational status, thus contradicting verdicts of a new chapter to be written for the second generation in Canada. Although limited by the small number of cases in the General Social Survey, exploratory analysis finds variations in educational and occupational attainments exist within second generation groups distinguished by parental region of origin. These findings support the argument that degrees of success are not uniformly assured for all second generation groups.
English - pp. 853-876
M. Boyd and E. M. Grieco, Florida State University, U.S.A.
(CANADA, SECOND GENERATION MIGRANTS, LABOUR MARKET, SCHOOL SUCCESS, TRENDS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION.)
*****
00.11.13 - CHISWICK, Barry R. ; MILLER, Paul W.
Language skill definition: A study of legalized aliens
The robustness of the model for the acquisition of destination language skills is studied using the Legalized Population Survey (LPS) of aliens who received amnesty under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The English language proficiency variables include self-assessed overall speaking skills (the census question), speaking and reading skills in specific situations, perceptions as to whether language skills limit job opportunities, and measures of speaking and reading proficiency at work. The model is found to be robust across definitions of proficiency. Proficiency increases with exposure, efficiency and economic incentives for English language acquisition. The panel feature of the data is used to analyze changes in proficiency over time.
English - pp. 877-900
B. R. Chiswick, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, FOREIGNERS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS, LANGUAGES, ACCULTURATION, METHODOLOGY.)
*****
00.11.14 - BIBLER COUTIN, Susan
From refugees to immigrants: The legalization strategies of Salvadoran immigrants and activists
The legalization strategies pursued by Salvadoran immigrants and activists from the 1980s to the present demonstrate that migrants' and advocates' responses to policy changes reinterpret law in ways that affect future policy. Law is critical to immigrants' strategies in that legal status is increasingly a prerequisite for rights and services and that immigration law is embedded in other institutions and relationships. Immigration law is defined, however, not only when it is first formulated but also as it is implemented, enabling the immigrants who are defined according to legal categories to shape the definitions that categorization produces. Immigrants and activists also take formal legal and political actions, such as lobbying Congress and filing class action suits. Through such formal and informal policy negotiations, immigrants seek to shape their own and their nations' futures.
English - pp. 901-925
S. Bibler Coutin, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, EL SALVADOR, REFUGEES, ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION.)
*****
Social remittances: Migration driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion
Many studies highlight the macro-level dissemination of global culture and institutions. This article focuses on social remittances -- a local-level, migration-driven form of cultural diffusion. Social remittances are the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving- to sending-country communities. The role that these resources play in promoting immigrant entrepreneurship, community and family formation, and political integration is widely acknowledged. This article specifies how these same ideas and practices are remolded in receiving countries, the mechanisms by which they are sent back to sending communities, and the role they play in transforming sending-country social and political life.
English - pp. 926-948
P. Levitt, Wellesley College, U.S.A.
(MIGRATION, SOCIAL CHANGE, CULTURAL CHANGE, PLACE OF ORIGIN, PLACE OF DESTINATION, DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS.)
*****
Governing at a distance: The elaboration of controls in British immigration
This article considers the possibility that aspects of recent thinking on governmentality could be applied to the delimitation of rights and elaboration of controls in the policy and practice of British immigration over the period of Conservative rule. First, the complex of external strategies which interact to control and inhibit migration, including the discursive assertion of sovereign boundaries in the face of moves towards a frontier-free Europe are reviewed. Then, turning to official expressions of concern over public funds, the centrality of this rationale in the drive for correspondence between benefit regulations and immigration rules is documented. This drive, it is argued, is a key tactic in the development of internal controls, both as a basis for interagency cooperation and the means by which service providers can be encouraged to police migration. Finally, the paper shows how the rationality dictating these changes has itself been questioned and further elaborates the limits of "governmentality" in practice.
English - pp. 949-973
L. Morris, University of Essex, U.K.
(UNITED KINGDOM, IMMIGRATION POLICY, GOVERNMENT POLICY, REGULATIONS.)
*****
00.11.17 - WONG, Linda ; WAI-PO, Huen
Reforming the household registration system: A preliminary glimpse of the blue chop household registration system in Shanghai and Shenzhen
For decades, the household registration system has functioned as a powerful device in halting rural influxes into Chinese cities. The exigencies of the reform call for reform of the hukou system. One of the many attempts is the blue chop household registration system. Both Shanghai and Shenzhen have introduced this practice. In addition to promotion of real estate and investment, it creams off those more desirable migrants into the permanent population of the two cities. In view of the present situation of linking welfare provision with household registration status, this selective migration policy seems to be a sensible step forward.
English - pp. 974-994
L. Wong and H. Wai-Po, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
(CHINA, METROPOLIS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAIN MIGRATION, SELECTIVE MIGRATION, HOUSEHOLD, REGISTRATION.)
*****
Are they fellow countrymen or not? The migration of ethnic Poles from Kazakhstan to Poland
The article presents the process of migration of Kazakhs of Polish ancestry from Kazakhstan to Poland which has been taking place since the early 1990s. Poles deported in the past to Kazakhstan were mostly inhabitants of territories which did not belong to Poland; neither were they citizens of Poland. Therefore, the process of adaptation and integration was rather painful. The article points to factors that may simplify and these that may impede integration. The other problem, raised in the article, concerns the piecemeal policy towards Kazakhstan Poles, adopted by the Polish government, which seems risky if not dangerous. The author explains why it may cause a huge wave of illegal immigration to Poland.
English - pp. 995-1014
K. Iglicka, University of London, London, U.K.
(POLAND, KAZAKHSTAN, ETHNIC MINORITIES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, GOVERNMENT POLICY, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION.)
*****
00.11.19 - POWERS, Mary G. ; SELTZER, William ; SHI, Jing
Gender differences in the occupational status of undocumented immigrants in the United States: Experience before and after legalization
This article examines the incorporation of a national sample of undocumented immigrants both before and after they applied to legalize their status under the provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). Data from the 1989 and 1992 Legalized Population Surveys (LPS-1 and LPS-2) are used. These surveys provide labor force and occupational data for three critical reference periods: as newly arrived undocumented immigrants, as experienced undocumented immigrants, and as documented immigrants. Labor force participation and occupational status are used as indicators of economic integration. The overall upward mobility of both men and women between first job and the occupation held at time of application for legalization continued after legalization. On average, men also continued to report higher status jobs than women, although women did somewhat better after their status was legalized. These patterns also continued after controlling for available human capital variables, country of origin, marital status, and household composition.
English - pp. 1015-1046
M. G. Powers, W. Seltzer and J. Shi, Fordham University.
(UNITED STATES, ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTSN, IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, INTEGRATION, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY.)
*****
11 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Spring 1999, Vol. 33, N° 1
00.11.20 - LIGHT, Ivan ; BERNARD, Richard B. ; KIM, Rebecca
Immigrant incorporation in the garment industry of Los Angeles
Stressing the networks facilitation of immigrants' searches for jobs and housing, migration network theory has conceptually overlooked the manner in which immigrants' social networks also expand the supply of jobs and housing in target destinations by means of the ethnic economy. An expanded migration network theory takes into account the ethnic economy's role in creating new resources in the destination economy. However, the power of this objection wanes in the context of working-class immigrations that generate few entrepreneurs. Introduced here, the concept of immigrant economy responds to this contingency. Unlike ethnic economics, in which co-ethnics hire co-ethnics, immigrant economics arise when immigrants hire non-co-ethnic fellow immigrants. This situation usually arises when very entrepreneurial immigrant groups coexist in a labor market with working-class immigrant groups that generate few entrepreneurs of their own. Using evidence from the garment industry of Los Angeles, this paper estimates that only a third of immigrant employees found their jobs in a conventional ethnic economy. Half owed their employment to the immigrant economy in which, for the most part, Asian entrepreneurs employed Latino workers.
English - pp. 5-25
I. Light, Department of Sociology, UCLA, Box 951551, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, METROPOLIS, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, LABOUR MARKET, HOUSING, MIGRATION FLOW, ENTREPRENEURS, THEORY.)
*****
00.11.21 - ELLIS, Mark ; WRIGHT, Richard
The industrial division of labor among immigrants and internal migrants to the Los Angeles economy
Between 1985-90, metropolitan Los Angeles received about 400,000 working immigrants and about 575,000 working native in-migrants. We subdivide these native- and foreign-born migrants by national origin and ethnicity to examine the processes that channel recent arrivals into different industrial sectors. Our analysis extends previous research on migrant employment and the ethnic division of labor in two ways. We compare the employment of recent arrivals to residents for several groups across a large, diverse, regional economy. We also consider the role educational qualifications play in the allocation of different migrant groups to jobs at this aggregate analytical scale. The results show that both native- and foreign-born groups channel into particular industrial sectors. The strength of group channeling, however, varies by national origin and ethnic group. Native-born in-migrants are more likely to channel into the industries where their co-ethnic residents work than immigrant newcomers. We also find some groups more likely to take jobs based on their educational qualifications (whites, blacks, Filipinos and Chinese), whereas ethnic group effects dominate the choice of industry of others (Koreans). The analysis investigates the issue of interethnic labor market competition by comparing the employment profiles of newcomers with those of resident ethnic groups. It shows that immigrants experience more interethnic labor market competition from newcomers than do native whites and blacks.
English - pp. 26-54
M. Ellis, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, METROPOLIS, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MARKET, ETHNIC ORIGIN.)
*****
Home society politics and immigrant political incorporation: The case of Greek immigrants in New York City
This article examines the processes through which home society politics affect Greek immigrant incorporation into the host society's political structures. The argument made is that immigrant concern with the home society's territorial sovereignty prompt immigrant incorporation into the American policy. Following Turkey's invasion of Cyprus in the summer of 1974 and numerous Turkish claims on Greek islands since then, Greek and American-born activists and leaders have engaged in an "Americanization project" characterized by two levels of mobilizing activity: activists and leaders have sought to first create formal relations with local and national level American politicians and parties and second to mobilize immigrants to enter American political structures (by becoming naturalized citizens, voting and contributing funds to political campaigns) so that they may this way influence American foreign policy in the Aegean. To foster the process of "Americanization", activists and leaders have relied on the construction of binational identities.
English - pp. 55-78
A. Karpathakis, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, GREECE, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, POLITICS.)
*****
Residential segregation of West Indians in the New York/New Jersey metropolitan area: The roles of race and ethnicity
To assess the relative roles of race and ethnicity in shaping patterns of residential segregation, this article utilizes indices of segregation and a geographic mapping strategy to examine the residential patterns of West Indian blacks in the greater New York City area. The socioeconomic, characteristics of neighborhoods occupied by West Indian blacks are also examined and compared to those of areas occupied by African Americans. The results indicate that, on one hand, West Indians are largely denied access to residential areas occupied predominantly by whites and are confined to areas of large black concentrations. On the other hand, West Indians appear to have carved out somewhat separate residential enclaves within these largely black areas, and there is evidence to indicate that these areas are of somewhat higher quality than areas occupied by similar concentrations of African Americans. The discussion of these results focuses on the reciprocal relationship between the formation of these distinct residential enclaves and the maintenance of a distinct West Indian ethnic identity.
English - pp. 79-113
K. D. Crowder, Department of Sociology, Western Washington University, Arntzen Hall 510, MS-9081, Bellingham, WA 98225-9081, U.S.A.
crowder@cc.wwu.edu
(UNITED STATES, METROPOLIS, CARIBBEAN, IMMIGRANTS, BLACKS, SEGREGATION, RESIDENCE, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.)
*****
00.11.24 - YEOH, Brenda S. A. ; HUANG, Shirlena ; GONZALEZ III, Joaquin
Migrant female domestic workers: Debating the economic, social and political impacts in Singapore
As a small labor-short city-state with over 100,000 migrant domestic workers mainly from the Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka and amounting to one foreign maid to every eight households, Singapore provides a case study of a country where foreign maids are seen as an economic necessity but not without important social consequences and political ramifications. Beginning with a brief examination of state policy on transnational labor migration relating to female domestic workers, this article goes on to explore the debates within public discourse as well as private accounts on the impact of foreign maids on a range of issues, including female participation in the workforce; the social reproduction of everyday life including the delegation of the domestic burden and the upbringing of the young; the presence of "enclaves" of foreign nationals in public space; and bilateral relations between host and sending countries. It concludes that the transnational labor migration is a multifaceted phenomenon with important repercussions on all spheres of life, hence requiring dynamic policy intervention on the part of the authorities concerned.
English - pp. 114-136
B. S. A. Yeoh, S. Huang and J. Gonzalez III, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
(SINGAPORE, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, DOMESTIC WORK, GOVERNMENT POLICY.)
*****
00.11.25 - FANG, Di ; BROWN, David
Geographic mobility of the foreign-born Chinese in large metropolises, 1985-1990
The spatial assimilation and ethnic resources models, two major theoretical explanations of the adaptation of immigrants, provide different views on the mechanism of spatial mobility of immigrants. We used the 1990 census 5 percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) to analyze the migration of foreign-born Chinese in three large metropolises -- New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. We tested the two explanations in this study and argue that our results largely support the assimilation model. In addition, we contend that macroeconomic conditions of ethnic enclaves and characteristics of ethnic economies are also important in affecting the geographic redistribution of immigrants.
English - pp. 137-155
D. Fang, The Association of American Medical Colleges, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, METROPOLIS, CHINA, FOREIGNERS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, THEORY.)
*****
Immigrant " quality " in Canada: More direct evidence of human capital content, 1956-1994
This article provides direct evidence about educational attainments of new arrivals in Canada over the period 1956 to 1994. This evidence is based on immigrants educational attainment data obtained from two sources: different population censuses from 1961 to 1986, including those from 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1986; and landing documents of immigrants. Data from these two sources allow an analysis of educational attainment trends over a longer period than that conducted in some other studies and in more depth. Finally, immigrant data are also compared with the educational attainment of the Canadian-born population in corresponding periods. Individuals aged 25 years or older are considered.
Results show that, in the total immigrant inflows of any subperiod since 1956, the percentages of those with high school education or less have been declining and have been lower than those for the Canadian-born population, while the percentages of those with university degrees have been rising and have been higher than those for the Canadian-born population. These results contradict the generally held view in Canada that in the post, 1967 period, the immigration policy's increased focus on family and refugee classes has resulted in the admission of immigrants who are less educated than those who arrived before 1967. This result indicates that other factors such as discrimination and general economic conditions in the country should be investigated in depth to explain the recently cited decline in the economic performance of Canadian immigrants.
English - pp. 156-175
H. A. Akbari, Saint Mary's University, Canada.
(CANADA, IMMIGRANTS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, TRENDS.)
*****
00.11.27 - NACKERUD, Larry ; SPRINGER, Alyson ; LARRISON, Christopher ; ISSAC, Alicia
The end of the Cuban contradiction in U. S. refugee policy
The nearly automatic acceptance of Cubans into the United States as political refugees for 35 years represents a contradiction which lingered in US refugee policy. This article provides a description and analysis of the 1994 Cuban Balsero (rafter) Crisis that prompted a decision by the Clinton administration on May 2, 1995, to officially end the open door era for Cuban acceptance into the United States. The resulting policy change 1) terminated the indefinite detention of over 28,000 Cubans held in safe haven camps, 2) repealed the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966, 3) put severe new restrictions on travel to Cuba, 4) prohibited the sending of monetary remittances to Cuba, 5) equalized the number of annual visas for Cuba with the other countries of the world, and 6) legalized the return of Cubans intercepted at sea. The authors examine the interaction of variables that set the stage for the Balsero Crisis and analyze how and why its resolution catalysed the historic policy change. Implications of the resolution of the Balsero Crisis upon problems underlying US relations with Cuba are discussed.
English - pp. 176-192
L. Nackerud, 301 Tucker Hall, School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7016, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, CUBA, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, REFUGEES, IMMIGRATION POLICY).)
*****
Back to Home page