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08 CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION, 1997, Vol. 24, N° 2
Residential proximity with the Charter Groups in Canada.
This paper examines the patterns of residential proximity between the Charter groups and various racial/ethnic groups in Canada. This research analyzes special 1986 census data requested from Statistics Canada, which provides detailed socioeconomic and demographic information of racial/ethnic groups. While little variation in the levels of residential proximity was found between the charter groups and racial/ethnic groups in Canada, substantial variation was found across cities and regions. This study demonstrates the applicability of the social capital hypothesis in conjunction with urban structural factors in explaining the residential proximity among racial/ethnic groups in Canada. However, the social status and the social distance hypotheses derived from American research do not apply in the same manner to Canadian society. This discrepancy suggests the importance of public policy in altering the effects of group characteristics on the residential proximity of minority groups with the Charter groups.
English - pp. 103-123.
E. Fong, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
(CANADA, ETHNIC COMPOSITION, ETHNIC MINORITIES, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.)
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00.08.2 - WISTER, Andrew V.; MITCHELL, Barbara A.; GEE, Ellen M.
Does money matter? Parental income and living satisfaction among "Boomerang" children during coresidence.
The rising rate of coresidence among young adults and their parents has led researchers to focus upon the phenomenon of 'boomerang kids.' Research has established an inverse relationship between parental indicators of socioeconomic status and parental living arrangement satisfaction during coresidence with adult children, but this relationship has yet to be examined from the perspective of the young adult. This paper investigates hypotheses pertaining to conflict over financial issues and financial dependency, in an effort to more fully understand the impact of parental income on the dynamics of coresidence. The data for this research originate from a Vancouver-based study of 218 families, in which one parent and a current or recent 'returnee' adult child were interviewed by telephone. Logistic regression analyses support a negative effect of parental income on life satisfaction among boomerang kids that is not directly due to financial conflict or dependency. An alternative hypothesis is offered, which accounts for the relationship in terms of differing normative expectations surrounding youth transitions as expressed through living arrangements. Several additional variables are found to determine child satisfaction with coresidence including: parental marital status, religiosity, and frequency of returning home. Results are discussed with specific reference to the effect of socioeconomic status on social exchanges and life course trajectories.
English - pp. 125-145.
A. V. Wister and B. A. Mitchell, Simon Fraser University at Harbour Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
(CANADA, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, PARENTS, CHILDREN, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, SATISFACTION.)
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Marital status and infant mortality.
This paper examines the relationship between marital status and infant mortality in Jamaica. Discrete-time hazard models that account for unobserved heterogeneity are estimated using the demographic histories of the 1975/76 Jamaican Fertility Survey. The analysis indicates that marital status is an important factor in explaining differences in infant mortality. More specifically (and contrary to what is found unconditionally), infant mortality is higher in common-law (and visiting) unions compared to marriage, after other factors thought to affect infant mortality are held constant.
English - pp. 147-161.
R. E. Wright, University of Stirling, Stirling, U.K.
(JAMAICA, INFANT MORTALITY, MARITAL STATUS, MORTALITY DETERMINANTS.)
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00.08.4 - MOORE, Eric G.; MCGUINNESS, Donald L.
Adjustments of the elderly to declining health: Residential moves and social support.
As the Canadian population ages, adjustments to deteriorating health play an important part in structuring demands for health care and social services. Litwak and Longino have argued that residential moves in response to a need for greater social support from family constitute an important element in elderly mobility and migration. We use data from the Health and Activity Limitation Survey (HALS) and the Survey on Aging and Independence (SAI) to show that support moves constitute about one-third of all moves among the older elderly, but that support moves also have consequences in terms of reducing access to friends and generating lower usage of formal services. There is also some evidence that regions with slower economic growth have higher proportions of in-movers who are support movers, which is consistent with a general view that the dynamics of aging result in greater service demands in more disadvantaged areas.
English - pp. 163-187.
E. G. Moore and D. L. McGuinness, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
(CANADA, AGED, AGEING, HEALTH, CHANGES OF RESIDENCE, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS.)
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08 CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION, 1998, Vol. 25, N° 2
00.08.5 - FOOT, David K.; VENNE, Rosemary A.
The time is right: Voluntary reduced worktime and workforce demographics.
This applied demography paper assembles diverse literature in demography, economics, sociology, and industrial relations to examine the emergence of intergenerational conflict within labour force groups. First the paper defines the generations based on demographic and economic considerations and reviews the existing literature on intergenerational conflict. Second, using Canadian labour market data, it examines the situation facing groups in the labour force. The paper then reviews potential workplace solutions. The conclusion outlines a practical workforce policy that can ameliorate many of the concerns of younger workers and address the trend toward intergenerational conflict while also taking into account current fiscal and workplace realities.
English - pp. 91-114.
D. K. Foot, Department of Economics, University of Toronto, Canada.
(CANADA, APPLIED DEMOGRAPHY, LABOUR FORCE, HOURS OF WORK, GENERATION GAP, EMPLOYMENT POLICY.)
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The measurement of acculturation.
Acculturation, as described in the demographic, sociological and psychological literature, is defined as a process of change and adaptation that results from contact between members of different cultural groups. Therefore, it embodies the strategies of integration, assimilation, separation or segregation and marginalization. Data from the 1991 Census Public Use Microdata File are used to derive an index of acculturation based on a framework developed by John Berry of Queen's University. The index is applied in a preliminary analysis of selected characteristics of immigrants (place of birth and mother tongue) to demonstrate the potential for this indicator.
English - pp. 115-144.
G. Goldmann, Statistics Canada, Canada.
(CANADA, ACCULTURATION, MEASUREMENT, METHODOLOGY.)
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00.08.7 - TURCOTTE, Pierre; GOLDSCHEIDER, Frances.
Evolution of factors influencing first union formation in Canada.
Retrospective survey data (GSS-1995) are used to estimate changes in the effects of children and education on transitions to first union (distinguishing the competing risks of marriage and cohabitation) in Canada. We find that the circumstances affecting union entry during the young adulthood of those born prior to 1950 were quite different from those influencing younger cohorts. More highly educated women became more rather than less likely to marry, and less rather than more likely to cohabit, while education, which had increased men's likelihood of entering both types of union had become much less important. At the same time, children, both born and impending, became more important for entry into cohabitation, and less important for marriage. We interpret our results as indicating that not only is it important for the study of union formation to take into account the changing relationships of men and women, but also those of men and children.
English - pp. 145-173.
P. Turcotte, Census Section, Statistics Canada, Canada.
(CANADA, FIRST MARRIAGE, CONSENSUAL UNION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, CHILDREN, COHORT ANALYSIS, TRENDS.)
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Mortality in a Northern Ontario fur-trade community: Moose Factory, 1851-1964.
Parish records represent a relatively under-exploited source for historic Aboriginal demography, for a variety of reasons associated with the historical context in which many communities have developed. This paper summarizes the results of a historical demographic study of a Northern Ontario Aboriginal community. Data on 19th and 20th century mortality for the community of Moose Factory are examined from Anglican parish records. Since a direct evaluation of the parish records is not possible, their validity is assessed indirectly by the relative accuracy and consistency with which they have been recorded. Overall, the parish burial records for Moose Factory seem an appropriate and valid source of data regarding mortality in this Cree community. Changing patterns of mortality over time and differential mortality are assessed. Cumulative survivorship curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method for each of three temporal periods reflecting the late 19th century, early 20th century and post WWII periods. The results demonstrated that the second period (1914-45) had survivorship values significantly lower than both the post WWII period and the late 19th century. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to changes in the frequency and intensity of European contact and the changing socioeconomic factors related to the decline of the fur trade from the late 19th to early 20th centuries.
English - pp. 175-198.
R. D. Hoppa, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
(CANADA, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INDIGENOUS POPULATION, MORTALITY MEASUREMENT, MORTALITY TRENDS.)
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Demography in Canada: Looking backward, looking forward.
This article presents a general summary of how demography developed in 20th century Canada. It begins with some brief but pertinent details about the evolution of the science of population in Europe, and the historical demographic, cultural and political background in Canada. The body of the text is focussed on the period of close to 80 years, from about 1920 to the present, for which information from a variety of sources was collected, compiled and analyzed. This information provides a picture of the gradual establishment of the discipline "as a science and a profession" in the English-speaking and French-speaking regions of the country. The importance of including the stories for both regions is clear: it is the only acceptable way to record the history of a social science discipline in a country that is officially bilingual. The details of how demography evolved are presented in terms of three periods: the decades before 1950, the years of growth from 1950 to 1970, and the contemporary period from 1970 to generally, 1995. Important events after 1995 are noted where relevant. Other aspects treated briefly, such as the participation of women, and the status of the discipline in Canada on the eve of the 21st century, complete the summary.
English - pp. 199-228.
S. T. Wargon, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
(CANADA, DEMOGRAPHY, DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH, HISTORY.)
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