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01 ESPACE - POPULATIONS - SOCIETES, 1999, n° 1, "Populations of sub-Saharan Africa"
00.01.1 - CHARBIT, Yves; REGNARD, Corinne.
Demographic dynamics and geographical patterns of African populations [Dynamiques démographiques et dimensions géographiques des populations africaines].
Whereas Latin American and Asian demographic transitions are well advanced, differences between African sub-regions remain important. This paper assesses changes in the trends of mortality and fertility and the influence of urbanization on both variables.
A regional analysis shows that contrarily to the theory of demographic transition, urbanization does not necessarily induce a decline of fertility and of mortality. Other factors must be taken into account, for instance the supply of health care.
French - pp. 13-27.
Y. Charbit and C. Régnard, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Populations Africaines et Asiatiques, 45, rue des Saints Pères, 75005 Paris, France.
(AFRICA, POPULATION DYNAMICS, MORTALITY TRENDS, FERTILITY TRENDS, URBANIZATION.)
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Settlement, endemic violence and wild space remanence in West Africa. "W" of Niger no man's land [Peuplement, violence endémique et rémanence de l'espace sauvage en Afrique de l'Ouest. Le no man's land du " W " du Niger].
The existence of no man's lands created and maintained by endemic violence is one of the characteristics of West African settlements. The case studied here is that of the region defined by the Tapoa, Alibori and Niger rivers, which was brought under the protection of the colonial authorities and named Park "W" of Niger between 1926 and 1954. It is necessary to understand the status of these areas in order to better manage the periphery of the Park and this has led us to analyse certain aspects of the geopolitics of the eastern Niger bend area and their effects on the settlement of the land (Songhai, Borgou, Gurma, Zerma and Fulani areas). The cartography proposed illustrates the relationship between violence, depopulation and the renaissance of the wilderness.
French - pp. 29-52.
M. Benoît, IRD, BP 11416, Niamey, Niger.
(NIGER, REGIONS, VIOLENCE, DEPOPULATION.)
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Population densities: Introduction to a geography of Eastern Africa? [Les densités : introduction à la géographie de l'Afrique orientale ?].
The high demographic growth rate which strikes East Africa does not alter the major patterns of the population distribution nor the density geography in the region. However, peasantry challenge this growth with four types of adjustments: spatial adjustments (swamp and forest clearance within the territory, settlements outside the territory, political and land repartition adjustments and violent adjustments which either force people to fly away or kill them. The frequency of crisis situations lays stress on societies which are blocked in their territories or in their technical systems or in their inegal political and land sharings. This paper gives a grid to read the different regional situations as far as interactions between density and development are concerned.
French - pp. 53-65.
B. Calas, Université d'Artois, Département de Géographie, Boîte postale 665, 9, rue du Temple, 62030 Arras Cedex, France.
(EASTERN AFRICA, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION DENSITY, RURAL ECONOMY, VIOLENCE.)
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Population densities and agricultural intensification in Upper Casamance [Densités de population et intensification agro-pastorale en Haute-Casamance].
Upper Casamance is a Sudanese region of West Africa, moderately populated as a result of the immigration of Sahelian and Guinean people. As far as it never belonged to any strong kingdom able to allow population growth, it was still a sparesely populated area at the end of precolonial period. Now, with heterogeneous and scattered populations and a high diversity of soils and extensive agro-pastoral systems, the populating is mainly based on settlements in low density areas. The politics of intensive farming, mainly the one's of SODEFITEX, are facing important social, geographical and land property constraints. The main settlements usually come from political or economic factors like, for example, marabout influence or border neighbouring.
French - pp. 67-81.
S. Fanchette, IRD, Bel-Air, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal.
(SENEGAL, REGIONS, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, RURAL ECONOMY.)
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00.01.5 - PARE, Lacinan; TALLET, Bernard.
From an open space to a saturated one. Land and population dynamics in the Kouka department, Burkina Faso [D'un espace ouvert à un espace saturé. Dynamique foncière et démographique dans le département de Kouka (Burkina Faso)].
In the department of Kouka, the population density increased from 12 to 43,5 inhabitants/km2 between 1952 and 1993. This strong demographic increase is mostly due to a strong migratory flow. A very flexible land system allowing the settlement of foreigners contributed to the migratory dynamics. Nowadays, the land pressure increases and shortage of available land leads to modifications in land rules. The opportunities for tensions or conflicts linked to land access rules grow in number while the numerical and economical supremacy of migrants -- representing 73% of the population -- is consolidated.
French - pp. 83-92.
L. Paré, Université de Paris-X, Département de Géographie, 200, av. de la République, 92001 Nanterre Cedex, France.
(BURKINA FASO, REGIONS, POPULATION GROWTH, IMMIGRATION, LAND TENURE.)
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00.01.6 - LERICOLLAIS, André; ROQUET, Dominique.
Population growth and settlement dynamics in Senegal since the Independance [Croissance de la population et dynamique du peuplement au Sénégal depuis l'indépendance].
Senegal has a population of a little more than 8 million for a size of 196 722 km2, i.e. an average density of 41,3 inhabitants per km2. This population has been growing rapidly for several decades. It went up from 2,8 million inhabitants in 1960 to 5 million in 1976, and to more than 8 million in 1994, i.e. an annual growth rate of around 2,7%. It is a young population -- 47,2% are 15 -- as a result of a high and steady reproduction index -- 6 children per woman on average in 1992. On the other hand, mortality is still high, 1,8%, especially among young people. Disparities are important regarding both densities and population growth, from one area to another, and even more so when considered within "département", "arrondissement" or rural community. These disparities are an illustration of the recent moves among the population according to new spatial entities as a consequence of labour mobility. Urban areas are gaining more and more importance while rural areas are undergoing the severe consequences of the drought that occurred in the seventies. Meanwhile, international migrations, and the importance of their impact on local economies should help highlight how density and population growth can be interpreted in some areas.
French - pp. 93-106.
A. Lericollais, IRD, Commissions de Sciences Sociales, 213, rue Lafayette, 75010 Paris, France.
(SENEGAL, POPULATION SITUATION, RESETTLEMENT POLICY, LABOUR MOBILITY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, URBANIZATION.)
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To live in Phoenix, Indian township of Durban [Vivre à Phoenix, township indien de Durban].
Indian communities represent more than 25% of the total population of Durban. Phoenix is one of the main Indian townships, built in the north of the metropolitan area and is home for more than 200 000 Indians, relocated by the apartheid policy twenty years ago. This paper presents an analysis of urban landscapes, practices and representations of Phoenix inhabitants and the actual transformations and recompositions of their cultural and urban identities.
French - pp. 107-117.
H. Mainet, Université Paris-X, Département de Géographie, 200, av. de la République, 92001 Nanterre, France.
(SOUTH AFRICA, INDIA, SUBURBAN AREAS, ETHNIC GROUPS, URBAN SOCIOLOGY.)
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Bamako (Mali): Compound housing and residential mobility [Bamako (Mali) : habitat de cour et mobilités résidentielles].
The evolution of Bamako as a large city determines large movements of population from the old quarters. The rental market spreads toward the most recent and outlying areas, and it orientates the mobility of the household inside the agglomeration. So it also arouses forms of mixed residences at a very local scale, which obscure the main urban contrasts. Residential practices are finally explained at two levels of analyse: first the general gradations of density; secondly the local neighbourhoods which mingle together owners and tenants, widened and embryonic households, rooted populations and mobile groups.
French - pp. 119-138.
M. Bertrand, UMR 6590 CNRS, Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France.
bertrand@mrsh.unicaen.fr.
(MALI, CAPITAL CITY, RESETTLEMENT POLICY, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, URBAN SOCIOLOGY.)
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01 ESPACE - POPULATIONS - SOCIETES, 1999, n° 2, "Spatial Mobilities"
Mobility, interactive social systems and territorial dynamics [Mobilité, systèmes d'interactions sociales et dynamiques territoriales].
In this article, the author puts the very notion of mobility once more into question for himself. Rather than approaching the subject from the view-point of different social origins, or individual motivations, the author proposes to consider it, rather more than in past studies, as a direct consequence of the organisation of urban space. This approach brings together the considerations shared by planners, developers and transport managers. The conditions of mobility transform towns as much as towns themselves transform these conditions. This helps us to fully appreciate the urban scene as a system of social interactions between families and employers and thus leads us on to consider the evolution of movements as being a symptom of the development of territorial dynamics. These dynamic changes do not only affect the urban level but also several other levels at different geographic scales with a definition which evolves with the actual daily or occasional travel mobility.
French - pp. 187-194.
M. Wiel, Agence de Développement et d'Urbanisme du Pays de Brest (ADEUP), Hôtel de Communauté, 24, rue Coat-ar-Gueven, 29200 Brest, France.
(GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY, URBANIZATION, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN STRUCTURE, SOCIAL SYSTEM, THEORY.)
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Obtaining data on mobility: From the historic recordings of migrations to family group biographies [Collecter des données de mobilité : des histoires migratoires aux biographies d'entourage].
The need to understand the decision making process at the origin of migrations and the choice of location of individuals has brought many researchers to consider adopting a framework of analysis destined to fully consider the strategy of individuals within their space. This field of analysis of mobility appears to be very dynamic and rich both for the considerations of theoretical analysis and for practical experimentation. This paper presents recent developments in methodologies and their use. Having identified the major axes of these innovations on the basis of either their questioning of the time base on the phenomena, or a more precise appreciation of the spatial origins, the psychology or social aspirations of the individuals, or the unit measure considered to be the most appropriate (individual, network, or family circle), the author proposes the type of data collection involved and the conclusions that may be drawn from these different concepts. The author concludes with a demonstration of a data gathering process which integrates the study of migrations in a larger context that is based on longitudinal group dynamics, the family circle, all of which being shaped by the interactive trajectory of each of its members.
French - pp. 195-205.
E. Lelièvre, INED, 133, bd Davout, 75980 Paris Cedex 20, France.
eva@ined.fr.
(GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY, METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS.)
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Residential mobility and commuting in the Paris region [Mobilité résidentielle et navettes domicile-travail en Ile-de-France].
Residential moves and travel to work are in most cases investigated separately. Our proposal is to consider them as two ways in which people try to fit with changes in the location of employment and housing stock within the Paris Region. The examination of censuses reflects that average commuting distances are higher for moving out population than for those remaining in the same accommodation during the intercensal period. The employment shift is only a secondary ground of residential move which is more justified by the evolution of family choices as for as their accommodation is concerned.
French - pp. 207-217.
M. Berger, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Fontenay - Saint-Cloud, Section Géographie, Boîte Postale 81, 31, av. Lombart, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.
berger@univ-paris1.fr.
(FRANCE, REGIONS, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, COMMUTING, HABITAT, PLACE OF WORK, OWNERSHIP.)
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00.01.12 - ZANINETTI, Jean-Marc.
Commuting within the Paris basin. A statistical approach [Les déplacements domicile-travail au sein du Bassin parisien. Une approche statistique].
The commuters are particularly numerous in the Paris basin. The exhaustive exploitation of DADS (Annual Declarations of Social Data) enables us to take stock of the situation at the end of 1995. A gravity model measures the spatial interaction between employment basins. A logistic regression model characterizes the individual factors that guide the choice to live far from the workplace. Commuting reflects the current balance between a centripetal function of time and a centrifugal function of space appropriation. Indeed, the distance is the main obstacle to the lengthening of commuting. Their spatial distribution depends especially on the concentration of the workers in the Paris metropolis. However, the commuting distance is proportional to income. Householders give more importance to the qualities of their residential environment than to the relational advantages of the city centre. This entails a positive correlation between economic growth and the development of commuting.
French - pp. 219-231.
J.-M. Zaninetti, Université d'Orléans, Département de Géographie, Domaine de la Source, Rue de Tours, 45072 Orléans Cedex 02, France.
(FRANCE, REGIONS, COMMUTING, RESIDENCE, PLACE OF WORK, METHODOLOGY.)
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The purchase of second-hand houses in city area and residence mobility [Acquisition de logements anciens en milieu urbain et mobilité résidentielle].
In France, residence mobility is increasingly expressed by a rising number of people buying second-hand accommodation; this can be explained by the expansion of real estate market, by the evolution of the housing financing system and by the importance of the notion of property in France today. However it is difficult to define at a local level this important component of urban dynamics, because of the inadequacy of statistics institutes to measure this phenomenon. There are a few sources of information, but they are not easily accessible. Though the study of this residence mobility is a key indicator in the evolution of socio-geographical evolutions in urban areas, this confirms how difficult it is to grasp the meaning of household choices in terms of their residential strategy.
French - pp. 233-244.
F. Madoré, ESO-UMR-6590, Université de Nantes, Chemin de la Sensive du Tertre, BP 81227, 44 312 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
(FRANCE, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, HOUSING, OWNERSHIP, URBAN SOCIOLOGY.)
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Mobility and residential aspirations in the housing stock to rent in Caen [Mobilité et aspirations résidentielles dans le parc locatif social caennais].
At the end of 1996, the low-rent social housing Caen habitat houses amount to 25 000 people, that is to say 20% of the population of Caen. Surveys dating from 1993 and 1996 stated a widespread impoverishment of the HLM population and a more deteriorated social situation in the parks located in the south than those in the north of the city. Today, being a HLM tenant refers to an unintentional situation which lasts because of the low income and social problems. However, living for years in a HLM unit does not exclude residential mobility: people are attached to their neighbourhood. When you cannot plan the future, the only chance to improve your life is moving out to another street.
French - pp. 245-257.
R. Minot, CRESO-M.R.S.H., Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France.
(FRANCE, CITIES, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, COLLECTIVE HOUSING.)
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Daily mobility and metropolitan dynamics: The Lyons urban area, 1982-1990 [Mobilité quotidienne et dynamique métropolitaine : la région urbaine de Lyon, 1982-1990].
Rise in trips in the outskirts, increase and lengthening of commuters journeys between suburbs and urban centres, centres which get broader ... These are main tendencies that are characteristic of daily urban mobility transformations by the end of the 20th century. They express a smashing up of functional scales and new ways of living in broken up metropolitan territories. These evolutions can be illustrated through the analysis conducted in the Lyons urban region of the evolution of home-work trips between the two last French population censuses.
French - pp. 259-280.
F. Margail, Université Paris - Val-de-Marne, 6-8, av. Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex, France.
(FRANCE, CITIES, COMMUTING, PLACE OF WORK, RESIDENCE, URBAN DEVELOPMENT.)
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Consumers' mobility and new retail outlets [La mobilité des consommateurs et les nouveaux espaces commerciaux].
The evolution in shoppers' mobility is the crux of the matter. What we mean by proximity is slowly changing. There is an ever-increasing gap between retail shopping and homes and it shows that relations between the supply and domestic sectors are being completely transformed. A less clearly outlined retail shopping is taking over from the sharp dichotomy which exists between the town and out-of-town centres, each one specialising in its own specific branch. The city centre retail outlets are on the defensive and are constantly losing their market share to retail parks situated on the outskirts. More and more families have cars, even two cars, more and more women work, families are increasing moving to house situated outside the town or on the outskirts; all these factors lead to a greater mobility among shoppers; it could even be called a peregrination within the area, and is linked to other reasons for travelling.
French - pp. 281-289.
R.-P. Desse, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Département de Géographie, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences sociales, 20, rue Duquesne, B.P. 814, 29285 Brest Cedex, France.
(MOBILITE, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, TRADE, URBAN PLANNING.)
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00.01.17 - AUTHIER, Jean-Yves.
Neighbourhoods faced with suprametropolitan mobility [Le quartier à l'épreuve des " mobilités métapolitaines "].
In the "newly developing town" the increase in urban mobility does not imply the death of the local community. The results of an in-depth questionnaire proposed to 1 697 households in various old quarters in town centres show that local neighbourhoods are still important areas of social life (of varying degrees depending on the population and the context). In fact the inhabitants manage to combine local roots and urban mobility.
French - pp. 291-306.
J.-Y. Authier, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Faculté d'Anthropologie et de Sociologie, Groupe de Recherche sur la Socialisation (UPRES-A 5040, CNRS), 5, av. Pierre Mendès-France, CP 11, 69676 Bron Cedex, France.
(FRANCE, CITIES, NEIGHBOURHOODS, MOBILITE, HABITAT.)
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Forms and mechanisms of urban mobility in Algeria [Formes et mécanismes de la mobilité urbaine en Algérie].
During the last thirty years, the Algerian urban society has known three cycles of mobility. A centripetal mobility induced the Algerians from old urban centres and precarious suburbs to move to the European neighbourhoods that were deserted when Algeria became independent. Afterwards thanks to industrialisation and equipment, social mobility and daily migrations have concerned all the urban stratums while a selective residential mobility exclusively centrifugal was beginning in the large cities. The latter has for about fifteen years, amplified and stretched territorially and socially talking, thanks to the massive public intervention in the housing and then to the liberalization.
French - pp. 307-316.
B. Semmoud, Université d'Artois, UFR d'Histoire-Géographie, 9, rue du Temple, 62030 Arras Cedex, France.
(ALGERIA, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, MIGRATION TRENDS, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, HOUSING POLICY.)
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Illegal immigrants, the formal economy, and precarious housing: Vectors and limitations on the mobility of foreigners in Italy [Clandestinité, économie informelle, logement improbable : vecteurs et freins de la mobilité des étrangers présents en Italie].
Italy has only recently become a destination for immigrants, but it already occupies a particular position in the complex interplay of international migration flows. For some, Italy is simply a transit point on the way to other countries or a popular tourist destination, but it has in recent times started to attract populations who move very little once they have settled somewhere. The only noteworthy example of mobility is when they look for work during their first year of stay. They may move within the region or within the country as a whole, so that foreign populations are eventually redistributed from the various ports of entry to the urban centres where they tend to settle. Here there is little movement within the city, due to little subsidised housing available, because those concerned are illegal entrants and work mostly in the informal economy.
French - pp. 317-327.
C. Vallat, Université d'Artois, UFR d'Histoire-Géographie, 9, rue du Temple, 62030 Arras Cedex, France.
(ITALY, IMMIGRANTS, FOREIGNERS, MOBILITE, RESETTLEMENT POLICY.)
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Manifold mobility patterns among Bogota's inhabitants [Les mobilités à géométrie variable des habitants de Bogota].
To improve the analysis of urban dynamics, we need a better grasp of the mobility patterns of urban dwellers, at various space and time levels (from day to day commuting to life histories) as well as across social groups (from the mere individual to the family, or her/his network). This is the perspective used throughout this paper, based on demographic data collected in Bogota in 1993. The paper will first describe the data and introduce some conceptual difficulties related to its analysis. It will then bring into view the positive results of this approach of mobility for its perception of the complex mobility patterns of individuals and families. With the help of concepts such as residential space and residential system, the author focuses on the relationships between the different patterns of mobility and the choices among those possibilities at individual, household and family levels. Acknowledging the multilocal characteristic of spatial patterns of mobility gives the opportunity of a fresh view on urban research fields, which were traditionally investigated solely through housing.
French - pp. 329-344.
F. Dureau, UMR-9937 CNRS-IRD " Regards ", Maisons des Suds, Boîte Postale 200, Domaine Universitaire, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
fdureau@andescol.bitnet.
(COLOMBIA, CAPITAL CITY, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, URBAN SOCIOLOGY, METHODOLOGY.)
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New form of migration to tourist regions in reconversion [Nouvelle forme de migration vers des espaces touristiques en reconversion].
Since about ten years ago, Walloonia has been confronted with a new form of migration. The new migrants leave city centres to live permanently in tourist regions, situated in rural land. For a lot of them, this choice is imposed by the search for a better normal environment and a certain resocialization, it is nevertheless true that the main reasons are the possibility of home ownership and a ratio quality of life/prices of housing more attractive than which prevail in city centres. However this new form of housing presents many problems: unlawfulness to take up main home there, tourist equipment not at all adapted to a permanent residence.
French - pp. 345-352.
P. Francis, Av. Reine Elisabeth, 28, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
(BELGIUM, REGIONS, TURNAROUND MIGRATION, TOURISM, HABITAT.)
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Drop out populations' practical experience: The example of "binners" in Vancouver [La pratique de l'espace urbain des populations marginales : l'exemple des " binners " de Vancouver].
This article explores the experience of urban space by the scavengers of Vancouver, Canada. These "binners" -- as they are called colloquially -- are marginal people who collect bottles, cans and other used items from garbage bins. This activity contributes to their being confined to a marginal position. Most of them live in Downtown Eastside, the city's poorest neighbourhood. By "binning", individuals develop some skills; they render a service to the city; social relationships develop between the rich and the poor.
French - pp. 353-357.
B. Raoulx, Centre de Recherche sur les Espaces et les Sociétés, UMR-6590 CNRS, Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines, Université de Caen, 14032 Caen Cedex, France.
raoulx@mrsh.unicaen.fr.
(CANADA, CITIES, NEIGHBOURHOODS, MARGINALITY, POVERTY.)
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