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Italy (Rome) 50

STUDI EMIGRAZIONE

SEPTEMBER 1997 - VOLUME 34, NUMBER 127

98.50.1 - Italian - Enrico TODISCO, Dipartimento di Studi Geoeconomici, Statistici e Storici, per l'Analisi Regionale, Università degli Studi "La Sapienza" di Roma, Rome (Italy)

Unknown aspects of athlete movements (Aspetti poco conosciuti delle migrazioni sportive) (p. 386-394)

Movements of athletes from one country to another can be defined as particular migratory flows, which belong for their characteristics to the category of "skilled migrations". We are not only referring here to players, but also to persons engaged in the organisation of different sport activities such as coaches, managers, trainers and so on. This migration movement is connected with special push and pull factors: it does not exclusively depend on the player's willingness to migrate, but also on sport societies looking for talented athletes capable of improving the performance of their teams. The migratory chain is also present in this flow, even though it is not based on kinship or friendship ties but on ethnic and sport acquaintances. Both statistical information and international studies about foreign sportsmen are generally very modest. The presence of foreign players is besides very much conditioned by national regulations. This is the case of Italy with regard to rules of different Federations (football, basket-ball, water-polo, volley-ball, etc., ... ) which impose numerical limits. We are dealing here with a new field of research which can lead to important developments, especially when taking into account the various aspects of sport immigration and contexts of which they become part. (ITALY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, SPORTS)

98.50.2 - Italian - Paolo SANSO and Giovanni MARRACINO, Dipartimento di Studi Geoeconomici, Statistici e Storici, per l'Analisi Regionale, Università degli Studi "La Sapienza" di Roma, Rome (Italy)

Sport migrations. Foreign athletes in the Italian sport (Le migrazioni sportive. Gli stranieri nello sport italiano) (p. 395-417)

The authors analyse the scant information which is available on foreign athletes who have performed in major Italian sports. Football is the first sport to be examined, because of its importance in the public Italian arena. The number of foreign players has been conditioned by the regulations of the Football Federation which has frequently changed the rules in order to meet quite opposite demands. On one hand the Federation has been concerned with highly competitive teams to suit one of the most interesting championship in the world. On the other hand it has been equally committed to turn national resources to better account.

The study points out the main features of foreign football players, such as the number of players and countries of origin for every season, and age average. The same patterns of analysis are applied to boxing, basket-ball, volley-ball, water-polo. Sport migrations are essentially male migrations. A special case is represented by volley-ball which has been gaining public attention also in the female sector.

In all other disciplines men usually outnumber women. in Italy, at least, immigrants are prevailing. The modest number of emigrants are connected with previous immigrants'retums to their country of origin. Only recently some Italian sportsmen have been moving to foreign championships. (ITALY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, SPORTS)

98.50.3 - Italian - Flavio MAGRI and Fabio PELLEGRINO, Dipartimento di Studi Geoeconomici, Statistici e Storici, per l'Analisi Regionale, Università degli Studi "La Sapienza" di Roma, Rome (Italy)

Foreign athletes in the Italian volley-ball. Longitudinal analysis (Analisi longitudinale degli atleti stranieri nella pallavolo italiana) (p. 419-449)

The study is completely dedicated to Italian volley-ball and examines detailed information collected by the Italian Federation about immigrant athletes. Although the Italian Federation is one of the most informed institution, as far as statistical data are concerned, the authors were bound to resort to other sources in order to integrate available information. The analysis deals first and foremost with the structure of Italian championship and regulations issued in different seasons which have reduced the arrival of foreign players. These latter are chosen by Italian teams on the ground of sport achievements but also of economic success. In this field they have to compete with national teams which are allowed to borrow the best players of championship teams or to use the athletes exclusively chosen for the national selection (as Holland did until a few years ago). The article resorts to longitudinal analysis, borrowed from demography, to describe continuity and presence of foreign athletes in the Italian volley-ball. Immigrant sportsmen are allowed to move to minor leagues or to leave the athletic commitment to take up new engagements as coaches, trainers, sport managers in different societies. "Naturalizations" are also taken into account, since they allow foreign players to overcome restrictions imposed by the Federation. (ITALY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, SPORTS)

98.50.4 - Italian - Fabrizio PROIETTI, Istituto di Diritto Pubblico, Facoltà di Economia, Università degli Studi 'La Sapienza' di Roma, Rome (Italy)

Free movement of athletes in the European Community areas (Le innovazioni in materia di libera circolazione e migrazione dei lavoratori sportivi nell'ambito territoriale dell'Unione Europea) (p. 451-458)

Free movement of athletes had not been taken into account by Community law, since it was considered not to be pertaining to EU authorities. Sport system has been enjoying the tradition of a self-governing body typical of a private enterprise. However, in the past few years, sport has become a business venture and athletes' engagement have taken up the form of a work contract. The author analyses the legal aspects of these business relations, especially dwelling upon the so called "sport bond" by which an athlete is bound to the team for the time covered by the contract and cannot move to another society. Further changes in the legal set up have been introduced by the famous "Bosman sentence" of the Belgian football player who appealed to European Court of justice to confirm the work contract and the power of the community over the free movement of workers. The Court declared the incompatibility with the workers free movement community law and the incompatibility for the "preparation and promotion allowance" that the new society or the athlete himself had to pay the society to which he belonged in order to obtain the transfer. The Court of justice did indeed open, with the "Bosman sentence", a new phase which marks the intervention of the European Union in the world of sport. (WESTERN EUROPE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, SPORTS, LABOUR LAW, INTERNATIONAL LAW)

98.50.5 - Italian - Alberto MADELLA, Centro di Documentazione Sportiva CONI, Syracuse (Italy)

Migrant trainers: An example of labour market globalisation on sport (L'allenatore migrante: un caso di globalizzazione del mercato del lavoro sportivo) (p. 459-466)

Sport has lately become an international matter (World Cups, European Cups, Olympic Games) and sport events have gathered momentum. Especially in collective games, national teams are more willing to receive foreign players. This pattern of immigration does not only concern the world of sport. In addition to practising athletes have been gaining importance trainers, managers, game officials, professionals of physical and mental health and experts in planning, running and marketing of sport events. The sport sector has acquired a complexity which was unknown before and has incited a level of competition which is much higher than in voluntary sport. The author dwells in particular upon the club trainer and examines the movements of these sport operators from abroad. The excursus is followed by a general appraisal of geographical origins, sports concerned, and national position of coaches' immigrations and emigrations. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, SPORTS)

98.50.6 - French - Cristina GIUDICI

Women towards migration project (Les femmes face au projet migratoire) (p. 467-486)

International migrations can be analysed from the family microeconomic point of view. Decisions connected with migration are in fact included in a well-planned family "project" and the entire family is involved in defining such a project. Migrant women in particular represent, both in the country of origin and in the receiving country, a bridging factor between two societies, two countries, two cultures, not only on a personal or family level, but also through the numerous associations which have known, in the past few years, an unprecedented growth. On a macroeconomic level, integration policies are the right answer to the "migratory project", both in their social, legal and cultural outlines. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, WOMEN'S ROLE, FAMILY NUCLEUS, DECISION MAKING)

DECEMBER 1997 - VOLUME 34, NUMBER 128

"Theological Sciences and Human Mobility"

Thematic Bibliography (1980-1997)

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