ESPACE-POPULATIONS-SOCIETES

France (Lille) 01

1997 - NUMBER 1

Populations of the Arab World

97.01.1 - French - Youssef COURBAGE, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Demography in the southern Mediterranean countries in the 21st century (La démographie en rive sud de la Méditerranée au XXIe siècle) (p. 11-26)

The concern embedded in the whereabouts of the demographic growth of the Southern shore of the Mediterranean sea has slightly abated. Yet, the population projections which are currently produced by the United Nations, away from the field, with much too often very outdated data and through a globalizing approach, did not always contribute to ease the debate. This article reviews the current population projections by means of a more refined methodology and thanks to the most up-to-date statistics. With the sole exception of Egypt, the slowing-down is striking for all the heavily populated countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria and Turkey and sometimes for the smallest: Libya, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine. Although largely disregarded, the implications of this new demographic regime are considered in terms of the competition between population and economic growth, supply and demand of labour force, expansion of a potential southern common market, and geopolitics. (NORTHERN AFRICA, WESTERN ASIA, POPULATION PROJECTIONS, ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHY)

97.01.2 - French - André BOURGEY, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, 2, rue de Lille, 75343 Paris Cedex 07 (France)

Some remarks on migratory flows in the Middle-East (Réflexions sur les flux migratoires au Moyen-Orient) (p. 27-34)

Geopolitical issues and oil revenues account for the migratory movements in the Middle East. Since the end of the seventies individual immigration from Arab countries has been replaced by a massive Asian immigration.

International work migrations are a main cause of social changes. They play an important role in the economic balance and have several geographical effects in both emigration and immigration countries. (WESTERN ASIA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION)

97.01.3 - French - Galila El KADI, ORSTOM, Centre de Recherche d'Ile-de-France, 32, rue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex (France)

Quality of life and precarious living conditions in some countries of the Arab world (Qualité de vie et habitat précaire dans quelques pays du monde arabe) (p. 35-47)

The two concepts of quality of life and precariousness are two opposit concepts. The quality of life refers to the well-being of persons, to their comfort and to their security, when precariousness expresses fragility, exclusion and even the denial of human being. If these two concepts are incompatible, they however explain each other. The place occupied by the problem of the quality of life in Arab cities is significantly revealed by the interest granted to the question of precarious housing.

Our dissertation is found on four papers to the Arab regional population conference (Cairo, 8-12 december 1996), and related to the following Arab countries: Egypt, Morocco, Yemen and Jordan. We shall at first discuss the concepts and their meaning; so we will try to work out a state of the art and clear up the mechnanisms which generate the different forms of precarious housing; we will finally examine the actions aiming to improve the quality of life in order to emphasize the improvements and the contrasts. (NORTHERN AFRICA, WESTERN ASIA, QUALITY OF LIFE, HABITAT, POVERTY)

97.01.4 - French - Marc LAVERGNE, Laboratoire URBAMA, CNRS/Université de Tours, BP 2221, 37021 Tours Cedex (France)

State violence as an adjustment type of urban growth: The case of Khartoum, Sudan (La violence d'Etat comme mode de régulation de la croissance urbaine. Le cas de Khartoum (Soudan)) (p. 49-64)

The population of khartoum, capital of Sudan, trebled during the past 20 years. Its conurbation entails now over 4.5 million inhabitants. Its suburbs have been overflooded by the influx of migrants from all the country, victims of drought, hunger and civil wars. The military-islamist regime that took over in June 1989 has launched a policy of authoritarian controll of these flows, within the frame of a new city planning. Under the disguise of public hygiena and the protection of the urban character of the town, this policy is based on the seclusion and expelling of migrants that are neither Muslims nor Arabized, originating from the South.

On the other side, in order to reduce the chocking of the city-center, a policy of administrative and social delocalisation is set at the level of the urban district.

The other projects dealing with the improvement of infrastructures, and the foundation of satellite-cities with the aim of absorbing the rural influx of migrants close to industrial areas at some distance of Khartoum, are at a standstill, due to the lack of finance.

Altogether, the politics of the Sudanese State toward Khartoum does not entail any proper Islamic dimension; it expresses mostly security concerns, and a view of the urban fabric opposite to its role of a human and cultural melting pot of the Nation. (SUDAN, CAPITAL CITY, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, URBAN PLANNING, DISCRIMINATION)

97.01.5 - French - Katia HADDAD, Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Université de Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth (Lebanon)

Analysis of Lebanese French-Speaking communities or the linguistic face of Lebanon (Anatomie de la francophonie libanaise ou les visages linguistiques du Liban) (p. 65-72)

A statistical study concerning the situation of languages other than Arabic in Lebanon, namely French and English, was undertaken by the Saint-Joseph University of Beirut despite the uncertain climate in the country and despite the lack of any demographic data posterior to 1932. The authors, Sélim Abou, Choghig Kasparian and Katia Haddad, consider the study, especially important for Lebanon and for French-speaking regions in general. The results were published in June 1996 under the title Anatomie de la francophonie libanaise. The results reveal an important advance, quantitative and qualitative, in the knowledge of written and spoken French among the Lebanese adult population (over fifteen years of age), belying all the approximate affirmations about the diminution of the French language which are not completely out of an ideological slant. They also show that the increase is common, to varying degrees, to all the religious communities which make up the Lebanese edifice and to all the socio-econiomic categories. But they also show the persistance of important regional disparities along with an increase, in more or less the same proportions, of the English language. (LEBANON, NATURAL LANGUAGE, CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT)

97.01.6 - French - Jean-François PEROUSE, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, UFR de Géographie, 5, allées Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France)

The Kurds in Syria and Irak: Denial, transfers and explosion (Les Kurdes de Syrie et d'Irak : dénégation, déplacements et éclatement) (p. 73-84)

Iraq and Syria own, in the periphery of their territory, fragments of the Kurdistan, a transetatic and imaginative space. They own too Kurdish populations, both inside and outside these fragments, who are believed to be about five million people. But these populations are less known and suffer from mistreatments from the central governments: their proper identity and their fundamental rights are denied. More, they are obliged to move from the Kurdistan (sometimes far outside these two countries) and become more and more urbanized and internationalized. (SYRIA, IRAQ, ETHNIC MINORITIES, FORCED MIGRATION, GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY)

1997 - NUMBER 2-3

The Populations of the Indican Countries

97.01.7 - French - Jacques VERON, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Demographic transition in India (La transition démographique en Inde) (p. 135-144)

India was the first country to adopt a restrictive population policy but fertility remained for a long time at a high level. The total fertility rate is now a little bit higher than 3 children per woman, which is the fertility world average. The decline of the fertility affects all the states but sometimes important regional disparities remain between North and South of India. In Kerala the number of children per woman is less than 2 and in Uttar Pradesh close to 5. These contrasts between states are largely related to the level of alphabetisation of women. (INDIA, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, FERTILITY DECLINE, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)

97.01.8 - French - Christophe Z. GUILMOTO, French Institute PB 33, 11 Saint-Louis Str., Pondichery 605001 (India)

Geography of fertility in India, 1981-1991 (La géographie de la fécondité en Inde (1981-1991)) (p. 145-159)

Fertility is seen in this article more as a social process than as a demographic phenomenon. Changes in reproductive behaviour can be therefore linked to a social innovation mechanism spreading along certain social and cultural channels. As a result of this uneven diffusion, the geographical patterning of fertility in contemporary India has become extremely heterogeneous. Whereas in some regions fertility seems to have remained more or less stable over the last twenty years, changes have been profound in the rest of the country. In some areas, mostly in South India and along the West coast, fertility will even soon reach below-replacement levels. (INDIA, FERTILITY DECLINE, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)

97.01.9 - English - P. J. ATKINS, J. G. TOWNSEND, S. RAJU and N. KUMAR, University of Durham, Department of Geography, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE (U.K.)

A geography of the sex ratio in India (p. 161-171)

The 1991 Census of India found that for every 1000 males there were only 927 females. This sex ratio shows that the country has one of the lowest proportions of girls and women in its population in the world. The paper seeks to explain why and also broadens the discussion by investigating the male/female balance in different regions, between the city and the countryside, and among scheduled castes and tribus. (INDIA, SEX RATIO, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

97.01.10 - French - Frédéric LANDY, Département de Géographie, Université de Paris X, 200, avenue de la République, 92001 Nanterre Cedex (France), and Jean-Luc RACINE, Centre d'Etudes de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud (CEIAS), EHESS, 54, bd Raspail, 75270 Paris Cedex 06 (France)

Urban growth and rural mooring in India (Croissance urbaine et enracinement villageois en Inde) (p. 173-184)

Though India has now more than 220 million town-dwellers, 74% of its population are yet rural. Rather than emphasizing rural exodus and Indian ways of urbanisation this article deals more with other strategies of mobility implemented by rural people and with village retention still in force. Finally, some factors explaining the relative weakness of urbanisation are brought out thanks to a comparison with tropical Africa. (INDIA, URBANIZATION, GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY, RURAL POPULATION)

97.01.11 - French - Hélène GUETAT-BERNARD, Dynamiques rurales, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, UFR de Géographie-Aménagement, 5, allées Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France)

Diversification of economic activities in rural India: Contrasted tendencies (Diversification des activités économiques en Inde rurale : des tendances contrastées) (p. 185-192)

If we only consider the number of rural workers who depend on non-agricultural income as a main activity, India is, with only one fifth of its rural workers concerned, one of the worst ranked Asian countries. But this proportion does not reflect either the diversity of the local situations, either the importance of this employment sector as a secondary source of income. The roots of this relative diversification of the rural activities, which began in the seventies, are much debated. Dynamics of growth or situation of crisis? The answers cannot be applied generally to the whole India, and according to the type of activities, the dynamics are various depending on the rural areas. (INDIA, RURAL ENVIRONMENT, LABOUR FORCE, ECONOMIC RESOURCES)

97.01.12 - English - Graham P. CHAPMAN, Department of Geography, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster (U.K.), and Pushpa PATHAK, National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi (India)

Indian urbanisation and the characteristics of large Indian cities revealed in the 1991 census (p. 193-210)

This paper follows previous analyses of urban growth in India in the decades 1961-71, 1971-81, by examining the patterns of urbanisation revealed in the 1991 Census. For the first time data from the 1991 Census has been easily available for 446 districts in India for both rural and urban parts, as well as for the approximately 300 major cities with population over 100,000. Thus we have been able to investigate not only the correlations between them and their local district contexts. A major conclusion of the paper is that although there are undoubtedly great differences between urban and rural areas in any part of India, nationally the characteristics of cities are closely correlated with their local rural and small town contexts, with only a few exceptions. (INDIA, URBANIZATION, CITIES)

97.01.13 - French - Odette VAGUET, Université de Rouen, Département de Géographie, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex (France)

Indian city, Hindu city? Factors and process of spatial segregation (Ville indienne, ville hindoue ? Facteurs et processus de ségrégation spatiale) (p. 211-224)

Indian cities express both the invariants of universal urbanity and hindu cultural specificity. In India, as in any Third World city, urban socio-spatial organization shows disparities and socioeconomic criteria seem to abolish traditional determinants. Nevertheless, the caste, prohibited in the country since 1950, has still got a role in cities' spatial pattern even though new areas are less caste homogeneous. Specific examples will point out the combination of cultural traditions and economic dynamics. (INDIA, URBANIZATION, CASTES, SEGREGATION, URBAN SOCIOLOGY)

97.01.14 - French - Véronique DUPONT, ORSTOM, Département "Sociétés, urbanisation, développement", 213, rue La Fayette, 75480 Paris Cedex 10 (France)

The 'rurban populations' of Delhi (Les " rurbains " de Delhi) (p. 225-240)

The rapid development of Delhi and its metropolitan area provides meaningful examples of physical and/or functional integration between urban and rural spaces: the establishment of a posh residential neighbourhood in the rural fringes; the creation of a satellite town by annexation of the agricultural lands of the existing villages; the constitution by migrants from rural origin of life spaces including the metropolis and their native village, which is illustrated here with the case of the houseless population. (INDIA, METROPOLIS, URBANIZATION, URBAN SOCIOLOGY, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION)

97.01.15 - French - Eric LECLERC, Université de Rouen, Département de Géographie, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex (France)

Roots of urbanisation: The new small towns of Andhra Pradesh (Example from the Krishna Delta, south India) (Aux racines de l'urbanisation : les nouvelles petites villes en Andhra Pradesh (exemple du delta de la Krishna, Inde du Sud)) (p. 241-252)

The urban crisis focuses much of the attention of researchers and planners on cities, they consider by reference to census data that small towns are decreasing. The results of our study in coastal Andra Pradesh reveal the growing importance of small towns, in sharp contrast with these evidences. Notwithstanding they do not have the title, new towns appear. They control their rural hinterland and improve going down labour commuting. (INDIA, SMALL TOWNS, URBANIZATION, NEW TOWNS)

97.01.16 - French - Emmanuel ELIOT, Université de Rouen, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex (France)

The HIV spatial diffusion in Bombay (La diffusion du VIH à Bombay) (p. 253-264)

India seems to be one of the most infected states by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) inside Asia. However, the government serological data reveal a problem of under-report. To overcome this lack of information, a sample has been collected in one of the most contaminated cities of the country: Bombay. The data study at different scales reflects disparities of HIV spread in the different areas of the metropolis. 'Pathogenic' places for decades have first been infected. Moreover the intra-urban analysis of one of the red-light areas (Kamathipura) reveals a contamination of the population linked with accessibility as well as cultural factors. In view of this infection, the extremist Hindu government of the State has used segregative actions against infected people which might create important tensions in the future. (INDIA, METROPOLIS, AIDS, DATA COLLECTION, PROSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT POLICY)

97.01.17 - French - Florence RIOUHEY, Université de Rouen, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex (France)

New health-care networks emergence in India. Hyderabad, a centre of innovation (L'émergence de nouveaux réseaux de soins en Inde. Hyderabad, un centre d'innovation) (p. 265-278)

Since the beginning of the nineties, a new type of health care facilities is spreading out in Indian cities. The increase of uncontrolled private health centres, the middle-class one and the new economical and political context have conducted to the emergence of corporate hospitals.

According to their own strategy and origin, these health centres have followed different types of spatial organization and spreading. The private system is serving as substitute for neglected public sector; a two-way medicine that moves again lower incomes away from health care. (INDIA, METROPOLIS, HEALTH FACILITIES, PRIVATE MEDICINE, DISCRIMINATION)

97.01.18 - French - Jackie ASSAYAG, Institut Français de Pondichéry, Department of Social Sciences, 11, St. Louis Street, BP 33, 605 001 Pondichery (India); Centre d'Etudes de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud (CEIAS), EHESS, 54, bd Raspail, 75270 Paris Cedex 06 (France)

Politics of number. The state, statistics and minorities in India, Karnataka (La politique du nombre. Etat, statistiques et minorités en Inde (Karnataka)) (p. 279-288)

Since its Independence (1947), India has shown by example how the demand for maintaining equal rights has been structured around the willingness to compensate counter productive of this formalism with distributive justice, and that within a democratic society characterized by pluralism. This is the objective of the State Minority Commissions especially that of Karnataka which has dispatched a report on the minorities in 1995. The statistical modus operandi of this report is discussed in this article. What is of interest but also the weakness of this report is that it is based on religious categories inherited from colonial British classification, which is itself inspired by orientalism. Today, these conventions, i.e., the norms and measures derived from them, are the institutionalized result of transactions among all the social partners of the regional State and the Center. The possibility of establishing a State Minority Commission in a democratic regime is thus through a recognition and acceptance of the realities and local conceptions of the social organisation. (INDIA, DEMOCRACY, ETHNIC MINORITIES, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, SOCIAL STATISTICS)

97.01.19 - French - Gilles BOQUERAT, 48, avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92320 Châtillon (France)

The flows of refugees in India (Les flux de réfugiés en Inde) (p. 289-300)

During the last fifty years, India has on several occasions greeted refugees on its soil. The official stand with regard to these refugees has evolved with the passing years. After the Partition, displaced Hindu and Sikh populations from Pakistan welcomed since their exile seemed to emphasize the excesses inherent to a religious State in opposition to the Indian secular polity. At the end of the fifties, Tibetan refugees were the embodiment of Chinese perfidy of which India was also victim. On the other hand, India reluctantly repatriated members of Indian communities in Burma and Sri Lanka. From the early seventies, refugees are more and more perceived as a destabilizing factor, with a potential for exacerbating internal ethnic conflicts, competing with indigeneous people for scarce resources, or even threatening the law and order. Consequently, the policy of the Indian government, once its strategic objectives have been fulfilled, is to work towards a satisfactory repatriation of the displaced populations in their native lands. (INDIA, REFUGEES, GOVERNMENT POLICY)

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