REVUE EUROPEENNE DES MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES

France (Poitiers) 30

1995 - VOLUME 11, NUMBER 1

MARSEILLE AND ITS ALIENS

96.30.1 - French - Emile TEMIME, Université de Provence, 6 boulevard Paul Doumer, 13006 Marseille (France) 20th-century Marseilles. From Italian predominance to north African diversity (Marseille XXe siècle : de la dominante italienne à la diversité maghrébine)

Marseilles has always been a city of migrations. But until the late 19th century, this mainly concerned Italians moving to Marseilles from neighboring areas. The arrival of workers from the colonies, especially from north African is an example of the "imperial retreat" which began in the first half of the 20th century. This migration, dominated by Algerians, is important not only for the French economy but also for the economies of the Maghreb, which is supports financially. The primordial place the North African minorities have recently taken in the city is, nevertheless, singularly complex. It is characterized both by a high rate of joblessness among unskilled workers and by the birth of a trading system with international ramifications. (FRANCE, NORTHERN AFRICA, METROPOLIS, IMMIGRATION, HISTORY)

96.30.2 - French - Alain TARRIUS, Département de Sociologie, Université de Toulouse Le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France) Birth of a colony: A trading company in Marseille (Naissance d'une colonie : un comptoir commercial à Marseille)

The Belsunce neighborhood, in the historic center of Marseilles, has since the 19th century received diasporas of Mediterranean migrants (Italians, Armenians, Sephardic Jews, North Africans) who develop economic activities in the neighborhood which contribute to their insertion into French society. Until 1987, Algerians dominated the North African representation, perpetuating the historic role of this neighborhood. Since, Tunisian and Moroccan entrepreneurs, whose profile fits that of the international nomad, have caused a profound change in the economy from being local and community-centered to worldwide and underground, closely related in character to a colonial trading post. Moroccan entrepreneurs who have lived in Brussels and Madrid do business with Turks; Tunisians who have lived in Libya, Spain and Italy deal with Italians and Lebanese. The neighborhood has changed from being a social space favorable to an entry into French identity to being a place where initiatives tending towards alterity, or otherness, are asserted. The author analyzes the complexity of this social and economic transformation and its effects on the urban device which is Belsunce. (FRANCE, METROPOLIS, IMMIGRATION, ECONOMIC RELATIONS)

96.30.3 - French - Lamia MISSAOUI

The generalization of business with the old country: The little guy at home is prominent aboard (Généralisation du commerce transfrontalier : petit ici, notable là-bas)

Based on a survey of the North African population which patronizes the shops of Belsunce, in Marseilles, conducted in the shops and commerces themselves and in public housing in Lyon, Saint-Etienne, Valence, Avignon, Nimes, Toulouse, and Perpignan, the author demonstrates: (1) an increasingly widespread tendency for migrants to have two distinct social identities: a relatively insignificant economic and social status in France, and a highly respected social position in the old country due to profitable micro-investment; (2) the decisive role of the transformation of Belsunce into a device of the "Mediterranean colonial trading post" type (as defined by Fernand Braudel), in this generalization of ways of growing rich in the old country, that is, of the success of the original migratory plan. The radical alterity of the underground economic network connected to Belsunce has, in recent years, produced wealth and social recognition well beyond that typically, achieved by Marseilles' North African shopkeepers, and has enabled collectively what attempts at French integration have failed to do except in a few individual cases; (3) the great abyss between this development and fundamentalist Islamic influence: the underground economy based on profiting from the wealth differential between northern and southern nations requires the development of multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multi-religious networks in order to make trade possible on the basis of the code of honor of a promise made between Turks, Poles, Lebanese, Italians, North Africans, and Black Africans, etc. That is, the description of the characteristics of North African otherness currently put forward by the media is the opposite of reality. (FRANCE, METROPOLIS, IMMIGRATION, MIGRANT STATUS, INFORMAL SECTOR)

96.30.4 - French - Michel PERALDI, Chargé de Recherche CNRS, URA 1265 CIREJ, Université de Toulouse Le Mirail, 104 Grande rue Saint Michel, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France), Nouara FOUGHALI, Université de Toulouse, 340 route de Puyricard, Quartier Roussier Les Chênes, 13090 Aix-en Provence (France), and Nancy SPINOSA, Chargé d'Etudes, CERFISE, 33 rue de la Loubière, 13006 Toulouse Cedex (France)

The poor people's market: Shopping space, public space (Le marché des pauvres, espace commercial and espace public)

Another viewpoint of the phenomenon of ethnic trade can be suggested to inflect the conventional configurations of anthropological analysis which, in research on this subject, too often tends to emphasize the determinism of local origins. Ethnic trade implies a dimension of social relationships liable to affect the social fabric and to result in distinct and differentiated professional accomplishments, depending on individual context. Lastly, it assumes a declension of the forms of sociality organized by "ethnic" bonds. With this methodological perspective in mind, we undertook our research into the economic initiatives of the dealers at the Marseilles Flea Market. The article presents how the Flea Market operates as an economic and social device: the shopping space where people and merchant goods circulate, and the public space where identitary postures structure themselves in a need to achieve compromise as a hierarchy of values. (FRANCE, METROPOLIS, IMMIGRATION, TRADE, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION)

96.30.5 - French - Daouda KONE, Chargée d'Etudes, Université de Toulouse Le Mirail, 104 Grande rue Saint Michel, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France) North Africans and black Africans in the city together (Noirs-Africains and Maghrébins ensemble dans la ville)

The Black African presence in Marseille, especially that of the "people of the River" Senegal, is of long standing: it was already significant at the time of World War I. Ever since, waves of migrants have succeeded one another without interruption. The choice of downtown neighborhoods like Belsunce has been asserted by generation after generation, forming a "collective memory" before the manifest collective presence had even been asserted. As for the visibilization of the Black Africans, it is quite recent, dating to the amplification of the migration in the past five years. It was made possible by a great cultural and economic proximity with the North Africans already in Marseille, but is differentiated itself from the activities of the latter. Hair salons, clothing stores, ethnic or exotic restaurants, and grocery stores which carry African staple foods are the main commercial activities. (FRANCE, METROPOLIS, IMMIGRATION, BLACKS, TRADE)

1995 - VOLUME 11, NUMBER 2

LATIN AMERICA

96.30.6 - French - Leilo MARMORA, Organizacion Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), Avenida Callao 1033 piso 3, Buenos Aires (Argentina) Migrations in Latin America. Political logics and regional integration (Migrations en Amérique Latine, logiques politiques and intégration régionale)

Now that a new international order is widening the gap between the developed and developing countries, new migration policies are being created in Latin America. Both conceptually and practically, each has its own logic that will attempt to identify. In the past, there were three types of migration policies: a logic based on the recruitment of labor, a logic based on territorial settlement, and a logic that aimed to secure the protection of existing population. Now that regional economic integration is underway in the three main Latin America areas (the Andean Countries, Central America, and the Southern Cone), a new logic is emerging. However, the actual strategies for economic integration in each region have only slowly, and hesitanly addressed the problem of the free movement of people. Nevertheless, one can identify three objectives on strategies for the circulation of people in the existing schemas. In order of priority they are: security, development of transportation and tourist industries, and regulation of the labor market. (LATIN AMERICA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, INTEGRATION)

96.30.7 - French - Mario BOLEDA, Investigador CONICET, Universidad de Salta, GREDES (Grupo de estudios socio-demograficos), Casilla n 4, Correo Central, 4400 Salta (Argentina) Latin America, land of emigration, process approach by the net migration (Amérique Latine, terre d'émigration. Approche des processus par la migration nette)

In this paper, the author deals with migration in America since 1950, focusing on the emigration process from Latin America. The analysis is based upon net migration rates that can be obtained by indirect methods. At the beginning, data are provided by continents, then the analysis focuses on 25 Latin American countries. Among them, some with net migration rates may be noted. Firstly, those from the Caribbean and Central American regions, where Mexicans emigration to USA - probably, the most important flow at the moment - must be highlighted. Secondly, the cases of Colombia, Bolivia and Chile can be outlined, with emigration rates during the entire period. Finally, there was some countries with figures varying between positive and zero migration rates, as Venezuela and Argentina, while Uruguay have been varying between positive rates at the beginning of the period and negative at the end. (LATIN AMERICA, EMIGRATION, MIGRATION BALANCE, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

96.30.8 - French - Daniel DELAUNAY, ORSTOM-COLEF, 21 calle Abelardo Rodriguez, 22320 Tijuana (Mexico) Mexican families in homeland and in exil (Familles mexicaines du pays and de l'exil)

The present study takes advantage of the Mexican and American census simultaneity on Spring 1990 to compare the Mexican populations according to their migratory status. The analysis of their composition by age and by sex is completed by an estimation of the undercount of migrants omitted by these statistics. This enhances the vigor of the reproduction of the expatriated Mexican population, which exceeds henceforth the net migratory flow. Two aspects of this reproduction are then examined. The fertility of the Mexican immigrants is compared to that of the country of origin and to that of Mexican Americans so as to specify changes induced by the exile. But one of the most interesting mutation deals with the recomposition of the migrant's family in the U.S.: units of residence gain in complexity by the extended integration of relatives or individuals that do not belong to the nuclear family. The impact of migratory networks is notorious, as well as the domestic precariousness faced by some households, especially of single parents. (MEXICO, UNITED STATES, IMMIGRANTS, EXTENDED FAMILY)

96.30.9 - French - Agustin ESCOBAR LATAPI, CIESAS-OCCIDENT, Amado Nervo N 201, Lardron de Guevara C.P 44650, Guadalajara, Jal. (Mexico) The restructuration in Mexico and in USA, and international migration (La restructuration au Mexique and aux Etats-Unis and la migration internationale)

This article relates some of the new trends in Mexican migration to the United States to the various moments, forms and intensities of restructuring in both countries. It states that the new forms of precarious employment in Mexico have to do not only with the size of migrant flows and migrants' socioeconomic characteristics, but also with the reponses of host populations. It ends by stating that Mexican migrants will become more and more irritating to middle class Americans if the type of jobs being created in Mexico does not change. (MEXICO, UNITED STATES, IMMIGRANTS, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS)

96.30.10 - French - Jean PAPAIL and Jesùs ARROYO, INESER, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lope de Vega, n 25B, Col Los Arcos, P-44100 Guadalajara, Jal. (Mexico)

The new configuration of migratory exchanges between Mexico and the USA (La nouvelle configuration des échanges migratoires entre le Mexique and les Etats-Unis)

Migration between the urban areas of the State of Jalisco and the United States have undergone profound transformations in the last twenty years. These are apparent in the recent decrease of the flow of first time migrants and the migration balance; the growing participation of women in this flow; and in the diversity of activities carried out by the migrants, both in their place of origin and in the United States. The evolution of the salary ratio between the two countries explains the annual fluctuation in the number of people that come from the cities of Jalisco and reinforces the effects of the Simpson-Rodino Law that entered into effect by the second half of the 80s. Migration is translated by an important transfer of currency, mostly used for the support of the families of the migrants; by a shift in the activities of the migrants, from wagers towards different forms of self-employment, and by the sway of the primary and secondary sectors of economy towards the tertiary sector, once the migrants reinstall themselves in their cities of origin. (MEXICO, UNITED STATES, IMMIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS)

96.30.11 - French - Geneviève CORTES, 11 rue de Terrare, 34000 Montpellier (France) The rural emigration in the interandean valleys of Bolivia (L'émigration rurale dans les vallées inter-andines de Bolivie)

Inscribed within an ancient national tradition, rural emigration in the interandean valleys of Bolivia is gaining importance. The country's contemporary crises and the immigration policies of the host countries maintain the flux trend towards Argentina while enabling new destination targets: the United States, and more recently Israel and Japan. In these bolivian lands, the emigration derived income provides the driving force of family economies and triggers development of the local territory. At the same time, emigration induces a process of socio-economic differenciation in peasant communities which weakens the food-system and increases family nutritional risks in the populations marginal to this migration system. In addition to these mutations there is a strong socio-cultural destructuring which affects community-cohesion in local societies. (BOLIVIA, EMIGRATION, PLACE OF DESTINATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FEEDING, SOCIAL CHANGE)

96.30.12 - French - Adela PELLEGRINO, Programa de poblacion de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la Republica, Minas 1483, piso 3, Montevideo (Uruguay) The youth's tendency to emigrate: The Uruguayan case (La propension des jeunes à émigrer : le cas de l'Uruguay)

This paper presents the case of Uruguay, seen as an emigration country on the basis of the information contained in the Youth National Survey in which the emigration tendencies of the youth have been included as a special chapter. The results show that one-fourth of the persons in the cohorts defined as young plan to live abroad even though not permanently. These are mainly young people belonging to middle and middle-upper income groups who declare to look for "a better future" in a very general sense. One of the proposals consists in paying more attention to cultural and social mobility aspect in the analysis of international migration, as well as general prospects of life styles that are offered as possibilities to young people in a country like Uruguay in the frame of the economic and cultural globalisation in which the references are those of the developed countries. (URUGUAY, EMIGRATION, YOUTH)

96.30.13 - French - Dora Estela CELTON, CONICET-UNIC, Santiago Caceres 2367, B Colinas de Velez Sarsfield, 5016 Cordoba (Argentina)

More than a century of international immigration into Argentina (Plus d'un siècle d'immigration internationale en Argentine)

From the second half of the 19th century, Argentina was along with the United States and Brazil, one of the main destination that attracted European emigration to America, an almost unpopulated country (1,700,000 habitants in 1869). The arrival of more than six million people between 1869 and 1930 resulted in to radical changes in the socio-economic structure of the country. After the crisis of 1930s the impact of a development plan based on the export of agricultural products waned out and the economic growth accompanied with political instability, generated a slowing decline of migratory flows, despite a new wave between 1945 and 1952. The decrease of international migration comes along with an important change in the composition by places of origin, the proportion of bordering immigrants has increased since 1950 and it has represented in the next decade 87% of the total net immigration. Foreigners from non bordering countries continue however to represent over 50% of all foreigners residing in the country. In this historical contexte, the article analyses the successive migratory policies of Argentina governments as well as the migrants' spatial distribution and their incorporation in the labor market. (ARGENTINA, IMMIGRATION, HISTORY, SOCIAL CHANGE, MIGRATION POLICY)

96.30.14 - French - Alicia MAGUID, CONICET-INDEC, Moldes 2843, 1428 Buenos Aires (Argentina) Bordering countries immigration into Argentina in 1990s: Myths and realities (L'immigration des pays limitrophes dans l'Argentine des années 90, mythes and réalités)

The population growth which occurred in Argentina, between 1870 and the middle of this century, was due to the massive current immigration, mainly coming from Europe. The migration movement originated from neighbouring countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay) have a long historical tradition, but, since the 1960s they became dominant, especially after the oversea influx almost disappeared. Due to recent increases in unemployment indices, poverty and other social problems, some sectors puts the neighbouring countries immigration as the cause of these phenomena, and some xenophobic manifestations started to appear. Through the analyis of the recent evolution of this migration movement, their insertion and impact to the labour market, this article pretends to show the distance between reality and the attitude of those who perceive these recent immigrants as a menace to job opportunities for the native population. Argentina has started a regional integration process, through the MERCOSUR treaties. Due to this fact, it will have to solve the apparent contradiction between the right of free circulation of persons - required as well as the mobility of capital and others productive factors - and the nationalistic conceptions related to the labour force. (ARGENTINA, IMMIGRATION, PLACE OF ORIGIN, LABOUR MARKET)

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