ESPACE-POPULATIONS-SOCIETES

France (Lille) 01

1995 - NUMBER 3

Marginalities in the Cities

96.01.1 - French - Pascale Mistiaen, Henk Meert and Christian Kesteloot, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Instituut van Sociale en Economische Geografie, De Croylaan 42, B-3030 Leuven-Heverlee (Belgium) Socio-spatial polarisation and survival strategies in two brussels' neighbourhoods (Polarisation socio-spatiale and strat?gies de survie dans deux quartiers bruxellois) (p. 277-290)

Socio-spatial polarisation in the Brussels urban region can be dealt with at three levels at which different spatial processes are operating. The first level operates to distinguish the city from its periphery and results from the economic growth and suburbanisation of the 1960s. The second level of polarisation occurs within Brussels itself and relates to mechanisms in the housing market and the impact of economic crisis on these. Thirdly, in certain districts of Brussels there is a spiral of degradation, both in environmental and in social terms. They are becoming something like the 'no go areas' of American cities. Two such disadvantaged areas are examined here. Both are close to the city centre, on the old industrial axis, and both have strong concentrations of foreigners. Although apparently similar, the two areas actually offer very different opportunities for community development and social integration, essentially related to the heterogeneity of the environment and the social cohesion of the populations concerned. (BELGIUM, CAPITAL CITY, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, URBAN SOCIOLOGY)

96.01.2 - French - Jens S. Dangschat and Monika Alisch, Univerist?t Hamburg, Institut f?r Soziologie, Forschungstelle Vergleichende Stadsforschung, Allende-Platz 1D, D-20146 Hambourg (Germany)

New poverty and strategies for deprived neighbourhoods in Hamburg (La nouvelle pauvret? and les strat?gies en faveur des quartiers d?favoris?s ? Hambourg) (p. 291-303)

Globalisation processes and economic restructuring seem to be both economically competitive and booster social and socio-spatial polarisation. The case of Hamburg clearly shows this ambiguity. It is the richest region within the E.U. by GNP per capita, but at the same time the most polarised big city in Germany. After fighting industrial degradation successfully, the city runs its "Enterprise Hamburg" strategies ("from ship to chip"). Besides other effects, rents and housing costs exploded and segregation patterns - measured by taxed incomes - polarised dramatically. The Ministry of Urban Development of the city state started integrating programmes to fight poverty and its spatial concentration in eight neighbourhoods. Investments in new jobs, urban renewal, empowerment and qualification strategies are to be integrated in new forms of neighbourhood management by networking and bargaining processes, integrating the sitting tenants, handicrafts and small firms by raising their cultural and social capital. Altogether, this programme is the most ambitious among the German cities. (GERMANY, METROPOLIS, POVERTY, URBAN DEVELOPMENT)

96.01.3 - English - Ronald van Kempen, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TC Utrecht (Netherlands) The urban poor in the Netherlands and the residential mix in the cities (p. 305-322)

This paper is about the relationship between income and spatial concentration in Dutch cities, with a special focus on low incomes. After defining poverty, the principal low-income groups in the Netherlands are described briefly. We then focus on spatial segregation and concentration of some of these low-income groups. One of the main conclusions is that the relationship between income on the one hand and housing situation, segregation and concentration on the other hand is less strong in the Netherlands than might be expected from existing theoretical notions. The mismatch of housing costs and income is one of the principal explaining factors: because the Dutch social rental sector is huge, the types of households that occupy this sector are highly diverse. Consequently, also the spatial segregation between immigrants and nationals in urban areas is relatively low. This residential mix does however not mean that there are no problems between population groups within specific neighbourhoods. For the future, it is expected that segregation will increase, mainly as a consequence of changing housing policies in the Netherlands. (NETHERLANDS, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, POVERTY, HOUSING)

96.01.4 - French - Jacques JOLY, Universit? Pierre Mend?s-France, D?partement de G?ographie Sociale, Domaine Universitaire St-Martin d'H?res, Bo"te Postale 47x, 38040 Grenoble Cedex (France)

A geography of urban violence in the French suburbs (G?ographie de la violence urbaine en banlieue fran?aise) (p. 323-328)

In the French urban peripheries, about a thousand districts said "disadvantaged" or "sensitive" are registered, in which are concentrated the most serious social difficulties, particularly unemployment and deliquency. The urban violence (defined as the whole attacks against institutions and officers that are representative of the State and the various authorities) is being significantly developed since the early 1990s. From original sources of the "Minist?re de I'Int?rieur" (the French "Home Office"), the author attempts to delimit this phenomenon of anti-institutional violence, to understand its level, its forms and its evolution, and to find its geographical distribution in France. A strong but non exclusive relationship is seen between drug and violence demonstrations. (FRANCE, URBAN SOCIOLOGY, SUBURBAN AREAS, VIOLENCE)

96.01.5 - English - Yuri Kazepov, Department of Sociology, Via Conservatorio 7, 20122 Milan (Italy) Urban poverty patterns in Italy: The case of Milan (p. 329-340)

After an overall view on urban poverty in Italy, this article considers two main questions: (1) Health and Social Services, in Milano (and their institutional segmentation, main characteristics of the Italian Social Services, particularly the expected measures in favour of the poors; (2) the appliers for certain measures, their main characteristics, the features of their needs... These two views on poverty permit to analyse the spatial repartition of poverty in Milano on the basis of an empirical research carried by the author. Spatial models are identified even if they do not allow to find a concentration of poverty and segregation as we can see in the great cities of other industrialized countries, particularly of United States and Great Britain. In Milano it is rather further mention to a micro-spatial concentration of poverty than to a ghettoization of the poors. (ITALY, METROPOLIS, POVERTY, URBAN SOCIOLOGY)

96.01.6 - French - Teresa Barata Salguiero, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Geograficos, Cidade Universitaria, 1966 Lisbonne Cedex (Portugal) Urban poverty in the Lisbon metropolitan region (La pauvret? urbaine dans la r?gion de Lisbonne) (p. 341-348)

After looking at the concepts of poverty and exclusion, the habitat of the urban poor in greater Lisbon, mainly the shanties, are analysed. Their spatial pattern shows an opposition between the central city (in which still 51% of the shanties remain) and the suburban fringe because of their trend to locate in quite central places and the diffusion process of those settlements in time. In the city differences are found between the better off western neighbourhoods and those located in the East and the North. Nowadays the processes of land valorisation and devaluation are enabling the formation of a more complex pattern of enclaves of poverty and exclusion. The importance of the shanties comes from structural components of the Portuguese economic development policy and consequently from the strong migration from rural areas after 1945. At present, the migrants are mainly from Africa, India and Pakistan. Thus the poverty enclaves are becoming ethnic ghettos or pluricultural places. (PORTUGAL, CAPITAL CITY, POVERTY, URBAN SOCIOLOGY, IMMIGRATION)

96.01.7 - French - P. Manuel Martinez and Lorenzo Vicario, Departamento de Sociologia, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Empresariales, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Bilbao (Spain)

Industrial decline and socio-spatial polarisation: The case of Bilbao (D?clin industriel and polarisation socio-spatiale?: le cas de Bilbao) (p. 349-368)

Since the end of the seventies, the metropolitan area of Bilbao has suffered, as other old european industrial cities, a strong decline in terms of population, employment and income. This paper will analyse how the uneven effect of industrial decline and suburbanisation has reproduced and increased, during the eighties, the traditional socio-spatial pattern in Bilbao opposing the two riversides of the Nervion: the left riverside as an industrial and working class space and the right riverside as a residential and bourgeois area. While the working class space declined a new middle class residential area appeared on the right bank. Therefore, the socio-spatial polarisation of the city was deepened and the most serious symptoms of urban decline of Bilbao are concentrated on the left bank. (SPAIN, URBAN STRUCTURE, SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION)

96.01.8 - French - Altay A. Man?o, Universit? de Li?ge, Groupe de Recherches Economiques and Sociales sur la Population (G.R.E.S.P.), Sart Tilman, B-4000 Li?ge (Belgium)

Turcs in Cheratte: Spatial concetration and social integration strategies in an industrial suburb of Li?ge (Belgium) (Les Turcs ? Cheratte?: concentration spatiale and strat?gies d'insertion dans un faubourg industriel li?geois) (p. 369-380)

This article evaluates the level of socio-economic integration of the Turkish population living in a mining-village close to the city of Li?ge (Belgium). It makes use of the results from the most recent population census as well as specific surveys. It is found that, contrary to accepted ideas that see the Turkish community as being hermetically sealed against integration, such a process is actually in operation amongst the Turks of Cheratte. The variables considered include demographic structure and evolution, employment and unemployment, household income and expenditure, education and knowledge of French, residential mobility, housing conditions, and psycho-social indicators. The evolution of these variables shows the willingness of the respondents to accommodate themselves to the sociocultural norms of the host society. However, the principal limits to the integration model for this population relate to unemployment and household debt. (BELGIUM, TURKEY, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION)

96.01.9 - English - Martin Clark, Centre for Training Policy Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN (U.K.)

Unemployment, government training schemes and the perpetuation of marginality: Evidence from the United Kingdom (p. 381-390)

Training for the unemployed has played an important role in recent labour market policies in the United Kingdom. The Employment Training programme, introduced in 1988, has been of particular significance during the recent recession. This program aimed to improve the skills of those who had been out of work for 6 months or more, to provide them with relevant work placements, and to enhance their employability. Evidence presented here, from in-depth interviews carried out with young white male training program participants in both a buoyant (Cambridge) and a depressed (Sheffield) labour market, suggest that the outcomes of the training were generally very poor. High proportions of those on the programme returned to unemployment, having had poor experiences of training. In the long term, participation in a scheme may be disadvantageous since it increases the fragmentation of an individual's labour market history, and many employers stigmatise those who have been on a scheme. A significant outcome of government training schemes may actually be the accentuation of the marginality of those involved. (UNITED KINGDOM, UNEMPLOYMENT, VOCATIONAL TRAINING)

1996 - NUMBER 1

Some Reflections about Geography of Population in Honour of Daniel Noin

96.01.10 - French - Jean-Michel Decroly and Jean-Pierre Grimmeau, Universit? Libre de Bruxelles, S?minaire de G?ographie, Campus de la Plaine - CP 246, Boulevard du Triomphe, B 1050 Bruxelles (Belgium) Fertility changes in Europe states and regions (Les fluctuations de la f?condit? en Europe : Etats et r?gions)

The paper analyses the annual evolution of the Total Fertility Rate for whole Europe (except the ex-USSR) on the scale of the states (since 1950) and of the regions (since 1960). It shows the periods of coherent evolution and the turning points. The chronology at the regional level does not differ from that of states. The fertility evolution is very homogeneous inside three supra-national entities. Any regional diffusion processes whatsoever can be observed. (EUROPE, FERTILITY TRENDS, POPULATION SITUATION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

96.01.11 - French - Thierry Eggerickx, D?partement de D?mographie, and Michel Poulain, D?partement des Sciences Politiques et Sociales, Universit? Catholique de Louvain, Place Montesquieu, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium) About the variability of demographic parameters for small populations (De la variabilit? des param?tres d?mographiques pour les petites populations)

Several obstachles such as the lack of data, an excessive variability of the parameters or problems of confidentiality usually stop any attempt to develop a demographic analysis for local populations. This paper mainly concerns the problem of variability in the demographic parameters when dealing with small numbers of events. This is usually the case with local populations even if several years of observations are grouped. The discussion concludes by giving formulas for estimating a confidence interval for different demographic parameters while some examples are proposed on the base of a set of Belgian communes with diffrent population size. (BELGIUM, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS, VARIANCE ANALYSIS, METHODOLOGY)

96.01.12 - Michelle Guillon, MIGRINTER - CNRS, Universit? de Poitiers, D?partement de G?ographie, 95, Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex (France)

Inertia and residential location of immigrants within the Parisian space (Inertie et localisation des immigr?s dans l'espace parisien)

The knowledge of the history of immigration, allowing to take into account heritages, is necessary to understand the present location of immigrants within the Parisian space. When one reads a map locating todays various immigrant populations, it is helpful to keep in mind which were the settling areas that the first immigrants of a group adopted depending on employment and housin opportunities in the economic context on their arrival. That historical background also allows to understand the development process of new incomers' settling areas in which the various migratory waves keep succeeding. (FRANCE, CAPITAL CITY, IMMIGRANTS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)

96.01.13 - French - G?rard-Fran?ois Dumont, Universit? de Paris-Sorbonne, U.F.R. de G?ographie, 191, rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris (France) French regions population (Les populations des r?gions fran?aises : Att?nuation ou accentuation des diff?rences)

In the population of France appear great general trends, as aging, increase, of the life span, periurbanisation, ... However, according to the regions, evolutions are different. Thus, densities show an increase of the regional divergences. On the other hand, the spreading of a low fecondity and a failing birth-rate entail a lowering of the divergences between the regional demographic behaviours. But the regional migratory systems appear much diversified and have, among others, important consequences on the distribution by ages of the populations of the regions. Finally, there is a new paradox between some convergent evolutions and others that are nearly divergent. (FRANCE, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

96.01.14 - French - Alina Potrykowska, Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30, 00-927 Warszawa (Poland) Socio-demographic transformations in Poland (Transformations socio-d?mographiques en Pologne)

The process of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, started in 1989 in Poland, has generated many problems. A deep economic recession, a degradation of life conditions and a high rate of unemployment, consequences of this change, have deeply marked the evolution of Poland's demographic situation : declining life expectancy, decreasing fertility rate, slowing down of internal migrations and reinforcement of emigration to foreign countries, growing rate of unemployment particularly of women and young people, degradation of families' life conditions, etc... (POLAND, UNEMPLOYMENT, POPULATION SITUATION)

96.01.15 - French - Antonio Higueras-Arnal, Departamento de Geografia y Ordenacion del Territorio, Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain)

Rural population in Spain (La population rurale de l'Espagne)

The Spanish rural population has fallen considerably in the last thirty years. In 1900, the rural population (living in villages of 3.000 inhabitants, or less) was 6.87 million (37 per cent of the total population). In 1993 the same population had dropped to 7 per cent (2.81 million) and at the beginning of the next century it will be 2.1 million. The rural depopulation has been due to the large scale emigration to the cities between 1950 and 1975. This has produced a demographic vacuum in most of inner Spain, where the provincial capitals stand out like demographic oasis. In spite of this, since 1985 there has been a revitalization of the rural areas near the cities or away from them but with good access. The phenomenon of "periurbanization" and "rurbanization" is developing very fast and it is reversing the process of the demographic vacuum. (SPAIN, RURAL POPULATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

96.01.16 - French - Maria-Carmen Faus-Pujol, Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Geografia y Ordenacion del Territorio, Zaragoza (Spain) Half a century of internal migrations in Spain (Un demi-si?cle de migrations internes en Espagne)

The great mobility of the population in the second half of the 20th century is probably the most important socio-economic phenomenon of the century in Spain. For this study we have made a distinction between three stages according to the socio-political and socio-economic circumstances which, in our judgement, have given rise to the great internal migratory movements in the second half of the century : firstly, the postwar period between 1940 and 1960 ; secondly, the period of the Developing Plans from 1960 to 1975, and finally, the period of European integration when a new model of population distribution is consolidated. (SPAIN, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS)

96.01.17 - French - Henri Picheral and Emmanuel Vigneron, Universit? Paul Val?ry, U.F.R. de G?ographie, Route de Mende - B.P. 5043, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1 (France) Migrations of doctors in France (Les migrations de m?decins en France)

The migratory movements of physicians in France are relatively limited due to the latters' well-known fondness for their faculty of origin. And yet, they still reveal some geographical variations in behavioural patterns, in particular between the North and North-east and the south of the country. The present study of approximately 170,000 physicians is based on a matrix which cross-references the faculty where the physicians undertook their thesis and the place where they now work. It enables these variations to be highlighted using a methodology for studying flows and modelling them. (FRANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, PHYSICIANS)

96.01.18 - English - John Clarke, Department of Geography, University of Durham, DurhamDH1 3LE (U.K.) People in deserts

Like Daniel Noin, which whom he has collaborated for many years, the author has long had an interest in the relationships between population and environment, especially in arid regions. His early researches on nomadic migrations in Tunisia during the eary 1950s demonstrated the influence of regional imbalance. Although the population of the arid world, now 15 per cent of the world total on 37 per cent of the earth's surface, is growing rapidly, population pressure is not always the prime factor in the phenomenon of desertification, which varies greatly in time and space. Population distribution is increasingly concentrated in cities localised in small areas of arid countries, which, as in the case of Jordan, are beginning to introduce policies for the sustainable development of their arid regions. (TUNISIA, JORDAN, POPULATION DENSITY, ENVIRONMENT, URBANIZATION)

96.01.19 - French - Jean-Pierre Larivi?re, Universit? de Rennes 2, D?partement de G?ographie, 6, Avenue Gaston Berger, 35043 Rennes Cedex (France)

What demographic transition in China? (Quelle transition d?mographique en Chine ?)

A better knowledge of the demographic evolution since the beginning of the 18th century shows that the originality of china lies mostly in the sustained growth during part of the last centuries of the traditional demographic regime. The demographic transition, however, seems to have taken place from the interwar years onwards, following a classic pattern - first, a lasting decline of mortality, a decrease in fertility starting in the early stages of the People's Republic. (CHINA, HISTORY, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION)

96.01.20 - French - Enrique Pozo Rivera and Aurora Garcia Ballesteros, Universit? Complutense Madrid, Facult? de G?ographie et Histoire, Departamento de Geografia Humana, Cit? Universitaire, Madrid 28040 (Spain)

Geographical disparities of mortality by death causes in Madrid (Les in?galit?s g?ographiques de la mortalit? par causes de d?c?s ? Madrid)

In Madrid the spatial distribution analysis of general death rates and of main death causes shows the presence of similar spatial configurations in opposition. There is a north-east, east and south-east periphery plus several southern quarters in the historical centre that have an unfavourable situation, on one hand ; and on the other hand, most northern areas in the historical centre and the suburbs have a most favourable situation. This opposition broadly reproduces socio-economic and socio-cultural inequalities found in Madrid, a population with a high socio-spatial segregation. Therefore, social, economic and cultural variables are very important and explain the spatial distribution of death rates, since those variables are closely related to most risk factors (consumption of tobacco and alcoholic beverages, environmental pollution, food diet, etc ...). (SPAIN, CAPITAL CITY, CAUSES OF DEATH, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY)

96.01.21 - French - Gildas Simon, MIGRINTER - CNRS, Universit? de Poitiers, D?partement de G?ographie, 95, Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex (France) The north African migration 25 years on (La migration maghr?bine 25 ans apr?s)

Starting from a study on the North african migration written in conjunction with Daniel Noin (1972), the author endeavours to review the most significant changes which have affected this important migratory movement since this date. Considerable ground has been covered. The North African migratory destinations which were one focused on France and its nort-east neighbours are now becoming world-wide with more and more migrants settling in the Persian Gulf and North America. The classic migrations for work, mainly men with a high rate of rotation, have created a real system of relationships, structured by the diaspora of workmen and tradesmen which mainly concern Moroccans. The North African migrants at the moment have completely accepted that they now work within transnational areas, which have more and more potential. It is from this new conceptual context that it might be suitable to examine the delicate question of the contribution that international migration has on local development. (NORTHERN AFRICA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)

96.01.22 - French - Giovanna Brunetta and Graziano Rotondi, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Geografia "G. Morandini", Via del Santo,26, 35123 Padova (Italy) Foreign migration into Veneto: From precariousness to stabilization? (L'immigration ?trang?re en V?n?tie : de la pr?carit? ? la stabilisation ?)

The immigrants' repartition in Veneto follows the local productive system, characterized by industrial firms of small and middle size, diffused on the territory. Although this phenomenon is rather recent and limited, on the basis of some empirical observations, it is showing some aspects of stabilization. On the one hand, the peculiar pattern of the immigrants' local presence avoids those problems which are typical of metropolitan areas, but on the other one, it could hinder the execution of proper policies aiming at the satisfaction of foreigners' needs. (ITALY, IMMIGRATION, REGIONS, MIGRATION TRENDS)

96.01.23 - French - Pierre-Jean Thumerelle, U.F.R. de G?ographie, B?t. 2, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex (France)

Geographical changes in French mortality (Les changements g?ographiques de la mortalit? en France)

It seems that gains in life expectancy have had no result on the geographical repartition of general mortality indicators during the last thirty years, the maintenance of regional demographic oppositions reproducing in a way that of socio-cultural structures. Inertia is not entire, but changes can only effect during several generations. They are especially discernible at the young ages but we do not know if they are likely to continue later. (FRANCE, REGIONS, MORTALITY TRENDS, DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY)

96.01.24 - French - Jo?l Pailh?, TIDE - CNRS, URA 1693, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme d'Aquitaine, Esplanade des Antilles, 33405 Talence (France) Unemployed population in the Czech Republic (La population des ch?meurs en R?publique tch?que)

Unemployed workers in the Czech Republic are here analysed in words of population. In the whole country, unemployed workers concern only 3,6% of the labour force. Meanwhile, the distribution in regions and districts offers deep contrasts, particularly the opposition between Prag and old industrial areas, like northern districts in Bohemia and Moravia, in situation of border regions, opposite the lands with economic difficulties (former German Democratic Republic, Poland). Unemployed workers are now a durable componant of rhe Czech society in transition. (CHECH REPUBLIC, LABOUR FORCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, REGIONS, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

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