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1994 - VOLUME 15, NUMBER 3
95.91.1 - English - Hania ZLOTNIK,UN Population Division, United Nations, New York, NY 10017 (U.S.A.)
Comparing migration to Japan, the European community and the United States (p. 173-187)
95.91.2 - English - Michael J. White and Yoshie lmai, Brown University, Providence, RI (U.S.A.) The impact of U.S. immigration upon internal migration (p. 189-209)
The potential adverse effect of immigrants on job opportunities for natives continues to influence debate about immigration policy in the United States. Many studies have examined wage and employment outcomes; by contrast, we examine internal migration. We ask whether or not natives are more likely to depart from or less likely to move to metropolitan areas with high concentrations of immigrants. After controlling for other influences on migration, we find that metropolitan areas with higher concentrations of immigrants have only slightly lower rates of inmigration of natives. Such metropolitan areas also exhibit slightly lower rates of outmigration, contrary to expectation. These results suggest that the effect of immigrants on labor market redistribution of natives is modest. (UNITED STATES, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, LABOUR MOBILITY, INTERNAL MIGRATION)
95.91.3 - English - James T. Fawcett and Robert W. Gardner, East-West Center Program on Population, Honolul, Hawaii (U.S.A.) Asian immigrant entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs: A comparative study of recent Korean and Filipino immigrants (p. 211-238)
Many immigrants go into business for themselves, rather than enter the salaried labor market. Immigrant business owners in the United States are admired for their enterprising spirit, but they may also be the target of envy and hostility, as was evident in the attacks on Korean businesses during riots in Los Angeles in 1992. Recent research shows that Koreans are more likely than members of many other U.S. immigrant groups to go into business. While a number of theoretical frameworks have been developed that explain group differences in entrepreneurship, very few studies have dealt empirically with the actual process of choosing between salaried employment and self-employment. Why do some immigrants go into business while others do not? This paper examines that question from a comparative perspective, drawing upon survey data on recent Korean and Filipino immigrants to the United States. Implications of the findings with respect to U.S. immigration policies are also discussed. (UNITED STATES, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, ETHNIC GROUPS, SELF-EMPLOYED, WAGE EARNERS)
1994 - VOLUME 15, NUMBER 4
95.91.4 - English - William N. Ryerson, Population Communications International, 777 United Nations Plaza, New york, NY 10017-3521 (U.S.A.) Population communications international: Its role in family planning soap operas (p. 255-264)
Population Communications International (PCI) has pioneered in the use of entertainment mass media to promote smaller desired family size, use of family planning, and changes in the status of women to give them the ability to make decisions about such issues. This work is based on the assumption that while many organizations and governments are involved in providing family planning services, insufficient attention has been paid to the motivational side of the population issue. Following is a brief history of the work of Population Communications International in each of the countries where it has been involved in the use of the soap opera medium for enhancing the status of women, modeling open family communications and promoting use of family planning. In what follows, it is important to understand that PCI has been involved in many different communications initiatives in the United States and overseas, and that soap operas have proven to be the most effective. But even within the soap opera format, there are many variations on the theme of integrating social development subjects into the programs. (MASS MEDIA, PROPAGANDA, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES)
95.91.5 - English - Paul Henson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2600 SE 98th Avenue, Suite 100, Portland, OR 97266 (U.S.A.) Population growth, environmental awareness, and policy direction (p. 265-278)
Many policy analysts, commentators, and researchers claim that the issue of human population growth no longer receives the attention and concern it once enjoyed in both the popular and specialized media. Other commentators state that scientists and decision-makers are held captive by media-savvy environmentalists who seek to fulfill a political agenda by limiting population expansion. I investigated the change in media coverage of population issues by tallying the number of population-related articles listed during 1967-1989 in 3 periodical index services. Media coverage has declined sharply since the early 1970's. Possible causes of the decline are discussed in the context of the larger debate between population "pessimists" and population "optimists". (POPULATION GROWTH, ECOLOGY, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES)
95.91.6 - English - Bob Weller, Scientific Review Administrator, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (U.S.A.)
Unmet needs for developmental disabilities services (p. 279-302)
Data collected from a representative sample of persons who are developmentally disabled living in three counties in Florida in 1989 were analyzed to determine the number of services these persons receive, the extent to which they do not receive services they need, the reasons these services are not received, and the factors which are related to satisfaction with services. A battery of 90 services which can be grouped into 8 general categories was used, and the data were collected in face-to-face interviews with 312 persons. (UNITED STATES, PHYSICAL HANDICAP, SOCIAL WELFARE, PROGRAMME EVALUATION)
95.91.7 - English - K.O. Emery, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 (U.S.A.) Uncontrolled growth of human populations, geological background, and future prospects (p. 303-327)
The geological history of the Earth is replete with examples of animals proliferating to numbers that exceeded the ability of their environments to provide support. Enormous numbers and widespread distributions of many animals sometimes have been followed by drastic reductions in numbers of individuals and even by complete extinction of species. Humans of many nations are following the same trend of population growth beyond the ability of resources to insure adequate food, clothing, shelter, safety, and transport and beyond the ability of Earth to accommodate the wastes. Human population is now 5.4 billion, with a present doubling time estimated at about 35 years. Is this uncontrolled proliferation also to be followed by severe reduction or even extinction? If not, how may human population be stabilized or reduced to a level commensurate with resources and waste disposal - more effective contraceptives, increased abortion, high taxes on procreation? An approach more effective than religion or political control may be through better education (increased percentage literacy) that is known to correlate with lower birth rates and increased national income per capita in the about 167 nations of the world. If leadership cannot soon rise to face this situation, human inhabitation of the Earth may become much more complicated in the not distant future. (POPULATION GROWTH, WORLD POPULATION, ENVIRONMENT, POPULATION FORECASTS)
1994 - VOLUME 15, NUMBER 6
95.91.8 - English - Craig Dilworth, Department of Philosophy, Uppsala University, Villavägen 5, S-75236 Uppsala (Sweden) Two perspectives on sustainable development (p. 441-468)
This paper applies the "Perspectivist conception" to the issue of sustainable development in such a way as to make perspicuous two competing views on the issue. These views, here termed the economic and the ecological, are respectively that of the United Nation's Brundtland Commission, which favours economic growth as a means of overcoming the world's environmental problems, and an alternative view, according to which environmental problems must be dealt with directly, and economic growth may well be a hindrance to their solution. The paper concludes with a theory of human development based on the vicious circle principle, which shows the economic perspective on sustainable development to be incoherent, and the ecological perspective to remain a viable alternative. (DEVELOPMENT STYLES, ECONOMIC THEORY, ECOLOGY)
95.91.9 - English - Gretchen C. Daily, Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (U.S.A.), Anne H. EHRLICH and Paul R. EHRLICH, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (U.S.A.)
Optimum human population size (p. 469-476)
95.91.10 - English - Herman Daly and Robert Goodland, The World Bank, 1750 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20433 (U.S.A.) An ecological-economic assessment of deregulation of international commerce under GATT. Part II (p. 477-504)
1994 - VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1
95.91.11 - English - Albert A. Bartlett, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Box 390, Boulder, CO 80309-0390 (U.S.A.) Reflections on sustainability, population growth, and the environment (p. 5-36)
The related terms, "sustainable" and "sustainability," have become popular and are used to describe a wide variety of activities which are generally ecologically laudable. At the same time, the term "compromise" is heard more frequently because the needs of the environment often are in conflict with the needs of humans. A brief examination of the question of compromise shows that a series of ten compromises, each of which saves 70% of the remaining environment, results in the saving of only 3% of the environment. Judging from the ways in which the terms "sustainable" and "sustainability" are used, their definitions are not very precise, especially when compromises are involved. An attempt is made here to give firm definition to these terms and to translate the definition into a series of laws and hypotheses which, it is hoped, will clarify the implications of their use. These are followed by a series of observations and predictions that relate to "sustainability". (ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT, THEORY, TERMINOLOGY)
95.91.12 - English - Franklin Goza, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403 (U.S.A.) Brazilian frontier settlement: The case of Rondōnia (p. 37-60)
Since 1960 the Brazilian state of Rondōnia, located in the southwestern corner of the Amazonian frontier, has experienced significant social transformations largely due to the area's population growth. Still, resultant changes in the area's social structure, especially those occurring most recently, are not well understood, even by many regional specialists. This paper will examine several aspects of recent social change in the state by focusing on the most important demographic component of its recent growth, migration from other regions of Brazil. As population movement to this frontier state is examined, migrant composition, origin and destination points, and land ownership patterns are also analyzed. This research begins with a review of several theoretical models designed specifically to account for developments related to frontier settlement. Historical developments that contributed to the massive movement to Rondōnia are then reviewed in an attempt to explain how and why it occurred. Next, recent migratory tendencies are examined using data only recently made available. Environmental consequences of this movement are then considered. The paper ends with a discussion of theory relevance and policy recommendations. (BRAZIL, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION GROWTH, IN-MIGRATION, SOCIAL CHANGE)
95.91.13 - English - Carole L. JOLLY, Committee on Population, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418 (U.S.A.) Four theories of population change and the environment (p. 61-90)
This paper evaluates theories of the relationship between population change and the environment, particularly land use, in developing countries. Specifically, this paper critically reviews the literature and suggests what demographers can contribute to testing these theories. The literature can be divided into four main theoretical frameworks. Population growth plays a different role in each of these theories. The neoclassical economists examine resource allocation issues, the classical economists and natural scientists examine scale issues, the dependency theorists examine distribution issues, and the proximate determinists examine how high population growth can affect all of these issues. Unfortunately, however, few quantitative studies have been conducted that actually measure land degradation and relate it to these theories. In addition, many of the assumptions underlying these theories have yet to be proven. What is needed is further empirical testing of these theories, and it is in this area that demographers may be able to contribute significantly. (THEORY, POPULATION GROWTH, ENVIRONMENT, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH)
95.91.14 - English - Donald Huddle, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251 (U.S.A.), and David SIMCOX, Migration Demographics, 9835 Timberwood Circle, Louisville, KY 40223 (U.S.A.) The impact of immigration on the social security system (p. 91-98)
In 1992, the estimated deficit of the entire Social Security System attributable to the foreign born was $2.7 billion (i.e., payments the foreign born payed to and received from the system). Also in 1992, there was an estimated surplus of $19.0 billion for the native born population. During the 1993-2002 decade, the $2.7 billion annual deficit attributable to the current stock of immigrants is projected to grow by about one percent annually in present value terms, reaching $2.98 billion yearly in 2002. The ten-year deficit for the 1993-2002 decade would amount to nearly $30.0 billion in 1993 dollars. In policy terms, the addition of large numbers of less skilled foreign workers to the labor force (which will occur if there is no change in immigration law or enforcement policy) in the hope of bolstering the solvency of the Social Security System would in fact have the opposite effect. (UNITED STATES, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, SOCIAL SECURITY)
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