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APRIL 1993 - NUMBER 278
95.86.1 - French - Michel Louis LEVY, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) The population of France in 1992 (La population de la France en 1992)
As of January lst, 1993, there were 57,526,500 inhabitants in metropolitan France. Growth is moving at over 0.5% per year; however, the migratory excess makes a relatively larger contribution. There has been a fall in the number of marriages (272,000) and in the total fertility rate (1.73). Infant mortality remains stable at the low level of 72 per 10,000 births. There has been a decline in the number of births (742,000), while deaths remain stable at 523,000. This results in an increased ageing of the population: 19.7% of the population are aged over 60. Life expectancy is increasing: for females, it is 81.3 years and 73.1 years for males. (FRANCE, POPULATION SITUATION)
MAY 1993 - NUMBER 279
95.86.2 - French - Denise PUMAIN and Daniel COURGEAU, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Mobility in times of crisis (Mobilité par temps de crise)
The 1990 census confirms the decline in French mobility since 1982, whether this mobility concerns change of residence, area or département. Those who are most mobile are always the younger age group of 25-29-year-olds and higher management. Five million people moved from one area to another between 1982 and 1990. The large cities and agglomerations of more than 200,000 inhabitants prove to be poles of attraction for the young economically active while they lose their retired people; in the rural areas of the West half of the country, the opposite can be observed. The geography of migratory balances has remained very stable since 1975: increased deficits for the Northern parts of France while the Southern populations increase. (FRANCE, CENSUSES, GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY)
JUNE 1993 - NUMBER 280
95.86.3 - French - Philippe COLLOMB and France GUERIN-PACE, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) How the environment is perceived (Perceptions de l'environnement)
In 1992, at the request of the Ministry of the Environment, INED carried out a survey on "Population, Living Space and the Environment". The questionnaire was given to a sample of 4,719 people and was centred around three basic questions: is the environment perceived to be a result of Nature or of society? is it an intangible quantity or do you consider that it can be modified? if any action is possible, is this a matter for society as a whole or for individuals? The results were amazingly similar, although the survey was based on the hypothesis that there would be representative differences according to the geographical framework, particularly between town and country areas. (FRANCE, ENVIRONMENT, OPINION SURVEYS)
JULY 1993 - NUMBER 281
95.86.4 - French - Michèle TRIBALAT, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Attribution and acquisition of French nationality (Attribution et acquisition de la nationalité française)
The two parliamentary Assemblies have just voted on a new law on French nationality which is somewhat more restrictive than the 1973 law, as amended in 1984. Debates have shown that there is often confusion between the "attribution" and the "acquisition" of nationality. All persons born to at least one French parent ("filiation") or born in France to at least one parent who him- or herself was born in France (dual "place of birth rights") are considered to be French at birth. Acquisition is granted following different procedures depending on whether one is an immigrant or born in France to foreign parents. Since 1975, the number of foreigners who annually become French has increased greatly. (FRANCE, FOREIGNERS, NATIONALITY, NATURALIZATION)
AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 1993 - NUMBER 282
95.86.5 - French - Michel Louis LEVY, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)
All the countries in the world, 1993 (Tous les pays du monde (1993))
A table which, in the main, has been adapted from the Population Reference Bureau's table, provides twelve indicators for all the countries in the world, grouped together by continent: surface area; 1993 population and forecast for 2025; birth, death and infant mortality rates; fertility rate; proportion of under-15s and over-65s; life expectancy; GNP and GIP per inhabitant. Smaller-scale tables complement the main table and file the countries in descending order according to twelve criteria. The GRP records the break-up of the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. But, although INED has continued to group together the ex-USSR (except for the Baltic States, now contained within Northern Europe), it has now detailed three Republics in Eastern Europe and another eight in Asia. As far as Russia is concerned, it is treated in the same way as the USSR in the past, i.e., as a distinct sub-continent. (WORLD POPULATION, POPULATION SITUATION)
OCTOBER 1993 - NUMBER 283
95.86.6 - French - Alain MONNIER, INED, 27, rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) No pointers in Eastern Europe (L'Europe de l'Est sans repères)
Demographic phenomena of a very large scale have accompanied the political, economic and social upheaval which has occurred since the fall of the Berlin Wall (November 9th, 1989), German unification (October 3rd, 1990) and the disappearance of the Soviet Union (December 25th, 1991). Germany and, to a lesser degree, Austria, have been subjected to significant migratory inflows arriving from the East. Birth rates which are declining in all Central and Eastern European countries, are falling dramatically in East Germany. Mortality has been growing worse in the States which used to be part of the USSR. In Russia, there are currently more deaths than there are births. (EASTERN EUROPE, POLITICAL SYSTEMS, MIGRATION FLOW, BIRTH RATE, MORTALITY RATE)
NOVEMBER 1993 - NUMBER 284
95.86.7 - French - Michel Louis LEVY, INED, 27, rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)
The specific nature of demography: "Longitudinal" analysis (Spécificité de la démographie: l'analyse "longitudinale")
Because demography has never been taught in higher French schools as such (it is only taught in third-year university courses), it is generally not known what the specific talents of a demographic expert are. Two articles published in Population number 3, 1993 demonstrate the interest and the richness of longitudinal analysis on which demographic processes are often based. The first article makes a retrospective and descriptive examination of the profiles of the working careers of men and women, based on a survey which INED carried out on the 1911 to 1935 generations. The second makes a prospective and exploratory examination of the arrival at retirement of a generation of women by applying the microsimulation model to a sample of females born between 1938 and 1942. (FRANCE, DEMOGRAPHY TEACHING, LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS, LABOUR FORCE)
DECEMBER 1993 - NUMBER 285
95.86.8 - French - François HERAN, INSEE, 18, boulevard Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) The linguistic unification of France (L'unification linguistique de la France)
According to a survey which was undertaken in 1992 and covered 5,300 couples or single parents with school-age children, Arabic is the top language of all the minority group languages spoken between parents and children (2% of all families). For Portuguese, Turkish and Spanish, the respective figures are 1%, 0.4% and 0.2% of families. With regard to dialects, the one at the head of the table is Alsatian (plus the Moselle dialect) which accounts for 0.6%. In spite of the diversity of languages introduced through immigration and attempts to revive regional languages, the linguistic unification of France is an on-going process. It only needs one generation for the practice of a minority language to fall into disuse to the benefit of the French language. (FRANCE, MOTHER TONGUE, DIALECTS, LANGUAGE MINORITIES)
JANUARY 1994 - NUMBER 286
95.86.9 - French - Guy DESPLANQUES, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)
Re-built families in 1990 (Les familles recomposées en 1990)
The 1990 census and the "Survey on the Family" carried out on this occasion by INSEE show that the large majority of young people aged under 25 years old are still living within a family. But many of them do not live with their two biological parents: they are to be found either in single-parent families, or "re-built" families, where the guardian parent has formed a new couple. In France in 1990, there were 19.2 million people aged from 0 to 24 years old, 15 million (or 78%) of whom are the children of a couple while 1.9 million (or 9.8%) live in single-parent families. Out of 7.7 million couples, 660,000 are "re-built" families; they include 1.46 million people aged from 0 to 24 years old living at home, of whom 512,000 are children of the current couple and 950,000 of whom were born from a different union. These 950,000 young people are therefore living with one parent and one step-parent and, in the case of more than half of them, with half-brothers or half-sisters. (FRANCE, FAMILY COMPOSITION, BIOLOGICAL FAMILY, ONE-PARENT FAMILY)
FEBRUARY 1994 - NUMBER 287
95.86.10 - French - France PRIOUX, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) The birth of the first Child (La naissance du premier enfant)
According to the "Family" survey, linked with population censuses, which makes it possible in France to measure the "biological" order (= for the mother) of her child, a mother's average age at first birth is increasing (24 in 1970, 26 in 1995), while the period fertility rate for first order is decreasing (0.75 children in 1989). Infertility, which has been increasing since 1970 (the date at which fertility reached its peak since the beginning of the century), could affect 16% of the women born in 1965, unless the trend towards "recuperation" of the deficit of first births at an older age was to grow stronger. All the countries in Western Europe have been experiencing similar trends, sometimes more marked. (FRANCE, EUROPE, FIRST BIRTH, COHORT FERTILITY, INFERTILITY)
MARCH 1994 - NUMBER 288
95.86.11 - French - Michel Louis LEVY, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) The French population between 1990 and 1993 (La population de la France de 1990 à 1993)
The population of France was estimated at 57,804,000 inhabitants as of January 1st, 1994, or a total increase of 0.48% in 1993. The number of births has declined considerably in 1993 (712,000) while the fertility decline is accelerating (1.65 children per woman against 1.73 in 1992 and 1.77 in 1991), in particular amongst young women and for various reasons amongst which is the difficult employment situation. Life expectancy at birth is still increasing (81.5 years for females). As natural growth is slowing down (184,000), the migratory balance, again estimated at 90,000, represents a more significant share of the total growth rate. Ageing continues to grow. (FRANCE, POPULATION SITUATION)
APRIL 1994 - NUMBER 289
95.86.12 - French - Philippe COLLOMB, CICRED, 66bis avenue Jean Moulin, 75014 Paris (France), and France GUERIN-PACE, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)
Age and perceptions of the environment (L'âge et les perceptions de l'environnement)
In 1992, INED carried out a survey amongst the French on the way in which they perceive the notion of environment (cf. Population et Sociétés no. 280, June 1993). Age would appear to be the main criterion of differentiation - at the opposite extreme of a certain amount of optimism on the part of the older interviewees lies the pessimism of the young. (FRANCE, ENVIRONMENT, AGE GROUPS)
95.86.13 - French - Nicolas BOURGOIN and Alfred NIZARD, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Violent deaths: France in a bad position (Mortalité violente : la France mal placée)
Male excess mortality in France (there is a difference of 8.2 years between male and female life expectancy) can be explained by alcoholism, smoking and violent deaths. Based on WHO statistics, a comparison of the causes of death for 36 industrialised countries in 1990 reveals that excess mortality due to violent deaths also affects the women of France. While the structure of the causes of violent deaths closely resembles the average in these countries (two-thirds are due to accidents, one quarter to suicides and 5% to homicides), the comparative mortality rate by traumatism is one of the highest. Since 1825, the annual frequency of violent deaths in peace-time has tripled in France at the same as the number of natural deaths was being divided by three. There is a certain potential here for a decline in mortality. (FRANCE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEATH RATE, MALE, FEMALE, VIOLENT DEATHS, ACCIDENTS)
MAY 1994 - NUMBER 290
95.86.14 - French - Léon TABAH, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)
The world population conferences (Les Conférences mondiales sur la population)
The first International Population Conference was organised in Geneva in 1927 by the Society of Nations. Following the war, the UN took over and organised a conference in Rome in 1954, followed by another in Belgrade in 1965. The Bucharest (1974) and Mexico (1984) Conferences were the first to involve governments. The topics and the stakes at risk in these conferences have varied over the years: excess population in the Third World, family planning, female status, health, urbanisation, "sustainable development". etc. It is expected that the Conference to be held in Cairo in September 1994 will promote South-South cooperation which has so far been nonexistent, as a complement to North-South cooperation and also, that it will result in improved solidarity between the industrialised countries, whether old or new ones, in particular with respect to Africa which is at risk of galloping urbanisation and desertification. (WORLD POPULATION, UN, CONFERENCES)
JUNE 1994 - NUMBER 291
95.86.15 - French - Michèle TRIBALAT, INED, 27, rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Update: Immigrants, foreigners (Mise au point : Immigrés, étrangers)
With regard to immigration, the meaning of certain words should be specified and use should be made of the appropriate concepts and tools of measurement The immigrant (the person who enters France as a foreigner and is given a permit to stay for at least one year) is not the same as the immigrant, in the sense of the foreign person after immigration." The category of foreigners (or people who are of foreign nationality) does not allow to pick out immigrants and their descendants as many of them acquire French nationality. Following up the immigrant population as a measurement of the "demographic weight" of foreign origin demands the same discipline. (FRANCE, IMMIGRATION, FOREIGNERS, NATURALIZATION, METHODOLOGY)
JULY-AUGUST 1994 - NUMBER 292
95.86.16 - French - Guy DESPLANQUES, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Still living with the parents or left home? (Etre ou ne plus être chez ses parents)
According to the 1982 and 1990 censuses and the 1990 Family Survey, young people are leaving the family home later and later. In 1990, there were still 56% of young people at age who were living with at least one of their parents, one out of four at age 25 and one out of ten at age 29. Girls continue to leave home at an earlier age than boys, except in the case of students. At any given age, students are more likely to be living with their parents than are the unemployed and even more so that the economically active with a job. At equal ages, the economically active are more likely to be living in a union and to be bringing up children. Other differences are related to the parents' socio-occupational category, their income and their geographic location. (FRANCE, YOUTH, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, COHABITATION)
SEPTEMBER 1994 - NUMBER 293
95.86.17 - French - Catherine de GUIBERT-LANTOINE, Henri LERIDON, Laurent TOULEMON, Catherine VILLENEUVE-GOKALP, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Adult cohabitation (La cohabitation adulte)
In the 1970s, "juvenile" cohabitation was a transitory phased prior to marriage. A survey carried out by INED and INSEE in March 1994 confirms that cohabitation without marriage has transferred to an "adult" phase and is now a wide-spread way of life even after the age of 25, including couples who have children. The proportion of males and females aged between 21 and 44 years old who are living like this has doubled between 1986 and 1994. Delaying first marriage is becoming more common and separation is becoming both more common and occurring at an earlier date, thereby increasing the complexity of family biographies. (FRANCE, COUPLE, COHABITATION, MARRIAGE, FERTILITY)
OCTOBER 1994 - NUMBER 294
95.86.18 - French - Gilles PISON and Ninian Hubert Van BLYENBURGH, Musée de l'Homme, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris (France) Six billion people (Six milliards d'hommes)
On the occasion of the World Population and Development Conferences, held in Cairo in September 1994, the Museum of Mankind in Paris is organising an exhibition in the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, entitled "Six Billion Men". So that visitors to the exhibition will feel involved, it has been organised in the form of a game with about ten inter-active computer stations, of which one is a population simulator. It explains the universal mechanisms of demographic growth and transition. If population growth were to continue at the same rate, the world population would amount to 22.5 billion in 2082. the United Nations has forecasted that the population will stabilise at between 11 to 12 billion by the end of the 21st century; this is still perhaps too high a figure for the planet's resources, unless mankind learns to manage them more efficiently. The exhibition is aimed at making the younger generations aware of this major issue. (WORLD POPULATION GROWTH, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, NATURAL RESOURCES)
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