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1994 - VOLUME 10, NUMBER 1

MIGRANTS MOBILISATION IN EUROPE: FROM NATIONAL TO TRANSNATIONAL

95.30.1 - English - John REX, Center for Research in Ethnic Relations, University Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL (U.K.) Ethnic mobilisation in Britain (p. 7-32)

This article seeks to describe the present state of ethnic mobilisation of some of the principle immigrant and ethnic minority communities in Britain. In the first place it indicates the numbers in the various communities, particularly those in the South Asian, East African Asian, Afro-Caribbean and Cypriot groups, sofar as they can be deduced from the responses to the ethnic question in the 1991 census. It then describes the ways in which these communities organise themselves for political, religious and cultural purposes and the ways in which the local state has responded to or been influenced by the existence of these organisations and their individual members. (UNITED KINGDOM, ETHNIC MINORITIES, IMMIGRANTS, POPULATION CENSUSES, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, CULTURAL CONTACTS)

95.30.2 - French - Jürgen FIJALKOWSKI, Department of Political Science, Frei Universität Berlin, FB 15 WEO2 Inherstrasse 21, D-1000 Berlin 33 (Germany) Solidarization process among the population of transnational immigrants in Germany (Solidarités intra-communautaires et formations d'associations au sein de la population étrangère d'Allemagne) (p. 33-58)

Ethnic mobilization offers the heterogenous minorities of transnational immigrants an interesting alternative, since their situation in the context of a foreign society is, psychologically as well as politically, a precarious one. It is a consciousness of common affiliation, based on similarities of origin, from which particular formes of cooperation originals, manifesting in people participating in selective collective actions or also in actions of formally and enduringly organized community formation. The article observes formes and conditions of such ethnic mobilization in Germany. It describes the criteria, by which the main groups of transnational immigrants, which are resident in Germany, are selected for closer scrutinization and tries to sketch their club and associational life. The train of thoughts ends in reflections, which treat the intra-group processes of solidarization and group formation as processes of the minorities defensive contra-mobilization, and stress the receiving societies' responsibilities as well as the chances of new European identities to take shape. (GERMANY, ETHNIC MINORITIES, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION)

95.30.3 - English - John KING, 4 Pleydell Avenue, London SE19 2LP (U.K.) Ethnic minority communities and the politics of Europe: The example of Great Britain (p. 59-72)

Migrants and minority groups in Europe are concerned about the way in which changes in European legislation could affect them. The paper looks at the position in Britain, and focuses on concerns voiced by members of British migrant and minority groups. For migrants the problems are legal and administrative, as well as the problem of xenophobia. Minority groups also suffer from xenophobia and from the way they are identified with migrant groups. British ethnic minorities, including both European citizens and migrants, would like to see European legislation against racism and xenophobia. The attitudes of the national governments of the Union's member states is unsympathetic, based as it is on "realistic" considerations, and influenced by electoral concerns. But equality for migrants and minority community members is favoured by institutions at the European level, both because of the intrinsic desirability of social equality and also because of the disturbance to the single market represented by the presence of individuals in the population whose status is anomalous. (UNITED KINGDOM, ETHNIC MINORITIES, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL POLICY, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION)

95.30.4 - French - Han ENTZINGER, Center for Studies of Multi-Ethnic Society, heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht (Netherlands) Is there a future for the Dutch "Ethnic Minorities" Model? (Y-a-t-il un avenir pour le modèle néerlandais des " minorités ethniques " ? ) (p. 73-94)

The article sketches three models for the integration of immigrants in different countries of Western Europe: the "guest worker" model, the "assimilation model" and the "ethnic minorities model". It then focusses on the "ethnic minorities model", taking the situation in the Netherlands as an example of both the potential and the limitations of the role of immigrant cultures in an integration process. Until 1980, immigration to the Netherlands was thought to be temporary. The idea of an eventual return facilitated the recognition of immigrant cultures. The long Dutch tradition of cultural and religious pluralism may also explain the remarkable tolerance for immigrant cultures in that country. Dutch public policy since 1980 has been characterised by a strong reinforcement of the immigrants' legal status, growing doubts about the concept of multiculturalism and a persistent marginalisation in the labour market. Generous provisions of the welfare state have helped in avoiding major disturbances of the social order, unlike what has happened in other major immigration countries in Europe. Recently, however, an awareness has been growing that multiculturalism and equal opportunity are two concepts that, in essence, exclude each other. Neither of the two, however, offer a sufficient guarantee for social integration of immigrants. This is a basic dilemma for which there is no easy solution. (NETHERLANDS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, ETHNIC MINORITIES, GOVERNMENT POLICY, CULTURAL CONTACTS)

95.30.5 - French - Catherine NEVEU, CRAPS, Université de Lille II, B.P. 169, 59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex (France) Racism or citizenship in Europe: British exception and complementarity (Citoyenneté et racisme en Europe : exception et complémentarité britanniques) (p. 95-108)

Several initiatives have been launched at the European level with the aim of creating migrant associations networks. But these initiatives are often confronted to difficulties when it comes to defining which categories of populations should be included, or the themes for an European-wide mobilisation. Two examples are thus analysed to explain those difficulties: the Migrants Forum set up by the Council of European Communities, and SCORE (UK) launched by British associations. A part from the difficulty to create coherent categories, considering the variety of situations in Europe (in terms of populations, status, etc.), a more fundamental issue is to discuss whether the central point at stake is the fight against racism, or the fight for citizenship. (UNITED KINGDOM, WESTERN EUROPE, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION)

95.30.6 - French - Jocelyne CESARI From migration to minorities: North African people in France (De l'immigré au minoritaire : les Maghrébins de France) (p. 109-126)

The settlement of the North African migration in France has favoured among this population the counsciousness of being members of a minority. But the definition of the minority is not the same according to the importance given to the islamic membership, the national and ethnic ties or the social condition of migrant because, among the North African population, these three major resources in the construction of the identity have not the same signification for everybody. For a first part of them (generally man belonging to the first generation of migrants), the islamic tie mainly contributes to define themselves as a minority in the public space. A second kind of minority counsciousness concerns the generations born or scholarized in France, for whom the feeling of being different lead them to valorize the ethnical or cultural dimension of their identity and not the religious one in relationship with the process of discrimination which characterized them in the French society specially when they live in the marginalized suburbs of big towns. These two types of mobilization are rooted in solidarity networks which contribute to create a transnational counsciousness in Europe over national frontiers. (FRANCE, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, ISLAM)

95.30.7 - English - Patrick IRELAND, GSIS, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208 (U.S.A.) Asking for the moon: The political participation of immigrants in the European community (p. 127-144)

As the EC heads of government have acknowledged, the European integration project cannot succeed unless they develop a coordinated approach toward (a) regulating immigration and the influx of refugees and (b) integrating the over eight million foreign workers and their families from outside the EC ("third-country nationals") who reside in the community. I argue here that European integration has produced a political "spillover" effect on immigrant communities. They are generating new, European-level forms of organization and lines of solidarity. However, even more than indigenous Europeans, foreign-origin populations have run into barriers when trying to gain a say in the EC policy-making process. The distance separating immigrants from the community and its policies, the community's institutional structure and the trend toward intergovernmental bargaining, the diversity of national immigration policies, and the specific actions of EC authorities have all hampered immigrant participation. A legal wedge has been driven between EC and third-country nationals, and in many cases between second-generation immigrants and their parents. That they are all beginning to find their European political voice in spite of such obstacles attests to both their growing political sophistication and their fear that European unification might take place at their expense. (WESTERN EUROPE, IMMIGRATION POLICY, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, CIVIL RIGHTS)

95.30.8 - French - A. Moustapha DIOP, INALCO, 2 rue de Lille, 75007 Paris (France)

A network-building-up: A case study of the jamaat tabligh (Structuration d'un réseau : La Jamaat Tabligh (Société pour la Propagation de la Foi)) (p. 145-156)

In March 1924, the institution of the caliphate was abolished by the new man of Turkey, Mustapha KemaL Bewildered for a while by such an action, the muslim world tries and reacts, in different ways and manners so as to bridge the institutional gap. Some muslim leading, such as writers, philosophers, ulemas, even men of states, set forth, between the 1920s and 1930s, meetings at high level, dealing with the theoretical theme of the caliphate, with the ways and whichs of the decrease of Islam. There were other religiously educated muslims who tend to show a low profile, in their encountering with less educated muslims; in a muslim region in India, was experienced a movement, whose main aim was to get muslims beware and proud of their faith; setting up mobile networks, the movement known as the jamaat tabligh (society for education or society for faith spreading), grew swiftly in the years to come in many parts of the world. (MUSIMS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT)

95.30.9 - French - Rémy LEVEAU, IEP Paris, 27 rue Saint-Guillaume, 75337 Paris Cedex 07 (France)

Elements of reflection about Islam in Europe (Eléments de réflexion sur l'lslam en Europe) (p. 157-168)

Islam emerged in the seventies as an identity construct resulting from North African, Turkish, African and Asian immigration. This religious identity cannot remain within the framework that has ensured religious pluralism in various countries since the crises of the late nineteenth century. In emerging amid a conflict-based European collective imagination, Islam is making claims for greater visibility which challenge earlier pacts. Secularized states with a Catholic tradition, such as France, and it harder to cope with this evolution than other countries with a Protestant background, where the role of religious figures in the public arena is more easily accepted. These claims for a religious identity appear as a will to take part into the definition of the standards and values on which European culture is based by transcending traditional Judeo-Christian references. (WESTERN EUROPE, FRANCE, ISLAM, RELIGION, CULTURAL CHANGE)

95.30.10 - French - Riva KASTORYANO, Chargé de recherche CNRS, CERI/Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 27 rue Saint-Guillaume, 75337 Paris Cedex 07 (France)

Transnational solidarities of migrants in Europe (Mobilisations des migrants en Europe : du national au transnational) (p. 169-182)

A comparative study on the settlement of immigrants in different European countries emphasizes the "models" that each country develops as the way to deal with a minority group. These models based on each country's the political traditions and its conception of nationhood and citizenship obviously has an effect upon immigrants, leading to their mobilization through the creation of voluntary associations. The result might be called the "nationalisation" of their political action. Projects for European Unity however, challenge the validity of these national models. In fact, migrants or minorities (the terminology varies from one country to another) are developping new networks based on their nationality (actual or of origin), their religion or race in order to promote their political participation beyond national boundaries. Their aim is the search for a representativity on a European level. (WESTERN EUROPE, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, POLITICS)

1994 - VOLUME 10, NUMBER 2

95.30.11 - French - Françoise LORCERIE, CNRS/Institut de recherches sur le monde arabe et musulman (IREMAM), 35 avenue Pasteur, 13617 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1 (France)

The controversy over the islamism of arabic langage and culture classes (L'lslam dans les cours de " Langue et Culture d'Origine " : le procès) (p. 5-11)

One cannot consider the teaching of language and culture of countries of the "muslim world" in France as a machinery working against social integration. It is current in France to hear about "islamism" in teaching, or integrism of pupils and teachers. This in fact appears to relate to old fantasies about Islam, rather than to reality. The paper first brings together all available information about Islam in OLC courses. Second, it argues about normative frameworks and expectations which possibly determine the way this apparatus is brought into play, as far as Islam is concerned. Six are reviewed: the juridical-political systems of the countries of origin, their organizational norms, their emigration policies, French political and organizational norms, the expectations of the target populations, and those of the pupils. As far as possible, differences between countries of origin are taken into account. On the whole, it appears that even in a less hostile setting, these factors would tend to seriously reduce the place of Islam in the OLC courses. (FRANCE, TEACHING, ISLAM, CULTURAL CONTACTS)

95.30.12 - French - Andrea HETTLAGE-VARJAS, Robert HETTLAGE, Institut de Sociologie, Université de Ragensburg, 31 Postfach, 8400 Regensburg (Germany) On the hate of foreigners (La haine de l'étranger) (p. 45-56)

A well-known case of racist violence in Switzerland serves as an example for the analysis of the most common element of xenophobia, i.e. the image of an uncontrolable conspiracy of rivals, whose action is to be stopped by the most effective means available. In their analysis of racist behaviour, the two observers, as representatives of two scientific disciplines, come to the conclusion that interdisciplinary is bound to be a similar type of xenophobia characterized by the fear of concurrence, the incapacity to take into consideration the vision of others, the conscious decision to reserve the essential for oneself alone. The authors opt therefore for the mobilization of the cognitive potential of the two disciplines in order to understand the impulsions and constraints, and particularly the tendancy to eliminate both the unknown and the stranger as a scapegoat, the hate of foreigners being based on the need to maintain boundaries and on the fear of changes. (SWITZERLAND, RACIAL PREJUDICE, INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH)

95.30.13 - French - Annette TREIBEL, Ruhr UniversitätBochum, Facultât für Sozial Wissenschaft, Universitätstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum (Germany)

"Ourselves as a nation" in Germany (Le " sentiment du nous " en Allemagne) (p. 57-72)

This article explores the relationship between national and ethnic identities in Germany before and after reunification. The author develops the concept of "Ourselves as a nation", in order to describe the relationships between West and East Germans and those which develop between "residents" and immigrants. From a theoretical point of view, the author analysis joins those developed by Norbert Elias, in the field of sociology of migration and of social psychology. (GERMANY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, NATIONALISM, IMMIGRANTS)

95.30.14 - French - Raymond PEBAYLE, Département de Géographie, Université de Poitiers, 95 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex (France)

The Brazilguayans, Brazilian migrants in Paraguay (Les Brésilguayens, migrants brésiliens au Paraguay) (p. 73-86)

Since the 1950s, the population of Eastern regions of Paraguay has grown with the steady influx of Brazilian immigrants. Planters from Paraná and Sao Paulo, mechanized wheat and soy farmers from the southern campos and cattle farmers from the Matto Grosso do Sul have joined mixed farmers, descendants of European settlers from the south of BraziL Despite some local conflicts, the Brazilguayans from the Oriente seem to be on the road to integration in Paraguay. (PARAGUAY, BRAZIL, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS)

95.30.15 - English - Kwok Bun CHAN, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge Crescent (Singapore 0511), and See Ngoh Claire CHIANG, Human Resource Consultant, Wah Chang International, 211 Upper Bukit Timah Road (Singapore) Cultural values and immigrant entrepreneurship: The Chinese in Singapore (p. 87-118)

This study of early entrepreneurs of Singapore shows that Confucian values served two important functions in the development of immigrant entrepreneurship. Internally within the individual, they directed the immigrant's personal orientations to life; externally within the community, they regulated inter-personal relationships and commercial activities. Ethics and cultural values were applicable not only in business, but in everyday migrant living, in their personal, family and community living. Rooted in the villages in China, and re-enacted on foreign soil, these values served as dynamic ethnic resources, containing the transformative spirit which immigrant entrepreneurs exploited and maximised for the development of Chinese capitalism. Self-agency and self-control were important personal orientations to success, but the immigrant entrepreneur is not romanticised as a solitary hero having succeeded in this world alone, but is conceptualised as a "Confucian merchant" whose self is linked to "the other" - the family, kin, clan and community - by a web of primary and secondary relationships, the latter having been successfully "familiarized", thus invoking respect and trust, loyalty and obligations. (SINGAPORE, CHINA, ENTREPRENEURS, CONFUCIANISM)

95.30.16 - French - Micheline LABELLE, Marthe THERRIEN, Département de Sociologie, and Joseph LÉVY, Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Suc. "A", Montréal, QC H3C 3P8 (Canada) Ethnics leaders discourse in Montreal (Le discours des leaders d'associations ethniques à Montréal) (p. 119-148)

Leaders of ethnic minorities participate in the production of discourse and of representation with respect to the categories of ethnicity, "race" and nation, in the Québec context. They are involved in political and social action, contribute to the definition of specifics identities and revendications. This involvement expresses itself, in particular, in monoethnic or pluriethnic groups based either on a racilized identity, on gender, or on non-profit organisations, as well as in Canadian and Québec public and parapublic sector institutions. This article explores the community and institutional participation of interviewees, the conditions under which their implication in the associative movement develops, their perceptions of the role of ethnicity in the associative movement and the assessement of community leadership. It illustrates the intra and intercommunity polarizations and ideological contradictions, the multiplicity of identity references that mobilize the associative movement and the importance of its transnational ties. With respect to their insertion in Canadian and Québec societies, the leaders are divided between an ideology of difference based on the notion of political and cultural pluralism, and an ideology grounded in the notion of integration. Finally, the article touches on the symbolic and political role of ethnicity and its link to the Québec national question. (CANADA, ETHNIC MINORITIES, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES)

95.30.17 - French - Altay MANÇO and Oya AKHAN The making of a Turkish trading bourgeoisie in Belgium (La formation d'une bourgeoisie commerçante turque en Belgique) (p. 149-162)

In this work, the hypothesis of the emergence in Belgium of a business class of Turkish origin is investigated on the basis of the most recent statistic and bibliographical sources. Some of characteristics of those professionals are described, as well as differences between the immigrated Turkish investors in Belgium and in other EEC countries as Germany and France. In addition, a qualitative survey, based on 20 interviews of Turkish grocers from the Province of Liège, analyses the development conditions of this kind of business. (BELGIUM, WESTERN EUROPE, TURKEY, DEALERS)

1994 - VOLUME 10, NUMBER 3

95.30.18 - French - Dieudonné OUEDRAOGO, CERPOD, B.P. 1530, Bamako (Mali) Population, migrations and development (Population, migrations et développement) (p. 7-16)

Rapid demographic growth in Africa has not been accompanied by economic development. It has generated important flows to the North. Family planning programs will not be sufficient to solve the problems caused by the demographic growth and they will most likely increase in the future. Controls of these growths are unlikely to be effective. Under these conditions, only the economic development of the South will allow the limitation of outmigration. (AFRICA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, POPULATION GROWTH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)

95.30.19 - French - Nelly ROBIN, Programme Migrations Internationales, ORSTOM, BP 1556, Dakar (Senegal) A new geography between competitions and spatial redeployment. West African migrations into EEC (Une nouvelle géographie entre concurrences et redéploiement spatial. Les migrations africaines au sein de la CEE) (p. 17-32)

The West African migratory field constitute a fluctuating reality wich is settled on a bipolary field (with historic and linguistic foundations) and on a field engaged in a double process of exclusion and competition. France, Italy and Iberian Peninsula receive the turbulences of West African migrations confronted with other migrations from the "South" in EEC. These mutations call the relevance of the symmetry between the old colonial field and the migratory field into question. As many other southern countries, the Iberian Peninsula becomes the "new gateway" for the West African migrations within the EEC. (AFRICA, WESTERN EUROPE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)

95.30.20 - French - Kouadio BROU, CERPAA, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 12 rue Cujas, 75005 Paris (France), and Yves CHARBIT, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

The migration policy of Côte-d'lvoire (La politique migratoire de la Côte-d'lvoire) (p. 33-60)

This paper deals with the policy of internal and international migrations especially its determinants, instruments and results. The authors demonstrate that it was a means to provide workers for Ivoirian agriculture. They identify, demographic, economic and historical factors. Then they analyse internal migration with special emphasis on the instruments used, selective regional allocation of jobs and passing of landholding rights. As for international migrations, conventions linking Côte-d'Ivoire and Haute-Volta or Côte-d'Ivoire and France are examined. Finally, the most recent trends are examined: internal and international migration policy evolved under the constraints of the economic and political crisis at the 1980s. They conclude that this policy was inefficient because it was unable to regulate migratory flows. (COTE D'IVOIRE, MIGRATION POLICY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

95.30.21 - French - Sadio TRAORE, CERPOD, B.P. 1530, Bamako (Mali) Soninke et Poular models of migration from the valley of the Senegal river (Les modèles migratoires soninké et poular de la Vallée du fleuve Sénégal) (p. 61-82)

The Soninke and Poular migration from the Valley of the Senegal river have historical pre-colonial roots. The colonial and post-colonial economies have confirmed and reinforced the migratory models of both ethnic groups. The data of the 1982 survey highlight similarities and differences in the demographic indicators of their migrations, which can be explained in relation to their respective pasts. (SENEGAL, ETHNIC GROUPS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, HISTORY)

95.30.22 - French - Georges GONZALES, CERPAA, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 12 rue Cujas, 75005 Paris (France) Migration, marriage and family in the Valley of the Senegal river (Migration, nuptialité et famille dans la Vallée du fleuve Sénégal) (p. 83-110)

In 1993, out migration from five villages in the upper valley of the Senegal river appears to be as intensive as it was ten years ago, but with the difference that new social groups are now concerned: children, women, and older men. Migration of family groups is essentially characteristic of international migrants, although all the members of the family do not always more to the same place. Besides pendular and incomplete migrations, settlement in Dakar can be observed, probably corresponding to a progressive severage from the village of origin. Exogamy and non residential polygamy also contribute to a multilocalization of the family and of the community of origin, thus strenghtening the flows of migrants, especially to Dakar. (SENEGAL, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, RETURN MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS)

95.30.23 - French - Véronique PETIT, CERPAA, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 12 rue Cujas, 75005 Paris (France)

"Ana-Yana", those who go far away from the Dogon region (Mali) (" Ana-Yana ", ceux qui partent loin du pays Dogon (Mali)) (p. 111-136)

Our purpose is to study the migrations of a Malian population, the Dogon (district of Sangha, Bandiagara's cliff). We distinguish three patterns of emigration: emigration through West African frontiers (mainly Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana), internal movements and a deplacement towards the plain of Seno Gondo. Each pattern of migration has its own characteristics with regards to age, gender, nuptiality, and geographical origin of migrant people. International migrations are essentially achieved by men. Women's movements could be characterized by a proximity with the village of origin. If women move in the direction of the plain, more rarely towards the others Malian regions, and least in Western Africa. Most of international migrants are single, while married people have chosen internal movements. The choice of the destination is linked with the geographical origin. We conclude by a sociological analysis of the causes and consequences of emigration in the Dogon society. (MALI, ETHNIC GROUPS, EMIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, DIFFERENTIAL MIGRATION)

95.30.24 - French - Serigne MANSOUR TALL, ORSTOM, BP 1556, Dakar (Senegal) The Dakar real-estate investments of Senegalese emigrants (Les investissements immobiliers à Dakar des émigrants sénégalais) (p. 137-152)

The tendency of the international migrants to invest in plots located on the outskirts of Dakar has helped to extend and add value to spaces hitherto characterized by their instability. Depending on how long the emigrant has been gone and the country in which he has settled and according to personal or collective investment strategies, real-estate investments assume specific morphologies and purposes, on a neighborhood-wide scale. Semi-rural Pikine is characterized by modest family investments which are recent and irregular; Grand-Dakar and Grand-Yoff by excessive speculation on extremely densely-packed apartment buildings; the Parcelles Assainies (Drained Plots) by trim little apartment buildings which are gradually becoming dense, where the migrants are making an attempt to combine a family-oriented investment strategy with a speculative one. As the emigrant's financial means increase, and as a by-product of the passage of time, the international migrant's strategy, initially family-oriented tends to become more speculation-oriented. The investor-migrant continually uses various tactics in his efforts to achieve a precarious balance between the constraints of financial profitability on one hand, and, on the other, social obligations, which are no less important. (SENEGAL, RETURN MIGRATION, INVESTMENTS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT)

95.30.25 - French - Sophie BOULY DE LESDAIN, URM 9935, ORSTOM, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 12 rue Cujas, 75005 Paris (France)

Cameroonese migrations and sorcery in France (Migrations camerounaises et sorcellerie en France) (p. 153-174)

As far as we know, anthropologists specialized in sorcery have never studied the relationships between sorcery and migration. Cameroonese living in Paris refer to sorcery at different stages of their migration, but different types of social relationships are involved depending on whether France or Cameroon are considered. We show that Cameroonese analyse migration in terms of the control of the use of magic forces. We therefore demonstrate that beyond the ethnic and social diversity of Cameroon, sorcery is a means of power in Cameroon and a value which contributes to the strenghening of African identity in France. (FRANCE, CAMEROON, IMMIGRANTS, ETHNOLOGY)

95.30.26 - French - Claire LAUDEREAU, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 12 rue Cujas, 75005 Paris (France) Soninke mothers and their children health in Paris (Les mères soninké et la santé de leurs enfants à Paris) (p. 175-188)

Education and socialization of African children in the Parisian region is often considered as a source of problems by those institutional actors dealing with them. The shift from a revolving migration from sahel countries in a settlement migration has thought to the forefront new social actors (migrant women and their children) and different educational practices, as far as food and hygiene are concerned. These must be taken into account by professionals specialized in infant care and they frequently generate conflicts. This paper illustrate some of the problems revealed by interviews completed in Paris with Soninke mothers and professionals. (FRANCE, IMMIGRANTS, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH, HEALTH EDUCATION)

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