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1994 - NUMBER 1
INTERNAL MIGRATIONS
95.01.1 - French - Michel Poulain, Institut de Démographie, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Place de Montesquieu, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium) Internal migration in Europe. Which statistical data? (La mobilité interne en Europe. Quelles données statistiques ?) (p. 13-30)
Migration is obviously the hardiest demographic phenomenon to approach. It is because this event is not registred as an act at the registry office. Only registers of population allow statistical countings of this phenomenon. In lack of them several sources allow roundabout estimations of internal mobility. But, in Europe, because of the different registration systems, comparisons between statistical data are difficult. All the comparative analysis therefore internal mobility in Europe will have to be done very cautiously. (EUROPE, MIGRATION, MEASUREMENT, INTERNAL MIGRATION, DATA COMPARABILITY)
95.01.2 - French - Guy DESPLANQUES, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe-Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) To know the migrations (Connaître les migrations) (p. 31-39)
As there are no population registers in France, most of the information on residential mobility is given by censuses. Although this source is very rich, it does not answer all the questions. It only measures mobility over a long period of time: seven or eight years. It suffers from memory errors. Other statistical surveys can give information on this topic. Among them, the Labour Force survey is the best one. Because it is undertaken every year, because it measures mobility during the last year, and collects information on the situation before migration it can be used to appreciate the evolution of mobility and to understand the migratory behaviours. It is so possible to analyse interaction between activity and mobility. Active woman have a lower mobility, but in some couples, to change place of residence allows a woman to find a job. Mobility of couples is not always related to the man's occupation. (FRANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION MEASUREMENT, CENSUSES, SURVEYS)
95.01.3 - French - Jacques LEDENT and Marc TERMOTE, INRS-Urbanisation, Université du Québec, 3465 rue Durocher, Montréal, QC H2X 2C6 (Canada) Migration and birth place: The example of Jakarta (Migration et lieu de naissance : l'exemple de Djakarta) (p. 41-59)
This paper examines population dynamics in Jakarta based on the demographic conditions that prevailed in the late seventies. This is carried out by means of an extension of the classical multiregional approach that accounts for the influence of the place of birth of individuals on their migration behavior. Such an extension brings new insights into migration patterns to and from Jakarta and yields more precise as well as more detailed estimates of the indicators that reflect population dynamics in that city. (INDONESIA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, PLACE OF BIRTH, METHODOLOGY)
95.01.4 - French - Brigitte Baccaini, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Migratory behaviours and life-cycles (Comportements migratoires et cycles de vie) (p. 61-74)
Migratory behaviours of individuals, described by mobility level and distances covered, vary strongly with age and according to historical background. In fact, such variation with age is the expression of more complex relations between mobility and family or professional life-cycle. Individual and longitudinal data produced by surveys as the INED's "Triple Biographie" survey allow us to give prominence to these interactions. (INTERNAL MIGRATION, LIFE CYCLE)
95.01.5 - French - Françoise CRIBIER, Géographie sociale et gérontologie, CNRS-Université de Paris 7, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris (France)
Retirement migration of Parisians: The contribution of biographical surveys (La migration de retraite des Parisiens : l'apport des enquêtes biographiques par cohortes) (p. 75-83)
The aim of this article is to show how analysis of biographical surveys of two cohorts born around 1908 and 1922 can contribute to the study of retirement migration. Data on residential, family and occupationnal history were collected, for those retirees who moved to the Provinces as well as for those who remained in Paris area. Analysis of these data, along with those of census and other INSEE national surveys, have enabled us to gain further understanding of the relationship between people and places. (FRANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RETIREMENT, EVENT HISTORY SURVEYS)
95.01.6 - English - Allan Findlay, Ronan PADDISON, Mark BOYLE, Department of Geography and Topographic Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ (Scotland), and Eva Lelièvre, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France) Skilled labour migration in the European context: Franco-British capital and skill transfers (p. 85-94)
International skilled migration has been identified as an increasingly salient component of the internationalization of firms and the world-economy. This paper investigates how such transfers take place within firms operating in Europe, specifically of French firms with capital investments within the U.K. Using a channel approach, and focussing on movements of French skilled labour within the internal labour market of the firm, it is shown that the scale of such transfers varies between different types of enterprise. Several explanations are offered, some of which suggest that alternative methodological approaches to the channel framework may be necessary in order to understand the incidence of such international transfers. (UNITED KINGDOM, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL)
95.01.7 - English - John Stillwell, Peter Boden and Philip Rees, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT (U.K.) Internal migration trends in the United Kingdom from national health service re-registration data (p. 95-108)
Although Britain lacks a comprehensive population registration system, information on the spatial redistribution of patients registered with the National Health Service is available from a central register. 'Movement' data from this source is increasingly important for understanding how internal migration in Britain changes between periodic censuses of population. This paper reviews the characteristics of the data and illustrates changes in the volume, structure and pattern of migration occurring at various geographical scales. (UNITED KINGDOM, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION MEASUREMENT, DEFECTIVE DATA)
95.01.8 - French - Athanase Bopda, Université de Youndé, BP 755, Yaoundé (Cameroon), and Claude Grasland, CNRS, Université de Paris I, 13 rue du Four, 75006 Paris (France) Migrations, regionalisations and regionalisms in Cameroun (Migrations, régionalisations et régionalismes au Cameroun) (p. 109-129)
The analysis of migrations between 49 départements of Cameroun provides a regionalisation of this state and reveals the existence of three main integrated regions and a wide interstitial area. This spatial organization is partly determined by the inequal repartition of population density inside the state and by the localization of the main towns. But the use of a gravity model reveals also significant barriers effects between West and East along the former historical and linguistic boundary. Secondary barriers effects appear also between North and South. (CAMEROON, INTERNAL MIGRATION, REGIONALIZATION)
95.01.9 - French - Jean-Pierre Grimmeau, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 246, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Bruxelles (Belgium) The gravity model in relation with the scale, its application to the internal migration in Belgium 1989-1991 (Le modèle gravitaire et le facteur d'échelle. Application aux migrations intérieures de la Belgique 1989-1991) (p. 131-141)
One of the most difficulties in the transposition of Newton's law to migration results from the division of the migratory space which is arbitrary and ordered hierarchically. The level is generally chosen according to the scale of analysis. If we add the observed fluxes in each commune of one "arrondissement" to each commune of another one, we find of course the total fluxes from the first to the second arrondissement. The gravity model does not reproduct this basic property. This problem is of considerable practical importance. By comparing the estimations of the fluxes between the Belgian "arrondissements", computed respectively to the level of the "arrondissements" and of the communes, we remark that differences can double or vary more. The diagnoses of attractivity or repulsivity are different for 15% of the cases according to the model we used. On the average distances between the gravity centres of the "arrondissements" are 12% wrong compared with the average, distances travelled by the migrants estimated by the mean of the gravity model at the communal level; they are generally overestimated. (BELGIUM, MIGRATION MEASUREMENT, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MODELS)
1994 - NUMBER 2
POPULATIONS OF THE PACIFIC
95.01.10 - French - Gérald Haberkorn, Programme de démographie, Commission du Pacifique Sud, B.P. D5, Noumea Cedex (New Caledonia) Pacific Island Populations in the 1990s (Les populations des pays océaniens dans les années 1990) (p. 159-170)
The population of the twenty-two Island Countries and Territories making up what is commonly referred to as the Pacific Islands, currently stands at around 6,5 million people reflecting an annual population growth of 2,3 % during the 1980s. Population developments, however, were far from homogeneous, which would not surprise considering the highly complex array of social and cultural environments across the region, and the distinct contrast in physical features ranging from small and density populated atolls in Micronesia to vast and scarcely populated land areas, with high mountain ranges in Melanesia. Regarding major contrast, the biggest variations between and within regions concern overall population growth, fertility developments and intemational migration; on the other hand, a much improved mortality situation and higher urban than rural population growth emerge as two developments that affected all Pacific Island Countries during the 1980s. (OCEANIA, POPULATION SITUATION)
95.01.11 - English - Hilary P.M. WINCHESTER, Department of Geography, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308 (Australia)
Australia: First results of the 1991 census (p. 171-176)
The Australian population reached 17 million in 1991, and is growing at a rate of 1,5 per cent per year. Rapid growth is caused by a liberal immigration policy, which has also brought an increasing diversity of population in terms of national origin, language and religion. Despite this rapid growth, the Australian population is ageing. The population of Australia presents a pattern of urban and regional concentration, with a very rapid growth in some parts of the Queensland coast. Australia is an affluent and advanced nation in the Asia-Pacific region, but has a minority of Aboriginal population which exhibits severe social and economic disadvantages. (AUSTRALIA, POPULATION SITUATION, POPULATION CENSUSES)
95.01.12 - French - Marjorie Villedieu-Liou, B.P. 6466, FAAA Tahiti (French Polynesia) What is the position of demographic transition in French Polynesia in 1992? (Où en est la transition démographique de la Polynésie française en 1992 ?) (p. 177-186)
With regard to the natural shifts of population, the recent demographic evolution of French Polynesia gives a good example of the situation in the other countries of the South Pacific Islands. The main trends of this evolution are: a slow adjustment on accidental fertility, the preservation of traditional behaviours for nuptiality, the continuation of mortality decrease. So the demographic increase still constitutes a social, economical and political challenge, and this will be for a long time. (FRENCH POLYNESIA, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION)
95.01.13 - English - Richard Bedford, Department of Geography, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3106, Hamilton (New Zealand) Pacific islanders in New Zealand (p. 187-200)
This article follows another one translated in French (L'Espace Géographique, 1986/3). The author analyses the recent developments of Pacific Islanders immigration in New Zealand. During the period 1986-1994, both in departure islands (military coups in Fiji in 1987), and in New Zealand (economic restructuring, stricter controls on immigration) have altered the amounts and the ways of population flows. Today, a great number of Polynesians (included those who had settled up in New Zealand) are going to Australia or the USA. (NEW ZEALAND, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
95.01.14 - French - Jean-Louis Rallu, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)
Recent trends of migration in the South Pacific area (Tendances récentes des migrations dans le Pacifique Sud) (p. 201-212)
International migration in the South Pacific is mainly linked with ex-colonies. From 1980, patterns of migration have changed due to economic recession and restrictive migration policies. People more often migrate to Australia, directly from island countries or via New Zealand, or to smaller migration countries like American Samoa. A few Polynesian populations count less people in the islands than in migration countries. Migration from Melanesia remains small. Migration resulted in MIRAB economies, based on remittances and aid with bureaucracy as only output. Expensive living conditions hinder agricultural production and development of secondary sector, but do not prevent brain drain. (OCEANIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
95.01.15 - French - Bernard Poirine, Université Française du Pacifique, Centre Universitaire de Polynésie Française, B.P. 6570 FAAA (French Polynesia) Emigration in oceania: Utility maximization in a non occidental cultural setting (Une théorie socio-économique de l'émigration océanienne) (p. 213-224)
In the Oceanian context, just as everywhere, international migrations depend on legal and macroeconomic factors, such as the wage differential between the sending and the receiving country. But there is also a microeconomic aspect: it is necessary to explain why emigrants send home remittances permanently, and why only some members of the family emigrate. A standard microeconomic model fails to explain this, since we are not here considering an "homo economicus occidentalis", but rather the "homo economicus oceanis". This one maximizes a family utility function, not an individual one. Furthermore, the utility function depends not only on material welfare, but also on "sociocultural" welfare, or the "quality of life", which in turn depends on two variables: the amount of leisure, and the cultural environment (accidental, or Oceanian), where the leisure is spent. (OCEANIA, EMIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, CULTURE)
95.01.16 - English - Wardlow Friesen, Department of Geography, University of Auckland, 10 Symonds Street, Auckland 1 (New Zealand)
Circulation, urbanisation and the youth boom in island Melanesia (p. 225-236)
Recent censuses have shown that fertility rates are declining in high fertility Melanesian countries such as Vanuatu and Solomon Islands. However, the population will continue to grow for some time, especially the youth cohorts. This "youth boom" is of considerable concern at a time when pressure on educational and other services is already high, and when potential new entrants in the wage labour force far outnumber the new jobs available. The young, especially males, have always had a high level of involvement in population circulation, and this process is likely to concentrate potential problems in urban areas in the future. This paper considers the relationship between population and mobility in the countries of Island Melanesia : Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. (MELANESIA, FERTILITY DECLINE, YOUTH, URBAN CONCENTRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
95.01.17 - English - Kesaia Seniloli, Population Studies Programme, School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific, P.O. Box 1168, Suva (Fiji)
Fertility and family planning in Fiji (p. 237-244)
In order to reduce the birth rate, Fijian government has set up fertility control programmes 20 years ago. In spite of these efforts, the birth rate has not changed since 1977, it has even increased among Indians, because of the resistance of traditional values and of indirect results of modernisation: erosion of the periods of postpartum abstinence, and decreasing of breastfeeding, but also because of the imperfections of the family planning. (FIJI, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, PROGRAMME EVALUATION)
1994 - NUMBER 3
ETHNIC MINORITIES IN EUROPE
95.01.18 - French - Marek Koter, Department of Political Geography and Regional Studies, University of Lodz, al. Kosciuzki 21, 90-418 Lodz (Poland) Geographical classification of ethnic minorities (Classification géographique des minorités ethniques) (p. 288-298)
After an introduction about the scope and significance of the most important terms connected with this topic, the author scrutinizes the spatial relationships between nation, state and minorities. Some minorities are enjoying their own territory whereas others have no proper historical area. Thus, a first classification of minorities is established according to criteria of ethnic-territorial relations (7 categories). Some minorities are autochton whereas others are made from newcomers. Thus, a second classification is established according to a genetic point of view (7 categories). (ETHNIC MINORITIES, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, CLASSIFICATION)
95.01.19 - French - Frank W. CARTER, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU (U.K.)
National minorities/ethnic groups in Bulgaria: Regional distribution and cross border links (Minorités nationales et groupes ethniques en Bulgarie : redistribution régionale et liens transfrontaliers) (p. 299-309)
This paper scrutinizes Bulgaria's contemporary frontiers and ethnic quilt. Firstly, the ethnic groups separated from their homeland by a state frontier are studied. Secondly, the author analyses the ethnic groups without contiguous homeland borders. Thirdly, two ethnies without a State are focused (Pomaks and Gagauz). The Bulgaria's ethnic minorities have an influence on domestic policies. Fourthly, the connections between ethnism and bulgaria are analysed. (BULGARIA, ETHNIC MINORITIES, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, GOVERNMENT POLICY)
95.01.20 - French - Anton GosaR, Department of Geography, University of Ljubljana, A Skerceva cesta 2, 61000 Ljubljana (Slovenia) Nationalities in Slovenia-changing ethnic structures in central Europe (Les nationalités en Slovénie. Changements dans la structure ethnique en Europe centrale) (p. 311-321)
The ethnic structure of Slovenia has over the last decades changed dramatically due to geopolitical change in Central Europe and also due to the socioeconomic development in former Yougoslavia. The mixed, darkage based ethnic pattern was at first eliminated to be replaced recently by a similar level of multi-ethnicity of a different origin. Ethnic groups of mostly Slavic origin (Croats, Muslims, Serbs) have over the last decades migrated to urban centers of Slovenia, thus replacing former German and Italian minority population. Problems of behavioral, cultural, social and linguistic nature emerge and impact the complex cultural landscape of the independent nationstate. (SLOVENIA, ETHNIC COMPOSITION, MIGRATION, CULTURAL CHANGE)
95.01.21 - French - Jernej ZUPANCIC, Department of Geography, University of Ljubljana, A Skerceva cesta 2, 61000 Ljubljana (Slovenia) Slovenes in Austria (Les Slovènes en Autriche) (p. 323-329)
Slovenes in Austria are one of Europe's smaller national minorities, officially numbering 17,000 but estimated at around 45,000. Over the past 150 years they have lived through practically all forms of cohabitation between the two nations; from initial tolerance to later economic, cultural and political conflict, followed by military clashes, planned assimilation and attempts to forcibly disperse the minority, to the reestablishment of harmony and cooperation. During this time, the process of modernisation was carried out in three stages: agrarian, industrial and tertiary. As the majority society and the settlement area itself changed, the size of the Slovene minority fell radically as a result of intensive assimilation (from 95,700 in 1846 to 14,100 in 1991, according to figures of 107,000 and 45,000 respectively). But the minority reorganised its social structure and adapted to the new conditions of postindustrial urban society and intensive cross-border trade, forming the necessary structure in the border area. It is on this that it has based its increasing stability. (AUSTRIA, ETHNIC MINORITIES, CONFLICTS, SOCIAL STRUCTURE)
95.01.22 - French - André-Louis Sanguin, Département de Géographie, Université d'Angers, 35 rue de la Barre, 49000 Angers (France), and Agnieszka Puk, Institute of Geography, Copernic University, Torun (Poland) Between disappearance and revival: The Kaschubians of Polish Pomerania (Entre disparition et renaissance : les Kachoubes de la Poméranie polonaise) (p. 331-339)
Located in the area West of Gdansk, Kaschubian people is the only Slavonic minority in Poland. There are about half a million identified as Kaschubians. They never enjoyed an autonomous territory. Up to 1945, Kaschubians were a shaked minority between Germany and Poland. Germanization and polonization strongly burdened the identity process. Pluralistic democraty of New Poland and current envolvement towards regionalization give new purposes to Kaschubian question. (POLAND, ETHNIC MINORITIES, SOCIAL CHANGE, POLITICAL SYSTEMS)
95.01.23 - French - Pier Francesco Bellinello, Dipartamento di Storia, Universita della Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza) (Italy) Ethno-linguistic minorities in Mezzogiorno (Les minorités ethnolinguistiques du Mezzogiorno) (p. 341-347)
The Mezzogiorno holds some national minorities (Albanians, Greeks, Serbs, Croats) and some ethnies without a State (Waldensian Occitans, Italic Gallics, Gypsies). The location categories are different according to the groups. Albanians, the most NUMBERus minority, are spread over all around the Mezzogiorno. Greeks are located in Aspromonte and Salento Peninsula. Waldesian Occitans are dwelling in Calabria, and Serbs-Croats in Molise while Italic Gallic settlements are remaining in Sicily. This paper summons the current attempts made in order to protect the cultural and linguistic heritage. (ITALY, ETHNIC MINORITIES, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, CULTURE, LANGUAGES)
95.01.24 - French - Jean-Baptiste Humeau, Département de Géographie, Université d'Angers, 35 rue de la Barre, 49000 Angers (France) The Gypsies in Europe, a geographical problematic (Les Tsiganes en Europe, problématique géographique) (p. 349-358)
Unlike most of ethnic minorities deeply rooted in historical territories, the perception of Gypsies in Europe is more difficult to grasp because of their movable territoriality. Nevertheless, this paper suggests a geographical expression facing the Gypsy question. This expression is recovering some aspects as family practices, economic niches, nomadism, spatial patterns and clanic organization. This study is asking itself about the Gypsies' connections with the town. (EUROPE, ETHNIC MINORITIES, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION)
95.01.25 - French - Kvèta Kalibova, Department of Geodemography, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague (Czech Republic) Gypsies in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic (Les Tsiganes en République Tchèque et en République Slovaque) (p. 359-362)
Differences between Gypsies and other inhabitants of Czekia and Slovakia are evident about the various parameters of demographic behavior. During the communist era (1947-1989), Gypsies were submitted to assimilation processes. Despite the return to pluralistic democracy, Gypsies are separated from other Czechs and Slovaks by a barrier of incomprehension and feer. The purpose to be reached is lying on mutual coexistence. (CZECHOSLOVAKIA, ETHNIC MINORITIES, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES, SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION, CULTURAL CONTACTS)
1995 - NUMBER 1
THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH IN QUESTION
95.01.26 - French - Henri PICHERAL, GEOS, Université Paul Valéry, Route de Mende, B.P. 5043, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1 (France) Place, space and health (Le lieu, l'espace et la santé) (p. 19-24)
The relation between place, space and health remains in ambiguity as a result of different disciplinary ideas. First because of a frequent mistake between geography and cartography and of a confuse definition of environment. Furthermore the evaluation of health levels is made generally from biomedical data and according to biostatistical methods. So place and space are understood as a mere support, a plane, homogeneous and undercharging surface without references to their organization and their use. And finally an artificial separation is preserved between the geography of diseases and the geography of health services. Consequently geographers have to remain geographers ! They have to integrate and incorporate health data in their own spatial analysis by different scales. (GEOGRAPHY, PUBLIC HEALTH)
95.01.27 - French - Gérard SALEM, GIP-ORSTOM, 17 rue Abbé de l'Epée, 34000 Montpellier (France)
Geography of health, health of geography (Géographie de la santé, santé de la géographie) (p. 25-30)
In France, Geography of Health remains an underdeveloped part of the discipline. Yet, health seems to be a major social, economical and political stake both in the developed and in the developing countries. The contribution of geographers to the understanding of sanitary conditions of societies is a sociopolitical view of the geography of diseases and of the geography of health care. This approach contributes to a non-biomedical definition of health cases and more generally of health systems. (GEOGRAPHY, PUBLIC HEALTH)
95.01.28 - French - Emmanuel VIGNERON, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, U.F.R. de Géographie, Bât. 2, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex (France)
The geography of health: A diary becoming clearer (La géographie de la santé : un agenda qui se précise) (p. 31-41)
Geography of health is frequently badly perceived both by the whole community of geographers and by epidemiologists. The recent development of Public Health gives to it an opportunity to assert its place as a geographical science. In order to succeed in this aim, Geography of health must clearly define its object in comparison with Epidemiology and consequently increase its geographical and scientific nature. (GEOGRAPHY, PUBLIC HEALTH, EPIDEMIOLOGY)
95.01.29 - French - Philippe BRILLET, Département de Géographie, Université d'Angers, 35 rue de la Barre, 49000 Angers (France) Some remarks about the links between geography of health and public health (Quelques libres propos sur les relations entre géographie de la santé et santé publique) (p. 43-47)
This paper trends to understand the lasting lack of cooperation between Medical Geography and Public Health in France. Three causes are discussed: the dominated position of each one in its own sphere, thus limiting potential recognition, the misunderstanding between the scientific pretensions of geography crossing a mere cartographic and ecological demand, and finally a symetric confusion between method and object when defining these specialities. (GEOGRAPHY, PUBLIC HEALTH)
95.01.30 - English - Sarah CURTIS, University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS (U.K.)
The geography of health: A British point of view (p. 49-58)
This paper reviews some of the recent research in geography of health and health care from a British perspective. The literature reviewed illustrates a shift of emphasis from medical geography, towards geography of health and health care. Much recent work stresses "new" public health strategies. Government policies for improvement to population health and reforms to the National Health Service have also been investigated. The paper also discusses developments in the methodologies and theories used to study the geography of health and health care. The methodological repertoire is expanding to include both qualitative and quantitative approaches. There is more emphasis on improving our theoretical understanding of associations between space, place and health. (UNITED KINGDOM, GEOGRAPHY, GOVERNMENT POLICY, METHODOLOGY)
95.01.31 - French - Jean-Pierre HERVOUET, Pascal HANDSCHUMACHER, Frédéric PARIS, Gérard SALEM, GIP-ORSTOM, 17 rue Abbé de l'Epée; 34000 Montpellier (France) From geography of great endemic diseases to geography of health and to geography: Twenty years of ORSTOM's research in Africa (De la géographie des grandes endémies à la géographie de la santé et à la santé tout court : vingt ans de travaux à l'ORSTOM en Afrique) (p. 59-65)
From the studies on the great endemic diseases to the analysis of the relationships between urbanization and health, research into geography of health has always been a main theme of the work run in Africa by the ORSTOM researchers. But, far from being an independent discipline, geography of health has always been asserting itself only as a way of doing geography: geography of great endemic diseases cannot be isolated from human occupation forms, as differential health conditions are linked to spatial segregation forms and to territorialization. In return, geographers' processes and methodologies are contributing to decisive progress in epidemiological study on health problems in the developing countries. (AFRICA, GEOGRAPHY, PUBLIC HEALTH, GOVERNMENT POLICY, METHODOLOGY)
95.01.32 - French - François TONNELLIER, Véronique LUCAS, CREDES, 1 rue Paul Cézanne, 75008 Paris (France) Economic index and health index (Evolution départementale de l'offre et des soins médicaux au niveau départemental) (p. 67-73)
This article concerns the evolution (1968-1990) of supply and health care in the French "départements". There is a great stability among geographical indicators: the hierarchy of "départements" has remained constant with regard to supply and consumption. This means that there are stable regional behaviours. A traditional contrast between the North and the South remains concerning consultations with specialists and physicians density. We can observe a geographical paradox: age does not explain the disparities in utilization between "départements". (FRANCE, MEDICAL CARE, ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)
95.01.33 - French - Trinidad LEPLUMEY, Xavier LE COUTOUR, Marie-Claire DAVY, Odile FERRAGU, Georges MULLER Prematurity in Lower Normandy: Geography serving health care planification (La prématurité en Basse-Normandie. La géographie au service de la planification sanitaire) (p. 75-80)
Fifteen years after the launching of the Perinatality Programme, the Regional Technical Committee for Births and the DRASS expressed the wish to acquire more thorough knowledge of perinatal conditions in Lower Normandy. Accordingly to this, between 1987 and 1989, they conducted an epidemiological survey to define the characteristics of local prematurity, including its geographical distribution and the facilities available for the care of premature children. The 2 462 preterm children were identified and the addresses of their place of birth recorded from delivery ward registers and also thanks to the cooperation of an original epidemiological network constituted by the midwives on duty at the 30 maternity centres in Lower Normandy. The mapping of premature births revealed clear contrasts between the geographical entities of Lower Normandy (i.e. the plains, and mixed wood and pastureland) and allowed identification of the areas at risk which could benefit from preventive measures. The geographical criterion of identification consisted in the first place of a marker designed to reveal various possibilities, and to help the planners and political leaders to make optimal use of the means available. Secondly, it allowed definition of the regional catchment areas for the recruitment of neonatal service staff, and provides support for the basic idea that cooperation, exchanges and the quality of neonatal transfers should provide care of the highest standard, by efficient organization of the available health facilities. This survey allowed the local health and political authorities: (1) to obtain an overall view of prematurity in Lower Normandy; and (2) to strengthen their preventive measures in certain geographical sectors. (FRANCE, REGIONS, PREMATURITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, HEALTH SERVICES)
95.01.34 - French - Alain VAGUET, F. RIHOUET and E. ELIOT, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, U.F.R. de Géographie, Bât. 2, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex (France)
The geography of health in Indian cities: A material for a cultural geography (La géographie de la santé dans les villes indiennes, matériau pour une géographie culturelle) (p. 81-90)
Contemporary India has to suffer communal riots in metropolitan towns. Also, Muslims in Hyderabad are virtually considered as responsible of the bad health conditions prevalent in the city that their supposed unsanitary walled wards are creating. Mapping of the major communicable diseases makes clear that the dangerous side of the city is not downtown but in the poor surroundings of the old city. Nevertheless, improvement can curb communicalism. For example, in Hyderabad, no modern medical facility is found in the part of the city where Muslims are living in. Considering now Hindu cast system, it is noteworthy that, to some extent, it guides medical offer. This is seen through two different urban scales. Health geographers must pay a great attention to cultural components if they want to add something original to the work of epidemiologists and health economists. (INDIA, RELIGIOUS MINORITIES, EPIDEMIOLOGY, CULTURE, DISCRIMINATION)
95.01.35 - French - Jean Luc RICHARD, Institut de Géographie, Faculté des Lettres, Université de Neuchâtel, Espace Louis-Agassiz 1, CH-2000 Neuchâtel (Switzerland) Profile of the users of the different modern health care services in the Central Benin (Profil des utilisateurs des différents services de santé modernes dans le Bénin rural) (p. 91-104)
According to which criteria do the Benineses choose among the rather diversified modern health care services now available? This hypothesis was checked by studying over a two-years-period the structure, by sex, age, type of disease and place of origin, of the users of all the modern health care services (public, private and church supported) from the Ouessè district (Central Benin). It was found out that, the weaker the perceived therapeutical efficiency, the more NUMBERus are the children and adult male users, the smaller the attraction area and the narrower the range of treated diseases with in parallel a strong increase in paludism cases. (BENIN, HEALTH SERVICES, CONSUMERS, EVALUATION)
95.01.36 - French - G. REMY, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 2 rue Charité, 13002 Marseille (France) Infections by the HIV in the African space. A geographical study (Les infections par le VIH dans l'espace africain. Une mise en question géographique) (p. 105-115)
An analysis and a "study" of the data known on the situation and the evolution of infections by HIV state that three epidemiological phenomena are simultaneously understood. Endemic forms of the HIV1 and of the HIV2 have been noticed since the beginning of the 80s on the Western side of Africa: prevalences discovered are rare, sometimes a bit more NUMBERus; they seem to be stable; they are undifferentiated in the regional space. Geographical and epidemiological proximities observed between one and the other endemy, several indications gathered from the recent past, collected knowledge on the natural history of both HIV and its relations with that of the SIV (the monkey's virus) put forward the hypothesis that the Atlantic side of the continent could be a more or less ancient area of both infections. The noticeable stability of both preceding epidemiological phenomena contrasts with the powerful dynamism of an epidemy of the infection by the HIV1 appeared at the latest at the end of the 70s. Based first in the Center East-Africa, it has quickly spread around its initial areas, moreover (it has spread) over Central Africa and over Southern Côte d'Ivoire. The epidemy is selective in the space. It develops in small cities, as well as in big cities, and also in rural sites, characterized by a great economic and human liveliness. The origin of this epidemy, its relations with the endemic form of the HIV1 observed, moreover are not clearly established. It could be distinguished by the nature of the concerned virus. (AFRICA, AIDS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, ENDEMIC DISEASES, EPIDEMY)
95.01.37 - French - Isabelle DE TURENNE, D.R.A.S.S. Rhône-Alpes, 107 rue Servient, 69418 Lyon Cedex 03 (France) A methodology for a new division of the "Rhône-Alpes" region's health map (Méthodologie pour le redécoupage de la carte sanitaire en Rhône-Alpes) (p. 117-125)
The hospitable law of July 1991 introduced in France a first step of health planning by the means of a sanitary map and a regional planning of health organization. In the administrative region, the map demarcates the sanitary sectors and determines the equipment indications according to the population data. The regional planning shores out, the equipments by the best way.This article presents the methodology worked out in the "Rhône-Alpes" region (an administrative region in the East of France) by the DRASS (Regional Office of Sanitary and Social Affairs), to divide the region in sanitary sectors reflecting the demographic distribution. This procedure is a practical example of an application of the geography of health. (FRANCE, HEALTH FACILITIES, REGIONAL PLANNING, GEOGRAPHY)
95.01.38 - French - Jeanne-Marie AMAT-ROZE, Marc SCHOENE, Jean BUISSON, Luc GINOT, Jacques GROSSARD, Université de Paris-Sorbonne, U.F.R. de Géographie, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris (France) A geographical study of health care resort systems at a local scale: The example of the Plaine Saint-Denis (Etude géographique des systèmes de recours aux soins à l'échelle locale. L'exemple de la Plaine Saint-Denis) (p. 127-129)
Connected to three communes (Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, Saint-Ouen) bording Paris at the north, the "Plaine Saint-Denis" is an area in complete restructuring. Aubervilliers and Saint-Denis health authories have wished to integrate the facts of health in the renovation program. The geographical study on the health care-resort systems gives a concrete expression to this will. Inventories and inquiries allow to estimate the medical area (on the "Plaine Saint-Denis" and its periphery), the health care area, but also the spatial organization of the "Plaine". (FRANCE, REGIONS, GEOGRAPHY, PUBLIC HEALTH)
95.01.39 - French - Sophie BOURGAREL Is space control a mean to improve health conditions? (Maîtriser l'espace pour pouvoir améliorer la santé ?) (p. 131-134)
In French Guyana, space occupation is deficient. As a result, nature is still highly present, making difficult accessibility, control of frontiers, and struggle against different vectors of diseases. That all influence on the sanitary situation. (GUYANA, PUBLIC HEALTH, GEOGRAPHY)
95.01.40 - French - Elisabeth DORIER-APPRILL For a geography of therapy pluralism in the great cities of tropical Africa (Pour une géographie du pluralisme thérapeutique dans les grandes villes d'Afrique noire) (p. 135-141)
Based on the concrete example of Brazzaville and on the first results of a workteam (ORSTOM-CNRS, "Citizens and Religion"), the author questions the very notion of "medical geography" about African towns, and suggests a more global approach considering the cultural heterogeneity of medical care in the African urban environment. (AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH, GEOGRAPHY)
95.01.41 - French - Carine FENECH How can we analyse the health care system statistics in the developing countries? (Comment analyser les statistiques du système de soins dans les Pays en voie de développement ?) (p. 143-147)
Access to and analysis of data available in health care systems in developing countries present many methodological problems in geography. This paper attempts to develop a critical method of the use of that kind of data. The method mainly consists in building, comparing and spatializing indicators, standardized or not. Two perspectives of the implications of this method are discussed: one in Public Health, the other in Epidemiology. It is illustrated through the case of malaria diagnosed in Togo in 1 to 4 year-old boys. (DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, TOGO, HEALTH SERVICES, GEOGRAPHY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, MALARIA)
1995 - NUMBER 2
THE FAR EAST POPULATIONS
95.01.42 - French - Philippe PELLETIER, Département de Géographie, Université Lumière Lyon II, 5 av. Mendès-France, C.P. 11, 69676 Bron Cedex (France)
Five geographical surveys of the Japanese demography (Cinq aperçus géographiques de la population japonaise) (p. 159-180)
Although the Japanese demography has aroused worrying or excessive comments among Western observers, its evolution is largely similar to those usually known in the World, as we can see through five cases. The demographic transition took place quite early, almost achieved during the 1920s, and the post-war baby boom did not challenge it. Although a stabilization was engaged during the 1970s, a rural depopulation started again during the 1980s towards the Megalopolis and especially the Great Tokyo. Today the ageing of the Japanese population is not a stricto sensu demographic problem but a social and geographical one. Because of a need of workforce in the Megalopolis and of the attraction of the Japan's eldorado myth in Asia, an immigration of Asians is growing in Japan. Despite stereotypes, the suicide rate in Japan is not too high, and it concerns first the deep rural areas. (JAPAN, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES)
95.01.43 - French - Nicole STOKMAN, CESTAN, CNRS-URA 915, Université de Nantes, Boîte Postale 1025,44036 Nantes Cedex 01 (France) The Taiwan population: Demographic aspects (La population taiwanaise : aspects démographiques) (p. 181-190)
While quite recently settled, the island of Taiwan is one of the most densely populated territories in the World. After its demographic growth has been controlled, the former Formose is nowadays a young country which secures very satisfactory health conditions to its inhabitants. The ageing process of the population is only beginning as the demographic transition is just achieving. The country has thus at its disposal significant labor force resources: the major asset to its development. (TAIWAN, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES)
95.01.44 - French - Patrice COSAERT, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Laboratoire de géographie humaine, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq Cedex (France) A new development in Taiwan: Full employment and immigration (Une nouvelle donne à Taiwan : plein emploi et immigration) (p. 191-202)
Because of the effects of dramatic changes in the economy combined with a demographic transition about to achieve, in Taiwan, the job market has began relevant changes, the effects of which, still widely unknown, start however to arouse problems in every fields. Full employment together with one of the World's lowest unemployment rates have confronted the Taiwanese economy with one of the worst lacks in available manpower, causing rocketing costs which threaten to slow down further expansion. Despite an apparent overpopulation of the island, the government is compelled to commit himself reluctantly in a strictly and controversial programme of selective resort to migrant workers. The economic pressure, however, is such important that illegal immigration - principally from the Chinese mainland - is booming, much to the government's annoyance. (TAIWAN, LABOUR SHORTAGE, IMMIGRATION POLICY)
95.01.45 - French - Jean-Pierre LARIVIERE, Université de Rennes 2, 6 avenue Gaston Berger, 35043 Rennes Cedex (France) North Korea socio-economic characteristics, demographic parallels with the South (Corée du Nord : particularisme socio-économique, parallélisme avec le Sud) (p. 203-207)
The two states of the Korean peninsula have similarities in their demographic evolution. The North, where the drop in fertility arrived later and was weaker, is, today, like the South, well advanced in the second phase of its demographic transition. Indeed, North Korea, with some characteristics linked to its political and economic organization, has experienced a profound social change. Its development into a largely city-and-industry-based society has prompted the demographic transformation. (KOREA DPR, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION)
95.01.46 - French - Michel CARTIER, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 22 avenue du Président Wilson, 75116 Paris (France) Population growth and distribution in China (Croissance démographique et répartition de la population chinoise) (p. 209-217)
In opposition with the majority of developing countries, China went through a steady population growth for several centuries, the country finally entering the phase of demographic transition less than fifty years ago. The author of this article attemps to show that the most obvious result of such an evolution has been the gradual filling up of the Chinese agricultural space by a dense peasant population, especially vulnerable to malthusian crises. Population growth was much higher in peripheral regions, whereas the transition towards an urbanized industrial society just started. (CHINA, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, POPULATION GROWTH, PEASANTRY, INDUSTRIALIZATION)
95.01.47 - French - Guillaume GIROIR, 9 rue Albert 1er, 45000 Orléans (France) Population, cultivated lands and development in China: The case of the Shandong Province (Population, superficie cultivée et développement en Chine : le cas du Shandong) (p. 219-230)
Through the case of the Shandona Province, this study aims at developing a critical analysis of some classic models concerning Chinese population geography. Some maps, based on the ratio rural densities/cultivated areas, show Shandong as being a significantly anomalous province, with respect to the usual contrast between overpopulated plains and unpeopled uplands, as P. Gourou has definited it. The notion of saturation of cultivated areas, as well as that of overpopulation, more generally, the neo-malthusian principle, are thrown back into question. Lastly, it appears that local development level is only slightly determined by demographic pression. (CHINA, REGIONS, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION PRESSURE)
95.01.48 - French - Claude AUBERT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Economie et Sociologie Rurales, 63-65 Boulevard de Brandebourg, 94205 Ivry-sur-Seine (France)
Rural outmigration, agricultural professional mobility in China, the great change? (Exode rural, exode agricole en Chine, la grande mutation ?) (p. 231-245)
Controls imposed on the population of China have long resulted in a delayed process of urbanization in the last decade, economic reforms have led to renewed rural migrations. First, professional mobility has been encouraged by the development of township and village enterprises. Seasonal migrations towards the cities are now taking momentum. Do they announce the major urban mutation implied by the economic development of China? (CHINA, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, SEASONAL MIGRATION)
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