Back to home page1993 - NUMBER 34-35
Special issue on the Expert Group Meetings convened as part of the substantive preparations for the International Conference on Population and Development.
1994 - NUMBER 36
94.74.01 - English - Georges P. TAPINOS, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)
International Migration and Development (p. 1-18)
The past decades have seen sharp fluctuations in migration flows and policies, accompanied by changes in the way the issues were approached. Following a review of those changes, this article assesses the effects of migration on development, emphasizing the shift from a national to an international perspective. The issue of migration, trade and international cooperation is considered next. The last section of the article is devoted to policy with reference to development cooperation as an alternative to migration. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION)
94.74.02 - English - Bela HOVY, Programme Coordination and Budget Section, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and Hania ZLOTNIK, Mortality and Migration Section, Population Division, United Nations Secretariat, New York, NY 10017 (U.S.A.)
Europe Without Internal Frontiers and International Migration (p. 19-42)
This paper documents the process by which the freedom of movement of workers has been established in the European Community and uses data on migrant flows and stocks to assess whether such freedom of movement has had a significant effect in increasing intra-Community migration. Although the evidence suggests that the presence of Community workers increased in newly admitted Community member States, such as the United Kingdom during the 1970s and, more recently, Greece, Portugal and Spain, the numbers involved are small in relative terms. In contrast, the enactment of freedom of movement provisions has not contributed to a noticeable increase in the outflow of workers from the poorer to the richer member States. It is still too early to assess the effects of the more general freedom of movement provisions stemming from the creation of a single market. The halting process by which a Europe without frontiers is being established is docomented in some detail. (WESTERN EUROPE, LABOUR MOBILITY, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION LEGISLATION)
94.74.03 - English - Michel GARENNE, Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.S.A.)
Do Women Forget Their Births? A Study of Maternity Histories in a Rural Area of Senegal (Niakhar) (p. 43-54)
5,068 maternity histories were recorded among women aged 15-89 years in a rural area of Senegal. The quality of the estimates of fertility, child mortality and perinatal mortality was analysed for consistency. There was no evidence of any major underreporting of births, deaths or still births according to age, even among the oldest women. Estimates were compared with comparable values derived from a longitudinal demographic surveillance system (DSS) in the same area. The age patterns of cumulated fertility and mortality derived from the maternity histories were consistent with those of the DSS. Differences in the levels of fertility and mortality with respect to the longitudinal records could be explained by small differences within the selected villages, by selection biases and by recent trends in demographic parameters. Values of perinatal mortality were also equivalent to those recorded by the DSS. Women did not seem to forget their births to an extent large enough to produce strong biases, even at older ages. However, an analysis of differences by field workers revealed that some 2% of the births and 4% of the deaths may have been omitted, which gives an idea of the potential accuracy of maternity histories for the estimation of fertility and mortality levels. (SENEGAL, DATA COLLECTION, PREGNANCY HISTORY, OMISSIONS, QUALITY OF DATA)
94.74.04 - English - Mary Beth WEINBERGER, Fertility and Family Planning Section, Population Division, United Nations Secretariat, New York, NY 10017 (U.S.A.)
Recent Trends in Contraceptive Use (p. 55-80)
Rising use of contaception is indisputably the main proximate determinant of the ongoing fertility decline in developing countries. Between 1960-1965 and 1985-1990, the United Nations estimates that the total fertility rate in less developed regions declined by 35%, from 6.1 births per woman to 3.9. During that period, as indicated by recent surveys, whose dates center on 1987/1988, contraceptive prevalence - the percentage currently using contraception among couples with the woman of child-bearing age - grew from a level that was probably under 10% before 1965 to 48%. Modern contraceptive methods - principally surgical sterilization, oral pills and intra-uterine devices (IUDs) - accounted for most of that increase. This article reviews trends in contraceptive prevalence and methods used in developing countries. It also briefly examines trends in contraceptive use for education and rural/urban subgroups of the population, drawing on information for 15 of the countries that participated in both the World Fertility Survey (WFS) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). In general, contraceptive prevalence has increased substantially within both rural and urban areas and among women with all levels of educational attainment. Rural/urban and education differentials in contraceptive prevalence narrowed in a few countries and widened in others, but on average the differentials did not change much over the roughly 10-year period between the surveys. The difference in use levels between highly educated women and those with no schooling averages nearly 30 percentage points. (DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, FERTILITY DECLINE)
94.74.05 - English - Teresa CASTRO MARTIN, Fertility and Family Planning Section, Population Division, United Nations Secretariat, New York, NY 10017 (U.S.A.), and Wamucii NJOGU, Independent consultant
A Decade of Change in Contraceptive Behaviour in Latin America: A Multivariate Decomposition Analysis (p. 81-109)
This study relies on World Fertility Survey (WFS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data to examine recent trends and determinants of contraceptive use in five Latin American countries: Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru. These countries experienced a substantial increase in contraceptive prevalence in the inter-survey period. Within countries, however, the increase was not equally shared by all social and demographic groups. The study found that relatively disadvantaged groups experienced greater gains in contraceptive use. Despite the prevailing tendency towards convergence, wide differentials in contraceptive behaviour among social sectors still persist. A decomposition analysis based on logistic regression revealed that certain shifts in the population composition - i.e., increased proportion of urban and better educated women and a growing proportion of mothers who want to discontinue child-bearing - contributed substantially to the aggregate increase in contraceptive prevalence in most countries. Structural changes, understood as changes in the relations between the explanatory variables and the likelihood of using contraception, were also found to play a significant role in contraceptive use trends, particularly in Colombia. (LATIN AMERICA, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS)
1994 - NUMBER 37-38
Special issue on the five regional population conferences and meetings convened as part of the substantive preparations for the International Conference on Population and Development.
Back to home page