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1992 - VOLUME XXX, NUMBER 3-4
Special Issue: Migration and Development
94.51.01 - English - Reginald APPLEYARD
International Migration and Development: An Unresolved Relationship
94.51.02 - English - Sharon STANTON RUSSELL
Migrant Remittances and Development
94.51.03 - English - Ikubolajeh Bernard LOGAN
The Brain Drain of Professional, Technical and Kindred Workers from Developing Countries: Some Lessons from the Africa-US Flow of Professionals, 1980-1989
94.51.04 - English - Norberto FERNANDEZ
Human Resources, Development and Migration of Professionals in Latin America
94.51.05 - English - Ludwig HÖFLER
Migration Programmes of Germany Aimed at the Training and Employment of Workers from Developing Countries or Countries of Central and Eastern Europe
94.51.06 - English - Augusto MARIATEGUI
Exchange of Know-How Among Developing Countries)
94.51.07 - English - José PIRES
Return and Reintegration of Qualified Nationals from Developing Countries Residing Abroad: The IOM Programme Experience
94.51.08 - English - Bimal GHOSH
Migration, Trade and International Economic Cooperation: Do the Inter-Linkages Work?
94.51.09 - English - Philip L. MARTIN
Foreign Direct Investment and Migration: The Case of Mexican Maquiladoras
94.51.10 - English - Bimal GHOSH
Migration-Development Linkages: Some Specific Issues and Practical Policy Measures
1993 - VOLUME XXXI, NUMBER 4
94.51.11 - English - Maria DIKAIOU and Grigoris KIOSSEOGLOU
Identified Problems and Coping Strategies: Gypsy Minority Versus Non-Minority Adolescents
Two groups of 13- to 15-year-old adolescents belonging to low-income families were interviewed, the first of Gypsy origin and the second of Greek origin. The interviews dealt with their perception of the issues with which they find themselves confronted in their day-to-day lives and with the means they use to cope with them. The study results show that Gypsy adolescents are not worried by community issues (identity, education), but rather with family problems and the difficulties created by poverty. The latter reach such a degree that they finish by becoming a criterium of identity differentiating the Gypsies from the rest of the population. Gypsies are more likely to choose either resignation, direct dialogue or confrontation as means of coping with their problems, while the non-Gypsies are more likely to make use of social assistance, pressure management or individual solutions. In their reactions, Gypsies tend to be more emotional than pragmatic. (GREECE, ADOLESCENTS, ETHNIC MINORITIES, POVERTY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY)
94.51.03 - English - Abraham DORON and Howard Jacob KARGAR
The Politics of Immigration Policy in Israel
Jewish immigration to Israel has always been an important goal of every Israeli government. The end of the 1980s saw a massive inflow of Jews of Russian origin. But the steps taken to absorb these immigrants, who were ill-adapted to their specific nature, floundered in the principles of the market economy and came up against the inefficiency of the bureaucracy. By relying on the principles of a market economy, the government ceded a large part of its responsibilities and partially abdicated from its traditional aim of supporting immigration. A large number of Russian immigrants therefore found themselves marginalised and having to rely on public assistance and this parciluar migratory flow declined spectacularly in the early 1990s. The authors study the complex political and economic processes which have shaped the immigration policy in Israel, its successes and its failures. They show particular interest in their major factors: the policy of direct absorption, the housing policy and the employment policy. (ISRAEL, USSR, IMMIGRATION POLICY)
94.51.03 - English - George A. CARMICHAEL
A History of Population Movement between New Zealand and Australia
There has only ever been minimal control over population movements between New Zealand and Australia. Consequently, taking account of the closeness of the two countries and the similarities between their cultures, these movements have reflected the relative economic conditions in one and the other country. Between 1966 and 1991, net migration of New Zealanders into Australia led to the New Zealander population increasing more than fivefold. The present article attempts to situate this invasion of Australia by New Zealanders within a historical perspective. In effect, Australia has not always come out on top of these population exchanges from a demographic point of view. The author recalls the history of migratory exchanges between the two countries since the middle of last century, with these movements growing significantly from 1960 onwards with air transport becoming more widespread. For the last thirty years, most of the immigrants, in both directions, have been New Zealanders. (NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA, HISTORY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
94.51.04 - English - A. HAFIED, A. GANY and S.S. HALLI
Land Development and Transmigrant Farmers in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia
Transmigration is a many-facetted economic and social programme implemented by Indonesia and based on the voluntary transfer of populations from the most densely populated regions of the "interior islands" to the less densely populated areas of the "exterior islands", in the aim of promoting the large-scale development of the latter. Initially based exclusively on the irrigation of these small farms, the programme was then diversified. In spite of success in real terms, the programme is still confronted with the problems of the resettled population being unable to adapt to their new environment and to upgrade the land in order to ensure their living. The authors analyse some of the reasons which could explain why progress is so slow, and emphasise the non-technical determinants such as farmers' participation, ethnic group, income distribution, migratory status and the way in which the cultivated land has been occupied. (INDONESIA, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, COLLECTIVE MIGRATION)
94.51.05 - English - Jaime LLAMBIAS-WOLFF
The Voluntary Repatriation Process of Chilean Exiles
The "coup d'état" of September 11th, 1973, forced thousands of Chileans to flee the country. According to the partial data available, 47% of them found refuge in other Latin American countries. From 1982 onwards, the military regime accepted that a limited number of those in exile could return to Chile. Generally speaking, those in exile find integration in their host countries a difficult process and have always longed to return to Chile. But those who did so have realised that re-adaptation is a highly complex process. This article relates a study dealing with 15,363 people registered with the National Returns Office in Chile up to May 1992. More than half of them were aged between 30 and 49 years. In spite of their occupational qualifications, only a third of them found a job during the time they were given re-integration assistance while 78% of them had health problems. Upon returning to the native country, someone who has been in exile is faced with almost as many difficulties, in different shapes and forms, as those encountered in the country of exile. (CHILE, EXILES, REPATRIATION)
94.51.06 - English - Julie BARBERO-BACONNIER
When Peace Breaks Out-Mozambican Refugees: A Study in Socio-Economic Reintegration
At the time of writing this article, Mozambique was the main source of refugees in Africa South of the Sahara and the third largest in the whole world. With the General Peace Agreement signed on October 4th, 1992, it is foreseen that, in the next ten years, some three million Mozambicans who were forced to leave their homes will be able to return. It is therefore essential that national rebuilding efforts should channel the country's resources towards the priority sectors which are production and development. Using a three-point action plan, the author explores lasting solutions which would make it possible to solve - or even foresee - any problems which could arise during the return process. She studies the means of promoting and facilitating the reintegration process, not only in the short term, but also in the perspective of the country's long-term development needs: relaunching agricultural activities, creating small and middle-sized family and artisanal enterprises, and reinsertion programmes based on occupational qualifications. (MOZAMBIQUE, REFUGEES, REPATRIATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)
94.51.07 - English - John O. OUCHO
Towards Migration Research Networking in Eastern-Southern African Subregions
The author of this article describes an attempt to systemise research on migration in Southern and Eastern Africa. This process was undertaken in November 1988 by a group of university luminaries of the two sub-regions during an IUSSP Conference in Dakar. The article describes the various stages in the establishment of this migration research network (MINESA). Following a conference on "Changing Migratory Flows in Southern and Eastern Africa", held in Nairobi in February 1990 and the forthcoming publication of the conference report, the last stage will see the setting up of MINESA as a network of research workers, planners and decision-makers. MINESA is likely to become an informally structured network, aided in specific research tasks - and others - by the Centre for African Labour and Migration Studies (CALMS). The present article is also an appeal to donor agencies in the hope that they will support this initiative which promises to make a significant contribution to our understanding of the migratory phenomenon in the framework of the development process of these two sub-regions. (SOUTHERN AFRICA, EASTERN AFRICA, MIGRATION, DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION)
1994 - VOLUME XXXII, NUMBER 1
94.51.08 - English - Nasra M. SHAH
Arab Labour Migration: A Review of Trends and Issues
The author presents a bird's-eye view of literature on recent labour migration in the Arab world, the migrants' characteristics and the economic and social issues related to this mobility. The data available are very sparse and the existing estimates often diverge greatly. Labour migration from the poorest countries towards the richest has become a major determinant of the economic development of host countries and an important source of currency for the countries of origin, but these economic effects are far from being homogeneous. The proportion of Arabs in the expatriate labour force of the countries in the Gulf Council of Cooperation has dropped from 69% in 1975 to 30% in 1985. The significant flows of manpower which were noted at the time of the Gulf War and the reconstruction of Kuwait are a sign of the continuing interdependence of the Arab labour exporting countries and the importers. (ARAB COUNTRIES, LABOUR MOBILITY, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS)
94.51.09 - English - Maria DIKAIOU
Present Realities and Future Prospects among Greek Returners
Three groups of households which have returned to Greece since respectively two, three and five years ago have been interviewed to discover to what extent they felt that their land of birth satisfied their requirements and their expectations and gave them the feeling that their longer-term wishes could also be satisfied. Examining the responses highlights that expectations with regard to employment and investment possibilities, financial status, education and employment for their children were dashed. But households gain satisfaction in the interpersonal and socio-cultural fields. The study also shows that, two or three years after returning, these people gain a different perception of their future. Their quality of life (interpersonal relationships, health and working conditions) overtake their occupational and financial ambitions. Return migrants to Greece have greater confidence in their own capacity to ensure their futures than do those who have never left their own country. The author studies these results from the points of view of socio-economic conditions, adjustment mechanisms and the absence of social aid services for migrants. (GREECE, RETURN MIGRATION, ADJUSTMENT)
94.51.10 - English - Yihua LIN-YUAN and Leszek A. KOSINSKI
The Model of Place Utility Revisited
The authors attempt to broaden the concept of place utility from two angles: firstly, by describing a method of rational evaluation of place utility and, secondly, by analysing the actual behaviour of individuals as rational decision-makers. Based on a survey carried out on a sample of Chinese immigrants in Edmonton (Alberta), it was noted that people only had a limited propensity to comprehend pertinent information for they only took into account some of the possible destinations and some of the information sources. They only use the available information in order to verify the information they already have or in order to lend justification to their subjective preference for a given place. Instead of submitting their choice to maximising place utility, they apply highly unrational decisional rules. (IMMIGRANTS, PLACE OF DESTINATION, THEORETICAL MODELS, BEHAVIOUR)
94.51.11 - English - Ahmet ICDUYGU
Facing Changes and Making Choices: Unintended Turkish Immigrant Settlement in Australia
Since the early 1960s, limited numbers of Turkish emigrants have settled in Australia. While the Australian Government considers them to be definitive immigrants, many others do not see things in the same light The author analyses why these Turkish migrants chose Australia for a temporary settlement, why they prolonged their stay and how their planned temporary stay and its development had an impact on the insertion of the immigrants and their families into the Australian social network. In 1967, an assisted migration agreement was reached between Australia and Turkey for a seven-year period. It was within this framework that most Turkish immigration took place: after 1974, it was mainly family members joining the immigrants. From originally considering themselves to be a temporary source of immigrant labour, the Turks slowly began to settle for good. Some of them never went back to Turkey while others did return, before coming back to Australia again. Turkish immigration has therefore become a more or less final thing, practically against the immigrants' own wishes. The temporary nature of Turks' migratory plans has had an impact on their insertion into Australian society which also displays the contrast between Turkish and Australian communities to which the immigrants have been confronted. (AUSTRALIA, TURKEY, IMMIGRANTS, DURATION OF RESIDENCE)
94.51.12 - English - Carol VLASSOFF and Shobha RAO
Reversing the Flow: Agricultural Development and Changing Migration Patterns in Rural Maharashtra
Rural Maharashtra has recently experienced rapid agricultural development and the authors describe, in this article, the impact of this economic change on the mobility of a village population. Survey data collected in 1975-1976, 1987 and 1992 permit an in-depth study of migratory movements, the migrants' characteristics and motivation, how they adapted and their links with their area of origin. Agricultural development - which transformed the rural context traditionally considered to be immutable - put an end to the rural exodus of the 1970s and reversed the trend: there has been return migration, the population staying at home in the village and even immigration from other, less rich rural areas. The local lahour market has, naturally, been transformed. It has also been noted that the emigrants leaving for Bombay belonged to families of middle-class landowners who were thereby assured of receiving funds during periods of little or no agricultural activity. It is basically family strategies which are responsible for the orientation of all of these migratory movements. At the two ends of the chain, the family and social networks play a dual role of relay and social control. The authors show how migratory movements occur around the various phases of local agricultural production and do, in fact, ensure that there is a demographic balance between town and country. (INDIA, LABOUR MOBILITY, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT)
94.51.13 - English - Andrew GONCZI and Paul HAGER
The Distinction between Skills Based and Qualifications Based Procedures for Recognizing Migrants' Professional Skills
Australia has recently been led to question the methods on which decisions are based about whether to allow white-collar workers and other skilled workers the right to work in their own professions when they have gained their qualifications abroad. The new norms establish a link between knowledge and its practical application. The authors compare the new system of evaluation with the old one and present case studies from the fields of medicine and accountancy. The specific implications of this reform for recognition of migrants' skills are studied and the authors suggest that explicit agreements between countries will eventually render these procedures useless. In the meantime, they emphasise the advantages of the new norms and present various ways of applying them. (AUSTRALIA, SELECTIVE IMMIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL, SKILLED WORKERS)
1994 - VOLUME XXXII, NUMBER 2
94.51.14 - English - Reginald APPLEYARD
IOM/UNFPA Project on Emigration Dynamics in Developing Countries
With financial assistance from UNFPA, IOM has launched a significant research project on the determinants and processes of current and foreseeable emigration from three regions in the Third World: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America/Caribbean. The projet considers the migration phenomenon within its historical dimension and from the perspective of economic and social development. The main objective of the proposed research is to supply the planners with a model of "dynamic comprehension", illustrating the reasons why various migration flows have occurred, as well as estimates of probable future movements both towards and from the countries in these three regions. The three following articles, which describe the preliminary stage of the project, update our knowledge on the dynamics of emigration in the three regions. International Migration will also report on the later stages of the project. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, RESEARCH PROJECTS)
94.51.15 - English - Aderanti ADEPOJU
Preliminary Analysis of Emigration Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa
The colonial influence created various forms or flows of migration within sub-Saharan Africa and towards the "traditional host countries", but the emigration possibilities have recently been significantly reduced. The emigration dynamics in the region must be examined within the current framework of economic crisis, ecological catastrophes and political events and ethnic tensions. The author has observed the conditions and circumstances surrounding emigration in what he calls the four "regimes": economic, demographic, political and cultural. It is now evident that migration in Africa is a process concerning not only individuals, but also households which thus seek either to survive, or to follow a mobility strategy. As political borders do not appear to be pertinent in African migration, the study will continue within the framework of three large sub-regions: West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa. (AFRICA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
94.51.16 - English - Nasra M. SHAH
An Overview of Present and Future Emigration Dynamics in South Asia
The author has suggested a model to the officers in charge of the IOM/UNFPA study project on the dynamics of emigration in developing countries, which attempts to pinpoint the phenomena which play a role both at macro-social and micro-social levels. This model has already proved to be a highly useful analytical tool in the field. In South Asia, the data permitting to cover the dynamics of migration leave much to be desired while, on the other hand, there is a large amount of information available on the migration of manpower which is the predominant type of international migration in this region. The author presents an inventory of data on flows, stocks and characteristics of migrants and an evaluation of information on the determinants (macro-social, community-based, individual- or family-based) behind emigration. In particular, he examines the positions and policies of three countries which actively encourage manpower emigration because of the expected advantages for their socio-economic situation. The policies in the host countries (in the Middle East and both East and South-East Asia) are also studied. (SOUTHERN ASIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MOBILITY, DATA EVALUATION, MIGRATION POLICY)
94.51.17 - English - Manuel Angel CASTILLO
A Preliminary Analysis of Emigration Determinants in Mexico, Central America, Northern South America and the Caribbean
In the frame of the first stage of the IOM/UNFPA study project on the dynamics of emigration in developing countries, the author presents a summary overview of the available bibliographical data and survey data on the determinants of emigration in Latin America, by evaluating their interest for the undertaking of this project. He emphasises the "colonial" nature of the economic and social relationships and the still-dominant tendency to produce primary goods for exportation. The 1980s were years of economic, social and political crisis, production decline and impoverishment. The conditions led to increased population mobility, in particular where the manpower migrating between regions was concerned. The lack of data and the high proportion of displaced persons are also a part of the migration dynamics in the region - a highly complex subject and improved knowledge of which will surely be gained through the current project, in spite of the difficulties encountered. (LATIN AMERICA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, RESEARCH PROJECTS)
94.51.18 - English - Stephen A. BUETOW
International Migration: Some Consequences for Urban Areas in Australia and New Zealand
Since the Second World War, immigrants arriving in Australia and New Zealand have shown a preference for living in urban areas. The author studies some of the effects this trend has had. Although the preferences of various ethnic immigrant groups are not always the same, their concentration in the townships has led to ethnic diversity being one of the most marked features of urban life, in Australia in particular. After the Second World War, the two countries had immigrants sent out in order to establish a productive urban industrial base which has ended up being demarcated according to ethnic groups. Overall, the recent impact of immigration on the urban labour markets has been low and probably beneficial. The ethnic residential mixture has been general and, while residential concentrations are also characteristic of immigrant groups, the American phenomenon of ghettos has not occurred. Generally speaking, non-English speaking immigrants who are at a disadvantage on the labour and housing markets and with regard to social services show a higher level of ethnic mobilisation and make a more marked political statement. (AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, IMMIGRANTS, ETHNIC GROUPS, URBAN ATTRACTION)
94.51.19 - English - June Marie NOGLE
The Systems Approach to International Migration: An Application of Network Analysis Methods
The systems approach applied to international migration is a conceptual framework making it possible to gain a better understanding of migratory flows. Up until now, systems studies have been restricted to case studies because not enough more formal models were available. This study makes it clear that a formal analysis of networks can provide a preliminary method of applying the systems model to international migration. Network analysis enables a study of the nature and formation over time of the inherent links in a system of international migration, as well as the influence of macro-determinants on migratory flows. The data relative to the international migration system in the European Union have been used in order to test the applicability of network analysis methods. Researchers have important work to do in discovering methods which will help to study simultaneously the macro-social and micro-social links which have an impact on international migratory movements. The greatest obstacle, however, is the insufficient quality and availability of data. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, METHODOLOGY)
94.51.20 - English - Cengiz AKTAR and Nedim OGELMAN
Recent Developments in East-West Migration: Turkey and the Petty Traders
Is Turkey, for long an emigration country, becoming in turn a country of immigration? Using very recent data, the authors highlight the radical changes observed in migratory movements in Turkey. Immigration in Turkey is the result of a multitude of petty traders (2 million as of 1992) who originate from both Eastern and Western neighbouring countries and who, generally speaking, remain on average for about three weeks, but return to Turkey several times each year. They are responsible for a significant amount of economic and commercial activity in both Turkey and their country of origin. This new form of migration is a result of two parallel phenomena which appeared in the late 1980s: strong growth in the Turkish economy and the opening of the borders in the ex-Communist countries where both consumerism and unemployment are developing. Within this context, Turkey has naturally become a regional pole of attraction. (EASTERN EUROPE, TURKEY, IMMIGRATION, TRADE)
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