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1992 - VOLUME 29, NUMBER 105

94.50.01 - Italian - Maurizio AMBROSINI

Immigrants on the Labour Market - The Case of Lombardy (Il lavoro degli immigrati. Analisi del caso lombardo)

A phenomenon which has been very seldom studied by Italian sociologists is analyzed in this article: the insertion of immigrants into the labour market. This issue is particularly significant in Lombardy. The author compares Milan - a metropolis where the tertiary sector is highly developed and employment is very diversified - with Brescia, where the immigrants tend to work mainly in industry. The two cases are proof of a process of "quiet integration", quite the opposite of the popular image of an invasion of poor and threatening immigrants. (ITALY, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, LABOUR MARKET, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION)

94.50.02 - English - Corrado BONIFAZI

Italian Attitudes and Opinions Towards Foreign Migrants and Migration Policies

The various DOXA and IRP (Population Research Institute) surveys on opinions and attitudes of Italians towards immigrants bring to light a noticeable change over the past few years (1987-1991), particularly since the adoption of Law no. 39 in 1990 and the flow of Albanian refugees towards Italian shores in 1991. Knowledge about the migratory phenomenon has increased while people know less about its volume or characteristics. Today, 75% of respondents feel that there are too many immigrants, 61% feel that there are more disadvantages to immigration than there are advantages, 63% do not see any value in it from the cultural exchange point of view while 75% feel that it should not be encouraged. While earlier samplings indicated that attitudes were, in the main, positive and tolerant, recent trends would appear to be the result of the messages borne by the media and certain political parties which have influenced public opinion in the direction of a strengthening of negative attitudes. (ITALY, IMMIGRATION, ATTITUDE, PUBLIC OPINION)

94.50.03 - English - Samuel L. BAILY

The Village Outward Approach to the Study of Social Netwoks: A Case Study of the Agnonesi Diaspora Abroad, 1885-1989

This study deals with the social history of the emigration of the inhabitants of Agnona (Isernia) who, for more than a century, have been leaving for various foreign destinations and, more specifically, following family migratory chains. Most of the Agnonian emigrants have settled in Buenos Aires and New York. There is a much stronger urban concentration and higher occupational qualifications amongst the Buenos Aires group. After comparing the two groups overall, the author descends to the family and individual levels and examines a family of emigrants who left Agnona for Pueblo (Colorado), its adaptation processes and the extending of its social network over three generations. (ITALY, EMIGRATION, FAMILY MIGRATION, HISTORY)

94.50.04 - Spanish - Dedier Norberto MARQUIEGUI

Spanish Migratory Chains Towards Argentina - From Soria to Lujan (Las cadenas migratorias espanolas a la Argentina. El caso de los Sorianos de Lujan)

The model of migratory chains is applied here to the study of emigration from Soria province in Spain towards the town of Lujan in Argentina. Chain migration explains not only the social and occupational integration of the Sorian migrants, but also the size of this emigration flow towards Lujan from one of the Spanish regions which has been the least affected by emigration. 90% of emigrants from Soria are of rural origin, but 80% of them settle in the town and begin working in small businesses. Almost half of the immigrants from Soria marry someone from the same province. The author emphasises the role of the leaders who organise the migration chains, mainly those who, since the early days, have come to constitute the elite of the Sorian community in Lujan. Clientelism has been strengthened, especially since the creation of the "Centro Soriano de Lujan" in 1916. (SPAIN, ARGENTINA, EMIGRATION, HISTORY)

94.50.05 - Italian - Dietrich VON DELHAES GUNTHER

The Migration of Germans from Eastern Europe towards the West following the Second World War (Le migrazioni tedesche Est-Ovest nel secondo dopo-guerra)

Amongst the various categories of migrants of German origin who left Eastern Europe for West Germany are those who were "expelled", or Germans from over the Oder-Neisse who were scattered into both areas of Germany and several other countries of Eastern Europe. In 1950, 8 million of them lived in West Germany and almost 4.1 million in East Germany. Between 1950 and 1989, more than 2 million Germans from various countries "returned" to West Germany, to which should be added the further 4.4 million who, from 1945 to 1989, passed from the East to the West, with or without permission. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, this flow increased, but since July 1st, 1990, the movements between the two sectors of Germany have no longer been recorded. This migration - which will continue, but to a lesser degree - has mainly concerned young, economically active people with a good level of qualifications. (EUROPE, GERMANY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, HISTORY)

94.50.06 - English - Stefano LUCONI

Anti-Italian Prejudice and Discrimination and the Persistence of Ethnic Voting Among Philadelphia's Italian-Americans: 1928-1953

The author highlights the persistence of ethnic voting amongst the Italian-American community of Philadelphia from the late 1920s to the early 1950s. During this time, ostracism, immigration laws, the suspicion of Mafia links and other anti-Italian prejudices influenced the electoral behaviour of Italian-Americans in Philadelphia. As could be observed in the 1943 and 1953 elections, the "Republican machine" knew how to exploit the theme of anti-Italian discrimination in order to win over the Italian-American voters. The late appearance of a vast middle class within this community explains in part why the Italian-Americans in Philadelphia were for so long touchy about ostracism and were pushed by "ethnic" motivations in the elections. But this defensive electoral attitude lost ground during the coming years. (UNITED STATES, ETHNIC GROUPS, DISCRIMINATION, POLITICS)

94.50.07 - Italian - Livio SANSONE

Migrations in a Peripheral Area: Three Caribbean Examples (La circolazione delle persone in un'area della periferia: tre casi nei Caraibi)

The author deals with the issue of migrations in a "peripheral" area: the Caribbean and, more specifically, Aruba (Dutch Antilles), Surinam and Saint Dominic/Haiti. During practically the whole of last century, internal movements within the area co-existed with emigration towards North America and the "mother countries" of Europe. Today, these three cases are proof of trends in current migration - legal or otherwise - in the area. On the one hand, a peripheral country which, for long, has exported manpower towards the industrialised North and suffers from unemployment, can still be an importer of cheap labour for specific sectors of its own economy. On the other hand, the determinants of migration are becoming more and more cultural and are linked with the "need" to acquire symbols of Western status. Adjusting local cultures to the overall context and the development of transnational communities, which link the social life of the country of origin very tightly to the social life of its emigrants, favours a mentality geared towards migration. (CARIBBEAN, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS)

1992 - VOLUME 29, NUMBER 106

94.50.08 - Italian - Giovanni RAFFAELE

Female Immigrants from the Third World in Italy (Le immigrate extracomunitarie in Italia)

The author studies the living and working conditions of immigrant women from Third World countries in Italy: their nationality, their social origins, their type of entry (work contract, migratory chain), their insertion in the labour market, official or clandestine, their distribution throughout the country, their relationships with their cultural communities and with the local population, their access to social assistance and medical care. Generally speaking, women from Asia and South America have a higher level of education while those from North Africa are very little educated. It would appear to be projects of an economic nature, rather than reasons of family reunion, that motivate these women to immigrate and their intention to return home in the mid-term. Recently launched public assistance schemes and benevolent aid organisations help them to overcome their social problems. (ITALY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, WOMEN'S STATUS)

94.50.09 - Italian - Franco PITTAU and Marco REGGIO

Albanian Refugees: A Two-step Immigration Process (Il caso Albania: immigrazione a due tempi)

The authors present a general overview of the reactions of Italian public opinion to the unease provoked by the unexpected waves of Albanian refugees arriving between February and August 1991. That period can be divided into two distinct phases with regard to timing of this phenomenon, its size and social reaction. The Italian public agencies were unprepared and proved to be incapable of facing up to this unforeseen problem, both in organising the immediate arrival services and in drawing up an overall policy. Italian public opinion veered rapidly from a welcoming attitude towards the first wave of Albanian arrivals in the spring to a general feeling of hostility towards the second wave, in August. (ITALY, ALBANIA, IMMIGRATION, REFUGEES, PUBLIC OPINION)

94.50.10 - English - Russell KING and Fiona McGRATH

Emigrants, Returnees and Non-Migrants: Achill Islanders at Home and Abroad (Emigrants, Returnees and Non-Migrants: Achill Islanders at Home and Abroad)

The authors make an in-depth parallel study of both the migrant and non-migrant populations of Achill Island (to the West of Ireland). The island has a long history of migration with its seasonal movements towards Scotland at harvest periods in the last century, final migration to North America and temporary migration or otherwise towards Great Britain. Over the past fifty years, the majority of these movements have been directed towards England and, in particular, London. Most of the emigrants from Achill work or have worked in the British building trade, either as unskilled workers or as skilled or semi-skilled workers (joiners, plumbers, etc.). The authors study the motives behind emigration and the return of migrants, as well as the reasons for which those who stay do not emigrate. The latter make up the majority of the local professional and commercial elite, have a high level of education and have very different social characteristics from the migrants. Most of the emigrants who come back to Achill have very little education and left their country when they were young, without hardly ever having worked before emigrating. They meet up with new problems upon returning, not least being the difficulty of finding work on Achill. (IRELAND, LABOUR MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, RETURN MIGRATION)

94.50.11 - English - Nicholas HARNEY

Buste, bomboniere and Banquet Halls: The Economy of Italian Canadian Weddings

Italian immigrants in Canada and their children participated to a large extent in the economic development of Ontario following the war. The author studies a specific aspect of the internal economy of Toronto's Italian community, derived from the economic success and the age pyramids of Italians in this region. The "sub-economy" of Italian marriages in Canada has created a niche for numerous commercial activities: banquet halls, the bomboniere trade, bilingual musicians and singers. It is in the interest of these businesses to preserve and encourage the tradition of social events which are specific to their own ethno-culture. The author uses the everyday event of marriage as a "cultural symbol" through which he observes the range of interests and businesses which benefit from the upkeep of this tradition. (CANADA, ITALY, WEDDING, ECONOMY, CULTURE)

94.50.12 - Italian - Matteo SANFILIPPO

Monsignor Gaetano Bedini and Emigration to the Americas (Monsignor Gaetano Bedini e l'emigrazione verso le Americhe)

Gaetano Bedini (1806-1864) was one of the first prelates from the Vatican to visit the Americas. He was Papal Nuncio in Brazil before travelling all over the United States and Canada between 1853 and 1854. The Vatican's secret archives are a witness to his realisation of the new problems which the Church was facing because of Catholics migrating. As a specialist on American matters, he had a great influence on Rome's positions with regard to religious aid to Catholic migrants. (HOLY SEE, HISTORY, MIGRANTS)

94.50.13 - Italian - Gianfausto ROSOLI

Religious Institutions and Contemporary Emigration (Istituti religiosi ed emigrazione in epoca contemporanea)

The author studies the actions of religious congregations of men and women which have been created since the middle of the last century in the aim of helping Catholic migrants, in particular Italians. These are both numerous and present in many American and European countries and have developed various activities in both the religious and social spheres. The author underlines the link between missionary expansion and ethnic solidarity in any aid to Italian migrants. Over time, the existence of these institutions has been an essential stimulus to the Church's action with regard to migrations. While today, social conditions have changed, the need for religious assistance is still there and these congregations still have a very important role to play for the benefit of communities of migrants of a new, more marginal, kind. (ITALY, RELIGIOUS GROUPS, MIGRANTS, SOCIAL ROLES)

94.50.14 - Italian - Massimo ANGELINI

Travelling Musicians in the 19th Century: The Example of Graveglia Valley (Suonatori ambulanti all'estero nel XIX secolo: considerazioni sul caso della val Graveglia)

In the 19th century, travelling musicians originally from the Graveglia Valley tended to head towards London in particular. The author describes their activities, characteristics, routes and the economic consequences of their migration. (ITALY, HISTORY, EMIGRATION)

1992 - VOLUME 29, NUMBER 107
"New Immigration in Mediterranean and Eastern Europe"

94.50.15 - Italian - Giuseppe GESANO

Demographic and Economic Aspects of the New Reality of Migration in Europe (Aspetti demografici ed economici delle nuove realtà migratorie in Europa)

The author sketches a typology of migratory phenomena which is exclusively based on demographic and macro-economic variables. He begins by examining the new (or apparently new) trends of migration in Europe and their differential and functional aspects in various regions. He studies the diversity and development of migratory motives, the advantages of immigration, the welcome to immigrants, the effects of migration on policies, migrant integration into the labour market and their social relationships. Any timing and functional variations in migrations are then located within the framework of the demographic development process. The author then compares trends in countries with a long tradition of migration to those of countries where the phenomenon is more recent. To conclude, he proposes three non-antithetic models for interpreting immigration flows in post-war Europe: models of "reciprocal functionality", "necessity" and "desire". (EUROPE, IMMIGRATION, ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHY, MODELS)

94.50.16 - Italian - Antonio PEROTTI

Intercultural Relationships and Integration in the Context of the Religious Pluralism of New European Society (Rapporti interculturali ed integrazione nella nuova società plurireligiosa in Europa)

Religious pluralism is at the very heart of the new cultural scene within Western European societies with the arrival, over the last twenty years, of some 8 million Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim and Sikh immigrants. European multi-culturalism has taken on a new shape. Islam, in particular, is faced in Europe with the over-riding principles of the separate nature of religion and the State, democracy and the respect of human rights. This new religious pluralism is leading European nations to review their standards and laws which were negotiated with the dominant Christian religion in order to satisfy the requirements of equality and respect for minority religions, as demanded by international agreements. The author mentions certain conditions which must be met before a pluralist society can move towards an interreligious one. (EUROPE, RELIGIOUS MINORITIES, IMMIGRANTS, CULTURAL CHANGE)

94.50.17 - Italian - Raimondo CAGIANO DE AZEVEDO

From Migration Policies to International Cooperation (Dalle politiche migratorie alla cooperazione internazionale)

From a numerical point of view, the number of migrants represents the equivalent of 1% of the world population. But the most highly developed part of the world is facing almost insurmountable difficulties with a much lower volume of migration (excluding movements for tourism, health, leisure, holidays, business or study purposes). The psychological and social aspects of this immigrant population are very little known and, in particular, its current and future mobility, even using the scientific, statistical, administrative or technological tools of the developed world. Cooperation in the field of migration is running up against the lack of basic elements for building bridges between the parts concerned, between human rights and needs and society's rights and needs, between the place where the decision to emigrate is taken and the destination which is the place where the effects of migration are felt. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION)

94.50.18 - Italian - Laura ZANFRINI

Immigrant Integration and Insertion in the Labour Market (Integrazione degli immigrati ed inserimento nel mercato del lavoro)

The author has studied the relationship between the economic insertion and social integration of immigrants by bringing to light the connections between these two factors, using ideal-typical models. After reviewing the main results of research carried out on immigration in Italy, she pays more particular attention to the situation in Lombardy which is characterised by the economic functionality of a foreign presence, which is neither recognised nor "desirable" from a social point of view. This situation is a replica of that in countries where immigration is long-standing, as a consequence of the same blind policy of closure to new flows. It opens the way to making the foreign presence go clandestine and to the immigrant population becoming insurmountably marginalised. (ITALY, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION)

94.50.19 - Italian - Claudio CALVARUSO

Social Requirements and Immigrant Integration (Bisogni sociali e partecipazione degli immigrati)

After a reminder of trends in research on migration in the 1970s, the author evaluates the distinction between "development migration" and "survival migration". The former which was characteristic of intra-European movement in the 1970s, has the migrants integrating into the strong sectors of the economy, adapting rapidly and knowing a certain degree of social mobility. The latter, which applies to immigrants from outwith the EEC, is set off by repulsion factors, rather than attraction factors, and is characterised by the insertion of immigrants into the fragile sectors of the economy, accompanied by clear marginalisation. The author lists the main results of various studies on immigrants from outwith the EEC in Italy: only a third of them make use of free medical aid, 80% have moved home at least once since arriving, nearly half of them live in a rented apartment and 16% live with other people in only one room. (ITALY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION)

94.50.20 - English - Lydio F. TOMASI and Mark J. MILLER

Migration as a Factor of Security and Cooperation in the European Region: There Are no Quick-Fixes nor Magic Silver Bullets

International migration would appear to be both an important determinant and a consequence of world-wide political disorder. If it is supposed that governments can have an impact on this phenomenon, this would be the most serious long-term challenge for national and European policies. Our current and future capacity to offer solutions depends on a multitude of variables: amongst others are official immigration, trade policies, private investment, humanitarian aid, bilateral cooperation, multilateral or regional agreements, the coordination of policies, the requirements of national security and dissuasive local measures. In the foreseeable future, international migration towards Western Europe will continue and whether these flows will contribute to international security and cooperation in Europe or not will depend on the talents of the political decision-makers. (EUROPE, IMMIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION)

94.50.21 - Italian - Umberto MELOTTI

Migration and Political Cultures (Immigrazione e culture politiche)

South-North international migration and, more recently, East-West migrations in Europe are a great challenge to the latter. And yet, the policies adopted by European governments in the face of this phenomenon are very different. The author examines the situation, highlighting the "society project" of the three main immigration countries in the European Community (Germany, France and the United Kingdom). He underlines the tight links between society project and political culture in each country and also demonstrates the insufficiency of their policies in the face of the significant transformations in the migratory process. (WESTERN EUROPE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES)

94.50.22 - French - Bichara KHADER

The Migratory Factor in the Europe-Maghreb Relationship (L'enjeu migratoire dans les rapports Europe-Maghreb)

In the first part of her article, the author studies migration from the North African countries to Europe. After rapidly retracing the beginnings of this phenomenon, she examines its transformation from a labour migration to a family migration and describes the impact of this trend on the sex ratio, age structure, habitat and occupational structure. The flow of North African manpower towards Europe has now practically stopped, but there is still some clandestine immigration. The author explains why it is so difficult to put a complete halt to any uncontrolled migration of this kind. (NORTH AFRICA, EUROPE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS, MIGRATION POLICY)

94.50.23 - Italian - Catherine WIHTOL DE WENDEN

Citizenship in Europe (La cittadinanza in Europa)

Citizenship is an important element in the integration or exclusion of immigrants in a political community. Within the context of unification in West Europe and the opening up of Eastern Europe, European citizenship is in crisis with regards to its contents, its legitimacy and its functions. In particular, immigration has contributed to the relationship between citizenship and nationality being questioned. European citizenship is still a problematic issue - it is a utopian idea contested by the resistance of nation-States and by the existence of a "two-speed" Europe. A new definition must be established which would take into account the issue of place of residence and of urban context in a European civilisation which has become transnational and urban. (EUROPE, NATIONALITY, IMMIGRATION)

94.50.24 - Italian - Maura DE BERNART

Migration, Culture and Human Rights: Preliminary Questions for a Social Citizenship (Migrazioni, culture, diritti umani: questioni preliminari ad una cittadinanza societaria)

The author is proposing a sociological definition of the terms migration, culture and human rights which would, as far as possible, take into account the reality covered by these terms and the relationships between words and things. She feels that such definitions could help to remove the difficulties and confront the paradoxes which arise from everywhere when migration, culture and human rights in the context of modern citizenship (that of the industrialized Western world) are the topic of conversation. The sociological works of M. Weber, T. Parsons, N. Luhmann and A. Ardigo are mentioned, as well as specific studies on migration. Based on P. Donati's relational reference framework, migrations are defined as the social relationships between migrants and non-migrants in time and space, at varying levels of complexity. The social specificity of cultures is also identified in relational terms and the author attempts to distinguish the autonomy and the social pertinence which each culture may present (or not) in its links with the other dimensions of a complex society (market, State, etc.). In order to achieve a new world citizenship, human rights must also be re-defined as being intrinsically relational, affecting human relationships and not only individuals. (NATIONALITY, MIGRATION, CULTURE, HUMAN RIGHTS, SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)

94.50.25 - Italian - Roberto MAGNI

ILO Agreements and EEC Directives with Regard to Migration (Convenzioni OIL e direttive CEE in materia di migrazioni)

Since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the right to emigrate has always been recognized. But, on the other hand, there is no "right" in the host countries to accept the migrants. The presence of foreign immigrants is considered by governments to be a legal and public order issue. The same thing happens in the European Community which refuses to consider migration as a social issue. The ILO, with its agreements and, in particular, Agreement 143, protects the rights of migrant workers, but this protection is no longer efficient today with the transformations which have taken place in the labour market and society in general. (WESTERN EUROPE, ILO, MIGRANT WORKERS, HUMAN RIGHTS)

94.50.26 - Italian - Kosta BARJABA, Zyhdi DERVISHI and Luigi PERRONE

Albanian Emigration: Spaces, Times, Causes (L'emigrazione albanese: spazi, tempi e cause)

Emigration has been an essential element of Albania's history. Since the 15th century, it has developed from one century to the next, scattering Albanians throughout Europe and the Americas. Like other migrant groups, the Albanian diaspora has created cultural, political and religious institutions linked to their mother country, sent money to their families and maintained close solidarity links with their country. The Communist regime in Albania (1944-1990) forbade and punished emigration in any shape or form. When it fell, emigration picked up again in a disorganised and uncontrolled fashion towards Italy. The Italian media can be held responsible for creating a myth which incited numerous Albanians to flee their country. But the media also pushed Italian public opinion to refuse the second wave of Albanian immigration in August 1991, after having accepted the first wave in March 1991. (ALBANIA, ITALY, EMIGRATION, HISTORY, PUBLIC OPINION, MEDIA)

94.50.27 - Italian - Gianmario MAFFIOLETTI and Enrico TODISCO

Immigrant Schooling and Intercultural Activities in Italy (Scolarizzazione degli immigrati e attività interculturali in Italia)

The Italian Minister for Education has carried out a survey of all foreign school children in the education system (compulsory education). Almost 27,000 were counted during the school year 1991-1992, or twice as many than two years before. Most of them come from Europe (27.8%); the most frequent non-Europeans are Africans. Dual nationality is a frequent occurrence. The authors present an analysis of the main characteristics of this population, distributed by education level, type of establishment, country of origin and means of integration into the education system. They deal briefly with the problem of intercultural education and, in particular, educational activities and teacher training envisaged from this perspective. (ITALY, FOREIGNERS, SCHOOL POPULATION)

1992 - VOLUME 29, NUMBER 108

Special issue: bibliography of the articles published in this periodical from 1986 to 1992, devoted to international migration (including the geographical, thematical and authors indexes).

1993 - VOLUME 30, NUMBER 109

94.50.28 - Italian - Joseph GENTILLI

Italians in Western Australia: An Isolated and Ageing Community (Gli Italiani nell'Australia occidentale: una comunità isolata in fase di invecchiamento)

A relatively large population of Italian immigrants has settled in Western Australia which is a vast and geographically isolated area. After a description of the 1890s gold rush and the ensuing agricultural development, the author analyses developments in the population's age structure, the extraordinarily rapid succession of arrivals and departures and the predominance of young males in the migratory flows. This community is compared with other immigrant groups in the 1986 census and the author makes a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between the education level and the level of income: illiteracy and the lack of education tend to become a handicap to the migrant throughout his/her life. The Italian migrant has an independent nature and, even in times of crisis, is generally better equipped than others to survive. Italian women are more likely to stay at home than most other women, but once they are freed of their domestic burdens, they show a much higher degree of independence. In Western Australia, there are many Italian associations, particularly of a regional, religious or sport-related nature. Italian immigrants have been successful in many fields, but this has been much more noticeable in the second generation, born in Australia of Italian parents. Mixed marriages (inevitable since many more Italian males than females immigrated) have brought a cultural enrichment to both parties, but lead to a simultaneous acceleration of the assimilation process. (AUSTRALIA, ITALY, IMMIGRANTS, ETHNIC GROUPS, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES)

94.50.29 - French - Caroline DOUKI

Tuscan Emigration Between 1860 and 1914: Rhythms and Flows (L'émigration toscane de 1860 à 1914 : rythmes et flux)

Between the 19th and 20th centuries, Tuscany - which has sometimes been personified as an area less prone to emigration than other Italian regions - has seen a progressive development of large-scale mobility. The present article demonstrates how the Tuscan Appenine region and its neighbours (particularly the Massa-Carrare and Lucques provinces) have been subjected to an early and long-lasting high emigration rate and examines the causes and ways that an Ancien régime-type of mobility (peddling, neighbouring agricultural migration) had moved, in this mountainous area, to a mass exodus by the late 19th century. At the same time, departures were increasing in the very heart of Tuscany. The study therefore attempts to distinguish between the demographic, sociological and occupational characteristics of these successive waves of emigration and examines the overall group of destinations which were, in turn, the predilection of Tuscans between the mid-19th century and the First World War. (ITALY, PROVINCES, EMIGRATION, HISTORY)

94.50.30 - English - Stefana LUCONI

Forging a Democratic Majority among the Italian-Americans in Pittsburgh

94.50.31 - Italian - Francesco LAZZARI

Old and New Waves of Migration - State Crisis and Citizens' Rights (Nuove e vecchie migrazioni tra crisi dello Stato e diritti partecipativi del cittadino)

The Italian legislative bodies' inability to protect and assist Italian emigrants in precarious circumstances, particularly in South America, is a reflection of past negligence and the fragile balance between the national State, international economy and cultural forces. Both the old and the new waves of migrants lead to an acceleration of the process of internationalization which results in continuous flows of goods, culture and people over the borders of nations. Furthermore, the national State and its institutions find themselves more and more often forced to sanction the fundamental rights of stateless persons. (ITALY, LEGISLATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)

94.50.32 - Italian - Nadia CUFFARO

International Migration, Agriculture and Development: Reflections on Some Case Studies (Migrazioni internazionali, agricoltura e sviluppo: riflessioni su alcuni casi di studio)

Rapid population growth and the practical lack of arable land have become a serious obstacle to any increase in the labour productivity of the agricultural sector of developing countries. In order to know the spatial distribution of immigrants and to count how many there are, a census of immigrant households was taken, using as base units not the individuals but communities. This original combination of the demographic and the sociological approach made it possible to gain a good understanding of the phenomenon and to draw a demographic, social and cultural profile of this population in a limited time span. By analysing the information obtained at a household level and the information collected in questionnaires from a sample of individuals, the author has also drawn up a framework for studying the internal cultural dynamics of groups and the degree of individuals' integration in the host country. (MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES, LABOUR MIGRATION, EMIGRATION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)

94.50.33 - Italian - Renato D'ARCA

Research on Immigration from Developing Countries in Apulia: Methodological Aspects and Results (L'immigrazione dai paesi in via di sviluppo in Puglia: aspetti metodologici e principali risultati)

An action-research was carried out aimed at providing informations and instruments to the decision makers for planning training programs for immigrants from developing countries. To map the territorial distribution of this immigration and to estimate its quantitative dimension, a census of migrants' households was undertaken, assuming, as census unit, not individuals, but migrant groupings. This innovative methodology, as it combines demographic and sociological approaches, has been responsible for a satisfactory level of knowledge and afforded the opportunity to draw its demographic, social and sociocultural profile in a limited time. The analysis of the informations gathered through the migrants' households, together with a questionnaire administered to a sample of individuals, has also yielded a framework of the inner cultural dynamics of the groups as well as of the degree of insertion in host country through the examination of migrants' evolving personal identity. (ITALY, PROVINCES, IMMIGRANTS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION)

1993 - VOLUME 30, NUMBER 110

94.50.34 - Italian - Carlo BORZAGA, Luciano COVI and Emanuela RENZETTI

Empirical Studies on the Non-European Origin of Immigrants in Trente Province (L'immigrazione extracomunitaria in provincia di Trento: risultati di indagini sul campo)

The authors present the results of three empirical research studies carried out in the province of Trente in order to improve knowledge on numbers and socio-anthropological characteristics of immigrants not of European origin, as well as their impact on the local economic structure. The interest of these results is not confined to the horizons of the province insofar as they enable a better understanding of reality and can be generalised to all non-European immigrant groups. The functional role of immigrants in economic growth, in particular in certain areas in the north and centre of the country, are brought to light and the authors conclude that it is both necessary and urgent to establish social intervention programmes which are capable of compensating for the disastrous psycho-physiological effects of the precarious and unhealthy living conditions of these immigrants. Which leads to the neccessity of seriously facing up to the issue of the availability of housing and health services and, simultaneously providing adequate information services. (ITALY, PROVINCES, IMMIGRATION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, SOCIAL POLICY)

94.50.35 - Italian - Odoardo BUSSINI

From Immigrant Culture to Importing Labour. The Insertion of Immigrants of Non-European Origin into the Umbrian Labour Market (Da immigrazione culturale a immigrazione di lavoro. L'inserimento degli extracomunitari nel mercato umbro)

The significant transformation which has recently affected the flow of migrants, their characteristics and their motivation have changed the face of immigrant communities in Italy. In the case of Umbria, for example, foreign immigrants have become diversified since 1990, not so much through their visible cultural characteristics as through their varying motivations underlying their occupational situation. After underlining the main characteristics of the foreign presence in Umbria, the author studies the means of economic integration of immigrants in the regional labour market. The results would appear to indicate that the occupational situation of immigrants has improved progressively, but without any correlative improvement in their level of social integration. (ITALY, PROVINCES, IMMIGRANTS, LABOUR MARKET)

94.50.36 - Italian - Ilaria LAZZERI

Non-European Immigrants in the European Community: The Legislative Framework (Gli extracomunitari nella Comunità Europea: quadro normativo attuale)

The trend towards a large-scale European single market has highlighted the urgency for the EC to address the issue of immigrants from outwith the EC. Whether from the point of view of labour migration or requests for political asylum, the discrepancies in laws throughout the various member countries are delaying the harmonisation of policies on migration and asylum. And yet, Community authorities have been insisting on the necessity of this since the 1970s, even if the Treaty of Rome does not grant them any specific competence in this field. It was the Maastricht Treaty which finally added immigration to the "matters of common interest" in intergovernmental cooperation, without excluding any initiatives on the part of the Council. Apart from the agreements signed by the member states with regard to asylum and control over external borders (Schengen Agreements and Dublin Convention), the Commission would like to see these two issues being treated in conjunction with each other: the respective rights of citizens of the EC countries and foreigners from outwith the EC and the inclusion of migration policies in the agreements between the European Community and third countries. (WESTERN EUROPE, IMMIGRATION POLICY, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)

94.50.37 - English - Rosario LAMPUGNANI

Multiculturalism, Ethnic Mobilisation, Ethnic Political Action and Integration

There are at least three theories to explain the relationship between multiculturalism and social integration in Australia. The first of these sees in multiculturalism a source of social conflict because it tends to favour cultural pluralism rather than immigrant integration. The second sees a democratic means of social integration which is capable of reducing the tensions exacerbated by the assimilation process. The third considers it to be a type of control exercised by one class or by the majority over ethnic minorities. One of the fundamental characteristics of the debate on multiculturalism in Australia is the lack of interest shown in the active role of immigrants in society as a whole. This is based on what it is thought immigrants wish, rather than on what they say they wish. Studying the social and political actions of ethnic groups is made difficult due to its complex and contradictory aspects. The mobilisation of ethnic minorities is both determined and limited by numerous factors. However, its success, even within a democratic society, relies on access to adequate means which, much more than the simple universal vote, imply participation in the political decision-making process around the regulation of socio-economic activities within a society. (AUSTRALIA, ETHNIC GROUPS, CULTURAL CONTACTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION)

94.50.38 - Spanish - Maristella SVAMPA

Immigration and Nationality in Argentina, 1880-1910 (Inmigracion y nacionalidad: el caso de la Argentina, 1880-1910)

The author highlights the various problems created by the arrival of immigrants and the modernisation process amongst the Creole elite and intellectuals in Argentina from 1880 to 1913. Around 1910, it was felt that the identity and national cohesion of Argentina were seriously threatened by various factors: the worrying presence of a large number of immigrants representing a strong socio-economic power, the upsurge of a "social issue" represented in a workers' movement of a revolutionary and cosmopolitan nature, the disillusion of Italian migrants of rural origin who had been reduced to simple labourers and, finally, the alterations in the language and the fragility of the social network. A rapid overview of the works of Ricardo Rojas, Manuel Galvez and Leopoldo Lugones enables the author to analyse the development of a process of symbolic construction of the Argentinian national identity. (ARGENTINA, HISTORY, IMMIGRATION, NATIONALISM, CULTURE)

94.50.39 - English - Giancarlo CHIRO and Jerzy J. SMOLICZ

Is Italian Language a Core Value of Italian Culture in Australia? A Study of Second Generation Italian-Australians

A questionnaire survey and a series of interviews reveal that second-generation Italians in Australia only speak Italian with their elders and thus, will no longer speak it one day. With regard to the other elements of Italian culture in Australia, it remains to be seen whether the generally positive attitudes of the persons interviewed will result in the culture of their parents being saved and transmitted to their own children. The authors describe certain determinants which are likely to favour either the survival or, on the contrary, the disappearance of a minority language within a multicultural society. This group of complex and interdependent determinants includes: the culture, history and current geopolitical conditions of the group; the existence of basic values which keep the tongue alive within the cultural system; the overlapping between minority and majority cultures; the social acceptation of the minority group by the majority group; the degree of ethnocentrism of the minority group; the linguistic policy of the country and the attitude of the majority towards the other languages. Of course, the way in which individuals manage to integrate these determinants into their own lives, through the development of their personal cultural system, is also highly important for the linguistic survival of the group. (AUSTRALIA, ITALY, MOTHER TONGUE, SECOND GENERATION MIGRANTS)

1993 - VOLUME 30, NUMBER 111

94.50.40 - Italian - Sandro SEGRE

Non-European Immigrants and Juvenile Delinquency in Italy: A Sociological Study (Immigrazione extracomunitaria e delinquenza giovanile: un'analisi sociologica)

The author begins by demonstrating the existence of a specific propensity towards delinquency amongst non-European immigrants in Italy and describes the social factors which could be at the root of it. He then develops an analytical framework which combines several criminological theories of various types (theories of relative frustration, social disorganisation, structural tension, lack of social control, deviant sub-culture and differential reunion) and uses it in order to explain the varying propensities towards criminality of certain ethnic groups such as Gypsies from ex-Yugoslavia, Iranians, Asians (Sri Lankans, Indians, Pakistanis), Latin Americans (Brazilians, Argentinians), Africans (Senegalese) and Arabs (Moroccans, Tunisians). (ITALY, IMMIGRANTS, ETHNIC GROUPS, DELIQUENCY)

94.50.41 - Italian - Moreno TOIGO

Emigration, Development and Dependency: The Tunisian Case (Emigrazione, sviluppo e dipendenza: il caso della Tunisia)

Tunisia serves as a case study in this analysis of migration from the poorer countries of the South towards the richer countries in the North. The first part of the article, which is mainly descriptive, presents a brief history of Tunisian migration and underlines the active role of governmental organisations in both promoting and controlling migratory flows. Migration is considered from the dual points of view of both a remedy to internal inequalities and a spur to development. Statistics on flows towards the most frequent destinations are published and the author makes assumptions on future trends. The second part of the article deals with the main effects of migration and attempts to compare the advantages and disadvantages of emigration for the country of origin. (TUNISIA, EMIGRATION, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE)

94.50.42 - Italian - Carlamaria DEL MIGLIO and Anna Francesca MARCHINI

Identity and Change Amongst Filipino Immigrant Women in Italy (Identità e cambiamento dell'immigrata filippina in Italia)

Immigrants find themselves confronted with various psychological problems which can take the shape of an identity crisis caused by uprooting and related to personality changes. The authors interviewed 80 female Filipino volunteers out of which 40 had been living in Italy for more than two years and 40, for less than two years. All of them were asked to fill in a questionnaire and to describe three concepts using twenty scales of bipolar adjectives which could help discover the identity of female Filipino immigrants in Italy. (ITALY, PHILIPPINES, WOMEN'S STATUS, IMMIGRANTS, PSYCHOLOGY)

94.50.43 - English - Nunzio PERNICONE

Luigi Galleani and Italian Anarchist Terrorism in the United States

94.50.44 - Italian - Paolo BORRUSO

Catholic Missions Next to the Italian Emigrants during the Second World War (1939-1940) (Le missioni cattoliche fra gli emigrati italiani in Francia durante la seconda guerra mondiale (1939-40)

1993 - VOLUME 30, NUMBER 112
Bibliography on migration of qualified manpower

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