Back to home page1992 - VOLUME 7, NUMBER 20-21
94.24.01 - Spanish - Alfredo L. FORT
Fertility and Reproductive Behavior in Peru: Andes Mountains and the Amazon Basin (Fecundidad y comportamiento reproductivo en la sierra y la selva del Peru) (p. 327-358)
The article attempts to discuss the historical and contemporary situations of populations residing in the two least studied areas of Peru: the Andes mountains and the Amazon basin. The study starts with a review of the 'demographic catastrophe' that the Spanish presence meant to the people of these areas. Hard labour and the spread of new diseases reduced the population sixfold in 30 years, and twenty three times in a century. The harmful effects of the 'rubber boom' and, more recently, of the 'oil boom' periods are also reviewed. At present, the Amazon area exhibits the highest fertility in the country (6 children per woman), followed closely by the Andes highlands (5.4), both in marked contrast to that of Lima, the capital city (2.5). The rest of the article breaks down this fertility into its three major determinants, marriage, breastfeeding and the use of contraception, following the Bongaarts model, and looks at their relative levels. Such examination reveals a relatively higher level of modern contraceptive use in the Amazon, which is counteracted by an earlier age of union and less breastfeeding than their counterparts in the Andes. These differences are explained in terms of the sociocultural context prevailing in each setting. Thus, whilst the more liberal attitudes towards sex and modern ideas among the Amazon riverine people are having a net increasing effect on fertility, in the Andes the traditionalist views of their people have kept fertility-inhibiting factors prevalent, such as a relatively later age at marriage and widespread breastfeeding. In the Andes, however, women tend more to use the less effective methods of contraception. Policy implications are derived from these findings and recommendations are put forward for appropriate MCH and family planning programmes in these settings. (PERU, FERTILITY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS)
94.24.02 - Spanish - Leticia Suarez Lopez
Labor Trajectories and Reproductive Behavior: A Comparison Mexico-Spain (Trayectorias laborales y reproductivas: una comparacion entre México y Espana) (p. 359-376)
This paper analyzes the relationship between the labor and reproductive behavior of different cohorts of women in three stages of the family life cycle in Mexico and Spain. The data bases used were the Encuesta Nacional sobre Fecundidad y Salud (1987) for Mexico and the Encuesta de Fecundidad (1985) for Spain. Eight different family and labor trajectories were constructed for women using the information related to their labor participation at three stages: before marriage, between marriage and the first child, and at the moment of the interview. The results revealed some common reproductive and labor behaviors between Mexican and Spanish women. Among the different cohorts, those of the Mexican and Spanish women aged 25-29 years at the moment of the interview showed the greatest compatibility between their labor participation and family development. (MEXICO, SPAIN, FERTILITY, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)
94.24.03 - Spanish - Fatima Juarez
Institutions, Interventions and the Reduction of Fertility and Infant Mortality (Intervencion de las instituciones en la reduccion de la fecundidad y la mortalidad infantil) (p. 377-406)
Throughout history, "institutions" have acted as mediators of social relationships. They have their specific characteristics, autonomous history and own evolution. From this theoretical framework, each of the institutions may be seen as the linkage of the individual behaviour and the macro sphere (social reproduction, ideology, infrastructure, etc.). Some of them, like the health and education institution, impinge more directly in the demographic dynamics of the family. Under this perspective, the present study examines the institutions and some specific interventions, in relation to the influence these may have on the individual's family reproduction strategies. Therefore, individual behaviour is considered as influenced and shaped by their social and economic environment. This document discusses the impact of the social institutions in the childbearing experience of the families and the reproduction of the society. Despite the difficulties of empirically demonstrating the association of the macro and micro spheres, the paper presents evidence of the relationship, introducing the case of Ecuador, based on broad indices of fertility and child mortality. Service availability data are utilized as a proxy for the potential impact of these institutions, along with micro-level information: about individual's childbearing experience and children's death. The analysis utilizes the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), individual and community questionnaire. Findings show that the "education" and "health" institutions play an influential role in the dynamics of the individual's demographic behaviour. Specific health interventions, like maternal child care and oral rehydration programs, are linked to the reductions in fertility and child mortality, respectively. (ECUADOR, FERTILITY DECLINE, MORTALITY DECLINE, INFANT MORTALITY, GOVERNMENT POLICY)
94.24.04 - Spanish - Eduardo E. ARRIAGA
A Comparative Analysis of the Mortality of the Americas (Comparacion de la mortalidad en las Américas) (p. 407-450)
The analysis concentrates on the mortality of the adult population at ages 15 to 74 in 8 countries of the American continent. With few exceptions, these countries are those with the best information and lowest mortality. Temporary life expectancies and years of life lost are the indices used in the analysis. Results are presented by age, sex and principal groups of causes of death. It is concluded that: a) mortality can significantly decline further in the Americas; b) there are noticeable mortality differentials by cause among the countries; c) all the countries still have excess mortality in certain age groups and causes of death, and hence, the mortality transition has not ended. In most of the countries there are a great number of deaths from certain causes that could be avoided, mainly among the young adult ages. (AMERICAS, MORTALITY DECLINE, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY, CAUSES OF DEATH)
94.24.05 - Spanish - Carolina MARTINEZ SALGADO
Sociodemographic Resources and Damage to the Health of Peasant Domestic Units in the State of Mexico (Recursos sociodemograficos y danos a la salud, en unidades domesticas campesinas del estado de México) (p. 451-464)
This paper discusses the most important results of a study carried out in two settlements located in the southern part of the State of Mexico. It proposes a look at sociodemographic elements from a dual perspective: as factors which lead to the deterioration of public health, and as resources utilized by the population to attain a higher standard of living and therefore, the possibility for reducing health problems. The prevalence of pathology is used as an indicator for the balance achieved by each household unit when individual and community resources come into play. This article deals with one of the social sectors most affected by the recent Mexican economic crisis - the agricultural sector, subjected to a long process of deterioration. (MEXICO, AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY)
94.24.06 - Spanish - Sonia Isabel CATASUS C.
Nuptiality during the 1980's in Cuba (La nupcialidad durante la década de los ochenta en Cuba) (p. 465-478)
This study presents an analysis of the demographic characteristics, levels and tendencies followed by Cuban nuptiality during the 1980's. The author uses the data provided by the 1987 "Encuesta Nacional de Fecundidad" (National Survey on Human Fertility) and data recorded in the last Cuban census, taken in 1981, to evaluate the changes experienced by women of fertile age of varying marital status - primarily those in legal marriage and consensual unions - highlighting the differences between the two. The study also takes into consideration peculiarities presented by women living in either of the two marital groups, analysing the two in terms of various socioeconomic attributes, such as: level of education, labor status, and occupational category. As a final point, the author analyzes the process of marital dissolution - whether legal or not - as it takes place within that sector of the female population. (CUBA, NUPTIALITY, END OF UNION)
94.24.07 - Spanish - Maria Elena BENITEZ PEREZ
The Cuban Family: Principal Sociodemographic Features which Characterize its Development and Dynamics (La familia cubana: principales rasgos sociodemograficos que han caracterizado su desarrollo y dinamica) (p. 479-492)
This study deals with the principal sociodemographic features which have characterized the development and dynamics of the Cuban family during the last decade. It also describes the way in which sociocultural changes taking place in Cuba have influenced the family. The article includes an analysis of average age at first marriage or union, types of marriage, changes in fertility rates (and how women contribute to these changes depending on their age), and the dissolution of the family unit. This study emphasizes growth rate patterns of individual units as well as of the population at large, and trends in the average number of individuals in the household, including differentials according to geographic areas. Taking into account the definition given to the term "head of household", the author presents the basic structure of the household according to sex, age, marital status, and kinship ties between family members and the head of household, focusing also on the relationship established between individual life cycles and the family unit. Finally, the study analyzes government policies, programs and projects that affect the Cuban family. (CUBA, FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY, FAMILY LIFE CYCLE, FAMILY COMPOSITION)
94.24.08 - Spanish - Rebeca WONG and Ruth E. LEVINE
Household Structure as a Response to Economic Adjustments: Evidence from the 1980's Urban Mexico (Estructura del hogar como respuesta a los ajustes economicos: evidencia del México urbano de los ochenta) (p. 493-510)
This paper presents the results of exploratory efforts to examine the determinants of the structure of households in urban areas of Mexico, focusing on those of women with young children. The paper outlines a basic conceptual framework to examine the determinants of household structures in developing countries; describes trends in household structure; and presents multivariate regression models of correlates of household structure using survey data. The results and implications for other demographic behaviors of interest, such as employment of women and child care are discussed, as well as brief considerations for further research. The empirical analysis uses two cross-sectional national surveys of Mexico, the "Encuesta Nacional Demografica" 1982 and the "Encuesta Nacional de Fecundidad y Salud" 1987, in an attempt to capture the changes in household formation patterns. These two surveys cover a period of economic deterioration for urban areas in Mexico. Findings suggest that, under deteriorating conditions of urban areas in Mexico, as were prevalent between 1982 and 1987, forming extended households was increasingly a strategy to support women's participation in paid employment, to provide care for young infants, to enable younger women to care for their child(ren), and as a strategy to support self-employment in the household. We also find that having better dwellings became more likely to be associated with household extension by 1987. (MEXICO, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION)
94.24.09 - Spanish - Maria Coleta OLIVEIRA
Women's Condition and Alternatives for Domestic Organization: The Case of Single Women of Sao Paulo (Condicion femenina y alternativas de organizacion domestica: las mujeres sin pareja en Sao Paulo) (p. 511-538)
The aim of this study is to explore some of the circumstances associated with the type of domestic arrangements of single women in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Unmarried, separated or divorced women, as well as widows, face the risk involved in building a domestic world without connubial bonds. Living without a partner is not the only relevant variable. Other important factors are the existence of children, parents, or other relatives, which influence the organization of day-to-day life. This study focuses upon two central elements. First, the woman's age, indicating the stage of her life. Second, marital-status differentiating women with previous experience in independent living, which possibly influences her household arrangements. The central question is to determine to what degree these two circumstances affect the way in which single women structure independent household arrangements. A woman's independence is also related to her capacity to build, on her own or with other people, an autonomous day-to-day life, to establish a domestic nucleus that is not based on traditional definitions of gender. In Sao Paulo and in Brazil in general, domestic arrangements organized around a conjugal nucleus predominate. Nevertheless, the recent appearance and increase of other types of arrangements reveal that the conjugal model is not a universally followed pattern. This suggests that there is a strong presence in our milieu of forces directed towards changes in man-woman relationships which are capable of altering expectations and creating new life styles. (BRAZIL, WOMEN'S STATUS, FAMILY LIFE)
94.24.10 - Spanish - Ivonne SZASZ P.
Women Migrant Workers in Santiago de Chile during the 1980's (Trabajadoras inmigrantes en Santiago de Chile en los anos ochenta) (p. 539-554)
Chile's early process of economic restructuring and trade liberalization allows us to analyze the effects that these processes have had on the labor force and migration patterns during a fifteen year period. One specific sector of the labor force - women migrant workers in Santiago - is particularly interesting to analyze given the disadvantageous conditions of the labor market prevalent during the 1960s. The first years of economic restructuring, which began in Chile during 1975, and the crisis initiated in 1982, provoked a severe increase in poverty and intensified social inequalities. During the last years of economic restructuring - from 1984 on - Chile underwent a period of economic growth and a decrease in unemployment, without, however, experiencing a significant change in the existing levels of poverty. As a result, social inequalities became even stronger. Proof of these disparities is found in the condition of women in the labor force, and is further intensified in the case of migrant women. Among the impacts brought about by economic restructuring most affecting the women who migrated to Santiago, we may highlight: the dramatic transformation in domestic service, the increase in the number of non-migrant, lower class women participating in the economy, and the limited and precarious status of women's employment in the more dynamic sectors of the economy. (CHILE, ECONOMIC POLICY, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, IMMIGRANT WORKERS)
94.24.11 - Spanish - Luis ARTURO VELAZQUEZ and Jesus ARROYO A.
The Transition of Migratory Patterns in Medium Sized Cities (La transicion de los patrones migratorios y las ciudades medias) (p. 555-574)
With this article, the authors attempt to present some empirical findings regarding a phenomenon which they chose to call the "transition in migratory patterns". The study is based on data found in various surveys which have the advantage of being easily compared. The general hypothesis states that: changes in migratory patterns are due to an interaction between those economic, political and social processes which affect the distribution of the population; and that this interaction is also highly influenced by macroeconomic politics - an arena where technology plays a dominant role. The volume of migrants counted in Guadalajara in 1986 represented 32.2% of the total population, whereas in 1972, it represented 42%. Information on place of origin also shows certain changes. In previous years, immigrants arrived mostly from the western part of the country and the great majority were originally from the state of Jalisco. However, other regions in the country are currently gaining ground, and it is interesting to note that a growing number of places of origin have strong urban characteristics. As a result, smaller towns in the state of Jalisco have increased their population by absorbing greater numbers of immigrants from nearby rural settlements. Conclusions of this study are: 1) during the last few decades, Guadalajara has become a center of attraction not only for immigrants, but also for capital; and the place of origin of its immigrants has changed; 2) western towns in the state of Jalisco, which can be considered "middle sized cities" have been absorbing the migratory flow of rural origin, identified as the "rural mass exodus" of that region. These towns have not grown sufficiently due to the fact that their natives have chosen to move to the greater national metropolises or have been attracted by other important cities. (MEXICO, MIDDLE-SIZED TOWNS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS)
94.24.12 - Spanish - Reina CORONA and Rodolfo LUQUE
Recent Changes in Migration Patterns in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (ZMCM) (Cambios recientes en los patrones migratorios a la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México) (p. 575-586)
This study analyzes the magnitude, evolution over time, and place of origin of migrants to the ZMCM during the 1970s and 80s. More specifically, the study attempts to test the following hypothesis: attraction of migrants to the ZMCM has diminished over time; by comparison, it has grown in medium-sized cities; thus, the ZMCM is emerging as an important origin of migrants toward other cities. The article also provides an analysis of the changes in the characteristics of the migrants such as gender, age, schooling, rural or urban origins, etc. (MEXICO, CAPITAL CITY, URBAN-URBAN MIGRATION)
94.24.13 - Spanish - José Marcos PINTO DA CUNHA
Characteristics of Intrametropolitan Mobility in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1970/1980 (Caracteristicas de la movilidad intrametropolitana en el estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil, 1970-1980) (p. 587-602)
In 1980, the metropolitan region known as "Grande Sao Paulo" consisted of 37 municipalities, containing 11% of the Brazilian population and 51% of the state's population. Its rapid growth during the last decades is closely linked to migration. This massive growth and demographic concentration brought about a change in the internal distribution of the population. In this context, intrametropolitan migratory patterns play an important role, because they delineate the transference of thousands of individuals from the center of town (the capital) out to its surrounding municipalities and to more distant settlements. Based on the 1980 census, the study attempts to provide a general overview of this type of migration, using information regarding previous place of residence - data included for the first time in a Brazilian census - which helps to establish the internal, intermunicipal, migratory flow. The article also presents certain aspects related to volume, direction and reasons for these movements as well as some of the characteristics of influencing factors. From the empirical analysis, the author suggests that at least two major sets of motivations (or constraints) contribute to a move from one municipality to another: those related to the use of urban land, in particular those related to housing availability; and those due to a reorganization in economic activity and, therefore, a reorganization of the labor force within the metropolitan area. (BRAZIL, METROPOLIS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RESETTLEMENT POLICY)
94.24.14 - Spanish - Raul HERNANDEZ C.
Aging in Cuba (El envejecimiento de la poblacion en Cuba) (p. 603-618)
This article presents a brief discussion of the primary aspects associated with aging of the Cuban population, from a demographic, socioeconomic and political perspective. The first issue discussed in the article is how international immigration has contributed to the aging process of the country's population, and the possible causes of this immigration. The author briefly analyzes the evolution of demographic transitions in Cuba. At the same time, he points out the efforts that the country is making to deal with an accelerated increase in the sixties-plus population and the solutions that have been found to meet the challenge, as well as methodological aspects related to the issue of aging. It is important to note that the elderly currently constitute 12% of the Cuban population. (CUBA, DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
1993 - VOLUME 8, NUMBER 22
94.24.15 - Spanish - Gustavo Garza and Juan Javier Pescador
Economic Concentration in Mexico City, 1876-1910 (La concentracion economica en la ciudad de México, 1876-1910) (p. 5-31)
94.24.16 - Spanish - Boris Graizbord and Alejandro Mina
Population-Territory: One Hundred Years of Evolution, 1895-1990 (Poblacion-territorio: cien anos de evolucion, 1895-1990) (p. 31-66)
In this article, the authors provide a definition of the spatial dimension implicit in the relationship between man and nature. Based on this definition, Graizbord and Mina describe population distribution trends from 1895 to 1990 as they relate to a division of political and administrative factors. The study provides an estimate of population dispersion throughout time by analysing the behavior of state populations with respect to the distance between state capitals and the Federal District. It also provides 100-year curves describing time variations of population dispersion and explaining the process of decentralization of displacement from the country's main population center to its peripheral areas. (MEXICO, HISTORY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, RESETTLEMENT POLICY)
94.24.17 - Spanish - Diane E. DAVIS
Urban Fiscal Crisis and Political Change in Mexico City (Crisis fiscal urbana y los cambios politicos en la ciudad de México: desde los origenes globales a los efectos locales) (p. 67-102)
94.24.18 - Spanish - Olivia SAMUEL
Comparative Sociodemographic Study of Nuptiality Patterns in Two States: Aguascalientes and Veracruz (Estudio sociodemografico comparativo de la nupcialidad en dos entidades federativas: Aguascalientes y Veracruz) (p. 103-120)
Nuptiality is studied in this article as a demographic and social phenomenon. The author analyzes the formation of couples, the social norms which determine marriage behavior patterns, and the interaction between marriage and reproductive behavior patterns. The study focuses on two states of the Republic: Aguascalientes and Veracruz, because they present markedly different patterns of nuptiality. The first part of the study includes a description of the characteristics and patterns of unions in the two regions based on data from the 1982 "Encuesta Nacional Demografica" (National Demographic Survey) and published studies on the subject. The second part presents a qualitative analysis based on semi-direct interviews conducted in 1988. The interviews are not statistically representative, but they do allow us to place the individual according to his/her actions and values as well as in relation to family and social surroundings. (MEXICO, REGIONS, NUPTIALITY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)
94.24.19 - Spanish - Jane R. Rubin-Kurtzman
Female Employment and Occupational Heterogeneity, Mexico City, 1970 (Heterogeneidad ocupacional del empleo femenino en la ciudad de México, 1970) (p. 121-156)
This paper investigates the characteristics of female workers and their households which determine their wage status, or distribution into salaried versus non-salaried categories. The article focuses on women in 1970, a time of relative economic growth in Mexico City. It forms part of a larger study which analyzes female employment during periods of prosperity and adversity in Mexico. The analysis uses logistic regression to test the argument that, in addition to factors of labor demand, for women the determinants of wage status also are governed by a number of individual and household constraints: age, education, marital status, migration status, family size, gender of the household head, household structure, the number of additional workers in the household, and the presence of young children, servants and elderly persons in the household. The results indicate that women with extensive domestic responsibilities are more likely to be non-salaried. Marital status, age, education, and two childcare proxies - domestic servants and elderly persons in the household - are the principal individual and household determinants of wage status. (MEXICO, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, WOMEN'S STATUS)
94.24.20 - Spanish - Eduardo JUAREZ
Interaction of Municipal Labor Markets in the State of Tabasco: An Approximation via the Use of Gravitational Models (Interaccion de mercados laborales municipales en el estado de Tabasco: una aproximacion a través del uso de modelos gravitorios) (p. 157-190)
It is important to undestand economic and demographic intrastate interactions in order to formulate state policy. The interaction of municipal labor markets can only be understood through research models that allow us to incorporate the market's potential as well as the limitations brought about by geographical location. This study is based on the hypothesis that, although the growth of labor markets depends upon the increase in demand for laborers, the short term increase of supply depends upon mobility - the possibility to commute from one place to another. Within this framework, alternatives for growth available to labor markets at the state level are distributed in descending order according to the size of the economically active population in the particular locality, the level of participation of the unemployed, and the distance between localities. Adopting the premise that demographic growth "follows" economic growth, we can assume that the possibility of growth in alternative labor markets - those not located in major towns - also represents the possibility of a concentration of economic activities in sites other than the principal towns in the state. This study analyses the seventeen "county" or municipio seats in the State of Tabasco. The author uses gravitational models in order to delineate the interaction between local labor markets. Out of the seventeen, the top five are the principal points of expulsion, and the remaining twelve are the main points of attraction. The data for this study come from the Eleventh (1990) General Population and Housing Census. (MEXICO, ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS, ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHY, LABOUR MARKET, MODELS)
94.24.21 - Spanish - Francisco ALBURQUERQUE and José Luis CURBELO
The Future Is no Bed of Roses: Peripheral European Regions Confronting Economic and Monetary Unification (El futuro no es un cambio de rosas: las regiones periféricas europeas ante la union economica y monetaria) (p. 191-212)
1993 - VOLUME 8, NUMBER 23
94.24.22 - Spanish - M. GARCIA, P. ARROYO, H. AVILA, E. CASANUEVA, N. CENTENO and T. TIBURCIO
Utilization of Perinatal Health Service as Affected by Type of Household (La utilizacion de un servicio de salud perinatal. Influencia del tipo de hogar) (p. 269-286)
This study examines the influence of family structure on the rate of acceptance of perinatal health services. Analysis is conducted at both the individual and household levels. The information used in the study is based on a questionnaire regarding family and household. The questionnaire was applied to a group of women of child-bearing age participating in a preventive program oriented toward the study of characteristics of the perinatal process. Women belonging to non-nuclear type households and in the initial phases of their reproductive cycles were more likely to accept the service offered. This result was equally true for this group in cases where the education or employment level of the head of household was relatively low. In cases where respondents were pregnant, differences reflected by type of household were minimized. The study's observations indicate that household structure is a selective element. The structure of non-nuclear households in the study area, particularly those of low socioeconomic standing, favors utilization of perinatal care with a preventive focus. (MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, CHILD CARE SERVICES)
94.24.23 - Spanish - Alfonso S. GONZALEZ CERVERA
Unwanted Pregnancy in Mexico (La fecundidad no deseada en México) (p. 287-306)
This article uses data from the National Health and Fertility Survey (ENFES) conducted in 1987 to explore the relationship between certain variables (education, urban/rural residence, place of primary socialization, type of employment of head of household and employment background of female respondents) and unwanted pregnancy. The results indicate that education is the variable most closely related to preference for pregnancy. In contrast to the assumption that development increases the rate of unwanted pregnancy, the study found that women with employment backgrounds, higher education levels and urban-area residence registered the lowest levels of unwanted pregnancy. Using education level as a control, the widest differentials were found in the combination of education and place of residence, and between and place of primary socialization. Variables related to employment showed and inconsistent relationship with rates of unwanted pregnancy. (MEXICO, UNWANTED PREGNANCY, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS)
94.24.24 - Spanish - José B. MORELOS
The Internal Consistency of Corrected Data of Labour Force in the Census: 1960-1980, and the Estimation of Labour Force Participation Rates by Age and Sex for 1980 (La consistencia interna de los datos corregidos de la poblacion activa censal: 1960-1980 y la estimacion de las tasas de participacion por edad y sexo para 1980) (p. 307-330)
Several studies have attempted to correct the total amount of labour force from different censuses, but there has been little emphasis placed on examination of the consistency of estimates and corrections made of labour force participation rates by age and sex. Results from a number of studies suggest that, beginning in 1960, the quality of census information on the condition of activity alternates between overestimation and underestimation. The labour force was significantly overestimated in the censuses of 1960 and 1980. These facts are used to estimate the direction and level of the trend in labour force participation rates by age and sex for 1980. The document concludes by discussing the results and providing examples to illustrate the significance of overestimation and underestimation of the labour force. (MEXICO, LABOUR FORCE, CENSUS DATA, QUALITY OF DATA)
94.24.25 - Spanish - André LEMELIN and Mario POLESE
The Location of Employment in the Underdeveloped Countries: Models of Urbanization and Comparative Analysis of the Mexican and Canadian Urban Systems (La localizacion del empleo en los paises en desarrollo. Modelos de urbanizacion y analisis comparativos de los sistemas urbanos canadienses y mexicanos) (p. 331-360)
Location theory, like any economic theory, should apply everywhere, irrespective of national or cultural distinctions. However, in light of the surge of mega-cities and exploding urban growth in developing nations, one may well ask whether the old theories still hold. Does economic activity now locate according to different rules in developing nations? In search of an answer, the authors first undertake an econometric analysis of the relationship between urbanization, urban size and development for 96 nations, followed by a comparative analysis of the location of employment, by economic sector, for Mexico and Canada. (MEXICO, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, MIGRATION POLICY)
94.24.26 - Spanish - Carlos FLORES A.
The Southern Border of Mexico and International Migration in the Scenery of NAFTA (La frontera sur y las migraciones internacionales ante la perspectiva del Tratado de Libre Comercio) (p. 361-376)
Constitution of a trade bloc between Mexico, the United States and Canada through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in this decade has called attention to reconsider the role of Mexico's southern border, Central American conflicts and migrations from that area. Relevant adjustments have been made to Mexico's policy in approaching problems regarding its southern neighbors. These changes respond largely to the perception held by larger economic blocs and migration generated by unequal development levels within these regions and countries. (MEXICO, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, MIGRATION POLICY)
94.24.27 - Spanish - Juan Jose MARTIN FRECHILLA
French Influence in Venezuelan Urban Development, 1936-1950 (Rotival and Lambert in a Tale of Contracts, Tricks and Diplomatic Maneuvers) (El urbanismo francés en Venezuela de 1936 a 1950 (Rotival y Lambert en una historia de gestiones diplomaticas, contratos y zancadillas)) (p. 377-414)
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