Back to home page1993 - VOLUME 29, NUMBER 1
93.70.25 - French - Jean-François WERNER
Urbanization and Delinquency. Drug Anthropological Studies in Senegal (Urbanisation et déviance. Etudes anthropologiques sur la drogue au Sénégal)
The illicit drugs market is rapidly increasing in Africa where drug abuse is a complex phenomenon which mainly concerns the urban youth. When taking into account the numerous motivations for this, it can be seen that various social groups are involved with the consumption and trade in different illicit drugs. Ethnographic investigations realized in Senegal have shown that social factors (mostly unemployment) are aggravated by political issues. In a sense drug abuse can be interpreted as a way of protesting the legitimacy of the State and of the Islamic Brotherhoods. An extention of the market in illicit drugs is expected in the following years due to the economic crisis and the lack of appropriate political answers. (SENEGAL, NARCOTICS, URBANIZATION)
93.70.26 - French - Alain SINOU
The Valorization of Architectural and Urban Heritage. The Example of the Town of Ouidah in Benin (La valorisation du patrimoine architectural et urbain. L'exemple de la ville de Ouidah au Bénin)
93.70.27 - French - Franck HAGENBUCHER-SACRIPANTI
The Function of Discourse in the Representation of the Other World (Fonctions du discours dans la représentation de l'au-delà. Réflexion générale et comparative)
93.70.28 - French - Franck HAGENBUCHER-SACRIPANTI
An Introduction to a Study of the Techniques of Discourse in a Therapeutic sect in the South of the Congo Republic (Introduction à l'étude des techniques de discours dans une secte thérapeutique du Congo méridional)
93.70.29 - French - Armelle FAURE
Niaogho versus Beghedo. A Land Management Conflict on the Eve of the Burkinabe Revolution (Niaogho versus Beghedo. Un conflit foncier à la veille de la révolution burkinabé)
93.70.30 - French - Yves GUILLERMOU
The Oases of Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt in Algeria (Survie et ordre social au Sahara. Les oasis du Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt en Algérie)
Original and skinful techniques of water collecting have allowed the inhabitants of the oases in the south-western Algerian Sahara to survive for thousands of years in an extremely arid land. Water control, being both an object of collective assent and an area of silent but harsh strife, is also the cornerstone of a complex, hierarchical and coercive social system that imposes various forms of surplus labour on a great many of the oases farmers. The concentration of the water supply resources and the control over long distance trade secure a privileged minority in their ruling position. Nevertheless this position is growing uncertain with the worsening living conditions of the majority of the population. (ALGERIA, WATER RESOURCES, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION)
93.70.31 - French - André FRANQUEVILLE
Overproduction and Milk Shortage in Bolivia. When Liberalization Disorganises National Production (Surproduction et pénurie de lait en Bolivie. Quand la libéralisation désorganise la production nationale)
Was it sufficient to boost the national production of milk in order to increase the consumption of this product increase and improve the nutritional status of the country? This seems to have been the idea of the food security policy underlying the efforts made for the development of milk products in Bolivia since the 1970. The results have not fulfilled the expectations of the organizers because other important factors were neglected or overlooked. These factors, the country's production potential, the real purchasing power and the alimentary habits of the consumers, were ignored hitherto when adjustement measures threatened the entire system. The example analysed shows not only the necessity of giving a global definition of the programme from the very beginning, but also the harmful effects of changes in economical policies, which generate contradictions and impeed expensive programmes. (BOLIVIA, FOOD PRODUCTION, ECONOMIC POLICY)
93.70.32 - French - Lourdes Gonçalve FURTADO
Social and Environmental Conflicts. The Fishermen of the Central Amazon River Region (Conflits sociaux et environnement. Les pêcheurs du moyen Amazone)
The author analyses the different social categories which intervene in the production and commercialization of the fishing resources of the central Amazon river region (the state of Para, Brazil). The different types of conflicts - latent or open - are exposed, between specialist or polyvalent fishermen, land owners, retail merchants and State organizations. The author shows that the split within the fishermen themselves, ignorance of their rights and the weight of the balance of power makes it difficult to find a solution in their conflict, a solution which could nevertheless be found with the setting up of "fishing reserves". (BRAZIL, FISHERMEN, SOCIAL CONFLICTS)
93.70.33 - French - Rémi CLIGNET
The Continuity and Discontinuity of the Bonds between Inheritance and Development (Continuités et discontinuités des liens entre héritage et développement)
The author uses data gathered from distinctly separate economic and cultural environments to suggest that social changes modify the average practices and attitudes as well as their distribution regarding the formation and the transfer of individual] estates. Development implies a greater diversity of sources of richness as well as of legitimacy. (SOCIAL CHANGE, INHERITANCE)
93.70.34 - French - Christian SANTOIR
From One Shore to Another. The Mauritanian Fulani Refugees in Senegal (The Dagana and Podor Regions) (D'une rive l'autre. Les Peul mauritaniens réfugiés au Sénégal (départements de Dagana et de Podor))
Since 1989 more than 30 000 Mauritanian refugees have been living on the Senegalese bank of the Senegal river in the districts of Dagana and Podor. Half of these refugees are the Fulani people. Representing nearly 14% of the total population on the right bank of the river, most of these people have been deported on a massive scale (75% of the population). Their precarious existence on the right bank, their movement from one side of the river to the other have made the Fulani the first victims in the Mauritanian-Senegalese conflict. They constitute an extreme case in the acute frontier problems which arise within the larger plan of the improvement of the banks of the Senegal river. (SENEGAL, MAURITANIA, REFUGEES, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)
1993 - VOLUME 29, NUMBER 4
93.70.35 - French - Jean SCHMITZ
Anthropology of the Land and Hydropolitical conflicts of the Senegal River, 1975-1991 (Anthropologie des conflits fonciers et hydropolitique du fleuve Sénégal (1975-1991))
The serious conflict that occurred between Senegal and Mauritania in 1989 has been attributed in part to conflicting land interests arising from the extensive irrigation of the Senegal valley introduced since 1975. These conflicts are an expression of a society that obeys certain functional rules where divers statutory groups coexist. But, as the frontier is situated in the middle of the river, the Haalpuaar'en and the Peul were fixed in the contradictory logic of the two States which resulted in violent ethnicisation of this "water war" (white/black oppositions and the expulsion of a large number of black Mauritanians. (SENEGAL, MAURITANIA, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, CONFLICTS)
93.70.36 - French - Christine DENOT
Got Is Great, I Cope Alone. The Case of Inox, the Child of Steel ("Dieu est grand, je me débrouille tout seul" ou le cas d'Inox, l'enfant d'acier)
(COTE D'IVOIRE, CHILD LABOUR, SOCIOLOGY)
93.70.37 - French - Charles-Edouard DE SUREMAIN
Hacienda System and Community Space. The Dualism, Organization and Representations of Labour in a Laarge Hacienda on the Equatorial Coast (Système d'hacienda et espace communautaire : dualisme, organisation et représentations du travail dans une grande hacienda de la côte équatorienne)
The recent colonization of the Ecuador coast caused the creation of large haciendas which maintain within their structure a large population originating from different regions of the country. Even though the hacendado controls the organization of the work and the life of the migrants - who became salaried agricultural workers - the latter, however, have succeeded in reconstructing kinship ties and re-creating effective communities. We shall see, from a specific example, to what extent dualism, as a principle of social organization in effect in particular in the Indian highlands communities of the country, serves as a basis for the functionning of the hacienda and as cement between those individuals who live within. (ECUADOR, AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES, MIGRANT WORKERS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION)
93.70.38 - French - Bernard CHARLERY DE LA MASSELIERE
Organization, Dynamics and Crisis in the Rwanda Agrarian System (Du "versant-terroir" aux territoires fragmentés: organisation, dynamique et crise de l'espace agraire au Rwanda)
The generalization of high population densities in Rwanda could suggest that the saturated land space would be subject to intense but equally distributed utilization. A detailed cartographic analysis of the agrarian system in the northwest of the country by the author revealed, by contrast, that it is the inequalities in the distribution of habitable land and the use made of the land that determine the dynamics of field plots and agricultural production. This approach raises questions about the interpretation made of the division of agricultural land, which is an expression of both the diversification and the coherence of production systems and indicative of the disequilibrium introduced by high population pressures. (RWANDA, AGRARIAN STRUCTURE, POPULATION PRESSURE)
93.70.39 - French - Hillel RAPOPORT
Food Supply to the City of Kinshasa, Zaire: How People Cope with the Crisis (L'approvisionnement vivrier de Kinshasa (Zaïre) : stratégies d'adaptation à la crise du système alimentaire)
Over the last few years, Zaire's agricultural situation has been dramatically damaged. The demographic pressure emphasises the limits of the traditional production system; and in addition, the transportation network has, at the same time, deteriorated drastically. The supply of food to the cities, and especially to the capital, Kinshasa, is therefore increasingly difficult. However, fatalism is not the dominant behaviour among the population: new methods of production and marketing have been developed in Kinshasa and in its western province (Bas-Zaire), mostly on a community (rather than tribal) basis. (ZAIRE, FOOD SHORTAGE, POPULATION PRESSURE, ECONOMY)
93.70.40 - French - Patrick PILLON
Developments in Melanesian Cattle-raising Practices and Social Recompositions in New Caledonia (Groupements d'élevage mélanésiens et recompositions sociales en Nouvelle-Calédonie)
93.70.41 - French - Marie-odile GERAUD
Hmong Identity and its Expression in French Guyana (La production du discours identitaire chez les Hmong de Guyane française)
93.70.42 - French - Yoko HAYAMI
To Be Karen and To Be Cool: Community, Morality and Identity among Sgaw Karen in Northern Thailand (Etre Karen et être "cool": communauté, moralité et identité parmi les Sgaw Karen en Thaïlande du Nord)
93.70.43 - French - Sophie BLANCHY, Mwanaesha CHEIKH, MOUSSA SAID, Masséande ALLAOUI and MOUSSA ISSIHAKA
Traditional Therapies in the Comoras Islands (Thérapies traditionnelles aux Comores)
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