Back to home page1993 - VOLUME XXXI, NUMBER 1
93.51.01 - English - Thomas STRAUBHAAR
Migration Pressure (p. 5-42)
As a result of political decisions, migration pressure appears when immigration countries impose restrictions on admitting foreigners. It is the gap between the migration potential and actual immigration. The author studies various policies aimed at reducing migration pressure. Slowing down population growth contributes to reducing the number of people who would like to emigrate. But in order to reduce peoples' propensity to emigrate, the gaps between countries of origin and host countries must be reduced, particularly with regard to community facilities. The best long-term policy for reducing migration pressure is through the stabilisation of the political regimes in the emigration countries, support of their democratisation process, defense of civil rights and the struggle against corruption. A specific migration policy is therefore superfluous. The author would see a coordinated international strategy in the shape of a world-wide agreement on migration, which would allow to maximise the beneficial effects of labour mobility while reducing its negative effects. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS)
93.51.02 - English - Peter V. SCHAEFFER
A Definition of Migration Pressure Based on Demand Theory (p. 43-72)
The concept of migration pressure is an expression of the anxiety caused by controls on the flow of migrants. The author examines the contents of various definitions which have been given by making a distinction between emigration pressure and immigration pressure. Emigration pressure in a country can be defined as the demand by that country's residents in terms of emigration possibilities. Immigration pressure in a country is the demand by residents of other countries who wish to immigrate. The pressure which any given country can support depends on its general status, ranging from its economic status to its "political mood". The words "migration pressure" therefore always contain a certain degree of subjectivity. The author also studies the effect of various determinants of migration demand on migration pressure. (INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, THEORY)
93.51.03 - English - Saskia SASSEN
Economic Internationalization: The New Migration in Japan and the United States (p. 73-102)
The main argument in this article is that international migration is an integral part of much wider-ranging social, economic and political processes. The author attempts to discover whether the concrete processes through which economic internationalization links the main immigration countries to the emigration countries are a manifestation of this internationalization. It is in this perspective that she compares Japan and the United States, underlining their economic similarities against a background of radically different cultures. With regard to immigration flows, the two countries resemble each other insofar as they are both global powers with a strong economic presence in transnational zones of influence. But there are significant differences, partly because each country is at a different stage of its migration history: the globalisation of dominant economies and the segmentation of labour markets are simultaneously responsible for both the first wave of immigration to Japan and the last in the United States. The author makes a closer study of the place of this "new immigration" in the globalisation process of Japan's economy. (JAPAN, UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER)
93.51.04 - English - Premachandra ATHUKORALA
Improving the Contribution of Migrant Remittances to Development: The Experience of Asian Labour-exporting Countries (p. 103-124)
This article is a study, in the case of Asian labour-exporting countries, of the government policies aimed at strengthening the contribution of migrant funds towards development. He compares the various initiatives undertaken to attract funds in the official banking sector and to influence decisions on expenditure within migrant households towards the direction of national development priorities. It would appear that missing migrant remittances can be explained by certain deficiencies in the macro-economic policies of the migrants' countries of origin. Such measures for channeling transfers cannot obviously take the place of a macro-economic policy. On the other hand, migrant remittances could only be made compulsory if migration were to be controlled. The use of migrant remittances by return migrants or by their families is mainly determined by their socio-economic origins and by the incitement measures brought into play. In actual fact, the administrative departments which are in charge of labour with regard to migrant remittances through migrant-specific investment plans have very limited room for manoeuvre. (ASIA, MIGRANT WORKERS, REMITTANCES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY)
93.51.05 - English - Ian SECCOMBE, James BUCHAN and Jane BALL
Nurse Mobility in Europe: Implications for the United Kingdom (p. 125-148)
Since 1979, nurses are free to work throughout the European Community. Ageing of the population and the labour force, along with increased rates of female economic activity are factors which are likely to intensify nurses' mobility. British statistics show a slight tendency for the number of nurses trained abroad and who are authorised to work in the United Kingdom each year to increase. On the other hand, the number of certificates delivered by the UKCC to UK nurses wishing to work abroad has increased considerably. The latter head in greater numbers to Australia and Canada than to Europe, mainly for linguistic reasons. In actual fact, the United Kingdom is increasingly becoming a net exporter of qualified nursing staff. Countries of origin and destination for the nurses who arrive in the UK or who leave lie, in the main, outside the European Community. The authors would like to see studies which would permit to examine and to forecast mobility within this category of worker. (UNITED KINGDOM, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, NURSES)
93.51.06 - English - Jim MACLAUGHLIN
Ireland: An "Emigrant Nursery" in the World Economy (p. 149-170)
This article, which deals with both the historical and contemporary aspects of Irish emigration, shows that the determinants and consequences of emigration vary with social class, ethnic group and regional context. Emigration has resulted in a complete redefinition of the rural population map in Ireland. The rural communities in the West have been reduced to a state of "emigrant nurseries". Emigration is as much the cause of rural peripherisation as its consequence. The author believes that recent emigration is not so much a voluntary act on the part of individuals as the response of a social class to the structural changes in the Irish economy, including the links between Irish and foreign labour markets. Regional differences remain. Most young Irish still go to England to take up jobs traditionally reserved for Irish immigrants. The "emigrant aristocracy" is not yet sufficiently important to suggest that there has been any "modernization" of Irish emigration. (IRELAND, EMIGRATION, DIFFERENTIAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS)
93.51.07 - English - Lloyd L. WONG
Immigration as Capital Accumulation: The Impact of Business Immigration to Canada (p. 171-190)
In a global integrated economy, international migration flows and capital flows are closely related. Capital flows suppose the migration of those who own these capitals or are responsible for their investment. States which practise a CLM policy (Capital Linked Migration), such as Canada, compete to welcome immigrants with considerable amounts of capital. The author examines Canada's Commercial Immigration Programme (CIP) as a State initiative in favour of capital accumulation by means of immigration. Launched in the late 1970s, this programme became an integral part of the Canadian immigration policy. From 1980 to 1990, capital accumulation through immigration increased. The CIP is putting ever greater emphasis on capital accumulation as witnessed by the rapid growth in the proportion of "investor" immigrants compared to "entrepreneurs" or "independents". The effects of the CLM policy in Canada are studied in terms of classes, class relationships and cultural transformation, in particular in the large metropolitan centres. (CANADA, SELECTIVE IMMIGRATION, CAPITAL FORMATION, CAPITAL MOVEMENTS, IMMIGRATION POLICY)
1993- VOLUME XXXI, NUMBER 2-3
Special Issue: "Japan and International Migration"
93.51.08 - English - James N. PURCELL, Jr.
Japan and International Migration: Challenges and Opportunities
93.51.09 - English - Reginald APPLEYARD
International Migration in East Asia: Situation and Issues
93.51.10 - English - Saburo KAWAI
Japan and International Migration: Situation and Issues
93.51.11 - English - Che VICCARS
Temporary Employment in Australia
93.51.12 - English - Pang ENG FONG
Labour Migration to the Newly-Industrialising Economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
93.51.13 - English - Demetrios G. PAPADEMETRIOU
Illegal Mexican Migration in the United States and US Responses
93.51.14 - English - Charles W. STAHL
Low-Level Manpower Migration to Japan: Trends, Issues and Policy Considerations
93.51.15 - English - Jochen BLASCHKE
Gates of Immigration into the Federal Republic of Germany
93.51.16 - English - Manolo I. ABELLA
Role of Formal Labour Schemes in the Development of Third World Countries
93.51.17 - English - Reinhard LOHRMANN
Labour Migration Policies of European Countries
93.51.18 - English - Toshikazu NAGAYAMA
New Developments in Population Movement and the Issue of Foreign Workers in Japan
93.51.19 - English - Yasuo SATOMI
The Question of Foreign Workers in Japan
93.51.20 - English - Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Problems Associated with Foreign Labour in Japan
93.51.21 - English - Ministry of Labour
Foreign Workers and the Labour Market in Japan
Back to home page