MARCH-APRIL 1993 - 48TH YEARE, NUMBER 2

93.46.26 - French - Bernard ZARCA, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75676 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

The Transmission of Independent Occupation between Different Generations, by Sex and Birth Order (L'héritage de l'indépendance professionnelle selon les lignées, le sexe et le rang dans la fratrie) (p. 275-306)

The extent to which independent occupations are passed from parent to child for children of different sexes and birth orders will depend on the wealth awned by the head of the enterprise. However, an analysis of differences in the rate of transmission among artisans and shopkeepers when parent and child are the same sex (father-son, mother-daughter) and when they are of different sexes (father-daughter, mother-son), and between children of different birth orders shows that birth order remains important and that transmission does not depend entirely on economic rationality. It also shows that the effect of birth order is more important for transmission from mother to daughter, and when the parent and the child are of opposite sex. The potential heir is already determined by his or her upbringing. This is shown by comparing objective data relating to differences ion transmission rates with parent's aspirations for the occupatinal status of their children, whatever the sex of the children may be. (SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS, SELF-EMPLOYED, INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY)

93.46.27 - French - Helena CHOJNACKA, 544 C Heritage Hills, Somers, NY 10589 (U.S.A.)

Nuptiality during the Early Stages of the Demographic Transition (La nuptialité dans les premières étapes de la transition démographique) (p. 307-324)

The timing of fertility decline in a society depends not only on change from a traditional type of household to the urban-industrial type, but also on the economic situation of traditional households, which is determined by the relationship between the two main factors of production land and labour. We shall show that this timing depends on nuptiality during the period prior to the demographic transition. In populations in which women married at an early age and where marriage for them was nearly universal, the first stages of the transition coincided with changes on nuptiality, but fertility did not begin to fall until several decades later. The role of nuptiality in the theory of demographic transition and in population policies needs to be re-assessed. (DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, NUPTIALITY)

93.46.28 - French - Françoise BATTAGLIOLA, CSU CNRS, 59 à 61 rue Pouchet, 75017 Paris (France), Isabelle BERTAUX-VIAME, CNRS, 11 rue Boizot, 92310 Sèvres (France), Michèle FERRAND, and Françoise IMBERT

Biographical approaches: looking into questionnaires and interviews (A propos des biographies: regards croisés sur questionnaires et entretiens) (p. 325-346)

This article presents the major results of a comparison between biographical "itineraries" collected through questionnaires in the INSEE survey on "living conditions" (1986-87) and those collected at a later date through interviews with the same population by the authors of this work. By comparing the responses to the questionnaires and interviews, the incidence of each approach on the way individuals tell the "story of their life" is highlighted and thus contributes to the debate on these different ways of collecting biographical data. What kind of approach to social trajectories do they allow for? What congruences, differences and divergencies are brought to light by comparing reconstructions of life itineraries? Differences between the biographical data collected are induced by the framework of each method, which is more rigid in questionnaires and more permissive in interviews, but the reconstruction of the major reorientations of itineraries most often converges. However, the differences are most important when the dimension shaping the subject's trajectory is "omnipresent" in one method and absent from the other, as for exemple geographical or residential mobility. (DATA COLLECTION, METHODOLOGY, EVENT HISTORY SURVEYS)

93.46.29 - French - Jean-Paul SARDON, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

A Period Measure of Mortality. The Example of France (Un indicateur conjoncturel de mortalité: l'exemple de la France) (p. 347-368)

Mortality in a given year is often measured by a single index, the expectation of life at birth in a life table. But it is possible, as in the case of other demographic events, to calculate two indices. The first will measure what in longitudinal studies is called the intensity of the event; the second the average age at which the event occurs. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to calculate mortality rates related to the initial population, or simply to convert probabilities of dying in a cohort at different ages into life table deaths for each of the cohort considered. The first of these indices will be a period measure of mortality and shows the numbers of deaths that would be registered (on the assumption of zero migration), if the annual number of births were to remain constant. It, therefore, shows changes in the timing of deaths over different cohorts. The second index is the average of this distribution. Life expectancy at birth calculated from this table will always be lower than that calculated from a traditional table. The application of these indices to French data shows that use of these new indices can complement the analysis of mortality by means of traditional life tables. (FRANCE, MORTALITY MEASUREMENT, METHODOLOGY)

93.46.30 - French - Jean-Luis RALLU and Laurent TOULEMON, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Period Fertility Indices. II. France 1946-1989 (Les mesures de la fécondité transversale. II. Application à la France de 1946 à 1989) (p. 369-404)

Various indicators can be calculed to estimate transversal birth rates. During a population explosion, like the post-war baby boom, no single indicator expressed in terms of children per woman is adequate. Birth rate by rank of birth is only measured adequately by combining a number of birth rate by rank indicators. For recent years, the combination of figures by rank and mother's age has led to a birth rate calculated at 1.86 children per woman in 1989, while figures by rank and time between births has led to an estimation of 2.13 children per woman. This is quite a ways from the most commonly found indicator estimated at 1.81 children per woman, while the most complete indicator, which takes order of birth, time between births and mother's age into account, results in an estimate of 1.94 children per woman. Birth rate by order has now leveled off at 0.90 for the first child, 0.68 for the second, 0.28 for the third, and 0.08 children for the fourth or others per woman in 1989. Births occur later and later nowadays, and the differences between indicators reflect the influence of the age pyramid on birth rates. While no single transversal indicator is completely satisfying, the calculation of several indicators shows that the most commonly synthesized indicator can be biased in terms of value as in terms of tendency. (FRANCE, FERTILITY MEASUREMENT, METHODOLOGY, TOTAL FERTILITY RATE)

93.46.31 - French - Jean-Noël BIRABEN, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

A New Synthesis of the Population History of Japan (Le point sur l'histoire de la population du Japon) (p. 443-472)

During the last 15 years historical demographers have completely revised and extended our knowledge of the population history of Japan. New synthesis is attempted in the present paper, as far as total numbers of inhabitants and fluctuations in population movement are concerned. From 150,000 in the year 300 B.C., the population appears to have grown until it reached 7.5 million about 1050, the population declined until the end of the 13th century. This was followed by a slow recovery which was interrupted by catastrophes which resulted in a figure of around 12 million at the time of the country's reunification towards the end of the 16th century. The Tokugawa shogunate, in 1603, led to a considerable growth in Japan's population, in spite of its closure to the outside world in 1636, which lasted until the beginning of the 18th century. A census taken in 1732 estimated the population at 31.5 million. After that period, some major catastrophes resulted in population decline and in 1792, it amounted to only 29.1 million. A slow recovery followed which accelerated after the fall of the shogunate in 1868, and which has resulted in the present population of nearly 125 million. Birth and death data for Suwa county have been reconstituted from the shumon-aratamecho, Buddhist population registers held since 1630. The resulting movements for Japan fit in well with other, more detailed, reconstitutions for the 19th century. (JAPAN, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY)

MAY-JUNE 1993 - 48TH YEAR, NUMBER 3

93.46.32 - French - Alfred NIZARD and Francisco MUNOZ-PEREZ, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Alcohool, tobacco, and Mortality in France since 1950. An estimate of the Annual Numbers of Death (Alcool, tabac, et mortalité en France depuis 1950. Essai d'évaluation du nombre de décès dus à la consommation d'alcool et de tabac en 1986) (p. 571-608)

In France, statistics relating to the principal cause of death have tended to underestimate the influence of alcohol consomption on mortality. In 1986, only 10 034 deaths were attributed to this cause. Only 36 cases was smoking mentioned as the principal cause of death. However, if diseases where the consumption of alcohol or tobacco are contributory causes of death are included, these numbers would rise to 18 263 alcohol-related and 2 567 smoking-related deaths. An estimate based on several elements - age contribution of deaths, by cause, including principal and contributory causes of death, epidemiological studies, and an analysis of the trend of sex-cause-specific mortality rates since 1950 - has enabled us to obtain a better understanding of the effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption on French mortalité. More than 35 000 deaths in 1986, (or 6.5% of all deaths), were attributed to the consumption of alcohol: in particular more than one-third of deaths from diseases of the digestive system, one-quarter of deaths from mental illness, and one-fifth of deaths from violence. More than 50 000 deaths (some 9% of the total) can be attributed to smoking. This includes most notably one-fifth of deaths from cancers and diseases of the respiratory system. The proportion is lower (6%) for deaths from diseases of the circulatory system, but the absolute number of such deaths is larger, and stands at almost 12 000. In the paper we assess the number of deaths attributable to the consumption of alcohol or tobacco for the major sex-age groups. (FRANCE, MORTALITY DETERMINANTS)

93.46.33 - French - Nicolas BOURGOIN

Suicides in Prisons (Le suicide en milieu carcéral) (p. 609-626)

Suicides in prison have attracted the attention of specialists ever since their numbers began to increase dramatically in 1972. The object of this paper is to estimate the extent to which suicides occur more frequently in prisons than outside, and to compare suicide rate, in prisons and outside prison taking account of the method used and the socio-demographic profile of suicides, by studying a sufficiently large number of cases to measure the relationship between suicide and detention. Methodological difficulties are only partially resolved by using comparative rates. The results point to major differences between the two types of suicides: the custodial environment results in more radical methods of suicide, and young prisoners are particularly vulnerable. Excess mortality from suicide is particularly marked among women and foreign prisoners. The fact of having committed an act which has led to detention can be used as an indicator of a population which is at high risk of suicide. The analysis of periods of stress when the risk of suicide is particularly high is an essential means for starting preventive action. (SUICIDE, DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY, PRISONS)

93.46.34 - French - Robert KASPARIAN, 72 rue Velpeau, 92160 Antony (France)

A Longitudinal Analysis of the Active Population. A Typology of Career Profiles of Persons Born between 1911 and 1935 Resident in France in 1982 (L'analyse longitudinale de la population active: une typologie des profils de carrière des résidents en France en 1982 et appartenant aux générations de 1911 à 1935) (p. 627-654)

Longitudinal studies of working life are rare and often inadequate, because of the absence of relevant data. The "3b" survey carried out in 1981 opens new avenues for this type ot study. The author suggests a method for exploiting the data yielded by the survey by analyzing the life courses of a series of cohorts, their transition between economic activity and unemployment and changes between jobs. The final object is the provide a typology of life courses. The new method is based on that developed by Courgeau and Lelièvre for the analysis of biographical data. The most important instrument is a table of entries into and exits from different employment situation, specific by age and sex, and (where the sample permits) by cohort. The parameters estimated are the probabilities of being in a given state, the average number of entries and exits, and the changes of entry and exit. Such tables have only been calculated for a few of the many situations which could, in theory, have been derived from the wealth of data yielded by the survey. (FRANCE, EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS, LABOUR FORCE, OCCUPATIONS, GENERATIONS)

93.46.35 - French - Sophie PENNEC, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

The Transition to Retirement of a Female Cohort. A Projection by Individual Simulation (Le passage à la retraite d'une génération féminine: une projection par simulation individuelle) (p. 655-682)

In this paper an attempt is made to forecast the economic and marital future of a cohort of women born between 1938 and 1942, during the period 2020-2040. It considers the degree of isolation these women experience during the last part of their lives (presence or absence of spouse and of children). It also deals with their financial situation which is linked not only to the pension rights they and their hushands had acquired during their working lives, but also to the degree of isolation simulated previously. Widowhood obviously affects a woman's resources. The simulations are based on individual data from the Family Survey of 1982 and are still in an exploratory stage, but they illustrate how this type of study can contribute to the discussions on social security programmes. (FRANCE, WOMEN'S STATUS, AGED, LIVING CONDITIONS, SIMULATION)

93.46.36 - French - Nicholas EBERSTADT, The American Enterprise Institute, 1150 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 (U.S.A.)

Population and labour in North Korea: Trends and Results (Population et main-d'oeuvre en Corée du Nord: évolution et conséquences) (p. 683-710)

For nearly 30 years, no statistics were published by the government of North Korea. However, recently the results of a demographic survey of the characteristics and development of the North Korean population have been made available to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. The information is sparse: age and sex distributions, crude birth and deaths rates, information and geographical mobility, urbanisation, and sector of economic activity. However, the data are sufficient to reconstruct trends in fertility and mortality, age distributions, and total population. These are all areas of population study for which there had been virtually no information between the end of the Korean war and 1987. The most striking result is indubitably the decline in fertility which, though occuring later than in South Korea, parallels developments there. Information is also available about specific characteristics of the economically active population. (KOREA DPR, DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS, LABOUR FORCE)

93.46.37 - French - France PRIOUX, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Aspects of Family Formation and Illegitimacy in the Regions of Austria (Aspects régionaux de la formation de la famille et de l'illégitimité en Autriche) (p. 711-734)

In Austria, the frequency of extra-marital birth has traditionally been high, but large local and regional variations have persisted to the present day. However, when all pre-marital conceptions are taken into account this variation is somewhat reduced, and two different models of family formation are found. In the Eastern parts of Austria, in Lower Austria, and especially in the Burgenland the rule is that pre-marital conceptions are legitimised by the marriage of the parents before the child is born, and marriage is more frequent and occurs at younger ages than elsewhere. In Central Austria, Carinthia, and the Salzburg region, marriage tends to occur later and less frequently and often legitimizes one or more children who have already been born to the union. During the last 20 years, the numbers of both marriages and illigitimate births have fluctuated considerably in Austria, partly because of changes in the tax treatment of parties to first marriage and because of the payment of social benefits to lone mothers. In the second part of this paper, we consider how people in different regions have reacted to successive measures that favoured marriage or lone parenthood. It is shown that net only have illegitimate births increased again in regions where they have traditionnally been frequent, but that they have also become more common in areas where previously such tradition had not existed. (AUSTRIA, ILLEGITIMATE FERTILITY, NUPTIALITY, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY)

93.46.38 - French - Valerio TERRA ABRAMI, Instituto di Statistica Departo Studi, via Cesare Balbo 16, 00184 Rome (Italy), and Maria Pia SORVILLO, ISTAT SAM/D, A. Rava' 150 r., 00142 Rome (Italy)

Fertility in Italy and its Regions (La fécondité en Italie et dans ses régions: analyse par période et par génération) (p. 735-753)

During the recent past, Italy has become one of the countries in Europe with the lowest fertility. Total period fertility has fallen to 1.3 births per woman. The value of longitudinal analysis for an understanding of this trend has led the Italian Statistical Office (ISTAT) to reconstitute the fertility history of birth cohorts for women born after 1920. There appear to be sharp differences between Northern, Central and Southern Italy, as well as significant variations between the provinces of each of these regions. Thus, the baby boom of the 1960s, in which Italy participated together with other Western European countries, did not occur evenly throughout the country, and the distribution of births by birth order differed sharply between the North and the South. This division of the country continues, despite apparent earlier signs towards a convergence. (ITALY, FERTILITY MEASUREMENT, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY)

JULY-AUGUST 1993 - 48TH YEAR, NUMBER 4

93.46.39 - French - Ali KOUAOUCI, Université de Blida, Blida (Algeria)

Study of Contraceptive Practice in Algeria, 1967-1987 (Essai de reconstitution de la pratique contraceptive en Algérie durant la période 1967-1987) (p. 859-884)

The Algerian National Fertility Survey (ENAF) is the first signification attempt to assess the spread of contraceptive practice in different groups of the Algerian population, disaggregated by age, duration of marriage, parity, and environment. Some retrospective questions about practice of contraception at different points of time between successive births were designed to show how contraceptive behaviour evolved with time, and the motivations (spacing compared with stopping). It is shown that this type of behaviour developed even before the value of birth regulation was acknowledged by politicians, and that it had accepted in the population, in spite of religious opposition. (ALGERIA, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE)

93.46.40 - French - Gérard BAUDCHON, Haut-Commissariat de Nouvelle-Calédonie (New Caledonia), and Jean-Louis RALLU, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Recent Demographic Trends in French Overseas Territories in the Pacific, 1970-1980 (Evolution démographique récente dans les T.O.M. du Pacifique, 1970-1990) (p. 885-918)

The population of the three French overseas territories in the Pacific amounts to nearly 400,000 persons. During the 1970s, fertility among the Oceanians (excluding Wallisians and Futunians) fell rapidly, then the rate of decline in French Polynesia slowed during the 1980s. Life expectancy is increasing, although the excess death rate of young males remains high. The Oceanian populations are young, with a high rate of increase of around 2% per year. The structure of the population is changing as a result of mixed marriage and migration. The poulation of the French overseas territories in the Pacific is projected to reach around 520 000 by 2010. The immediate problem is the need to create jobs for young people aged 20-24, whose numbers will increase in Polynesia, Melanesia, Wallis and Futuna. Migration to New Caledonia is likely to continue. Only a balanced development in each of the overseas territories would improve their future chances. (FRANCE, REGIONS, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES, POPULATION PROJECTIONS)

93.46.41 - French - Louis ROUSSEL, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Divorce: Beyond the Sociographic Approach (Sociographie du divorce et divortialité) (p. 919-938)

The intention of this paper is to show the recent changes in divorce cannot be explained by factors which make it increasingly easy to break a union. Sociographic is undoubtedly useful in identifying social environments in which the frequency of divorce is high, but it is not sufficient. The most important cause that underlies recent movements is the way in which the marriage model itself is changing and becoming more fragile. Such a perspective does not in any way lessen the need for demographic data. But the latter cease to serve as a measure of the actual reasons why people divorce, but can be used as markers of an increasingly fragile marriage model. This procedure entails consequences for the way in which we think about divorce. It also leads to a more reliable assessment of the relations in the new model of marriage, which link both the partners themselves, as well as parents and their children. (FRANCE, DIVORCE, SOCIOLOGY)

93.46.42 - French - Xavier THIERRY, Allocataire de recherche, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Cohabitation and Nuptiality (La nuptialité à l'épreuve de la cohabitation) (p. 939-974)

The increased extent of extra-marital cohabitation has weakened the value of studies of nuptiality which confine their analysis to legal union only. A complementary approach is needed to deal with all unions from the date of their formation. Such a study of conjugal status would be focused on the formation of couples, rather than on marriage per se. How can the principles that have been used in the study of nuptiality be applied to this new situation, given that there are frequent "extraneous events" which intervene so that the standard hypotheses used in the construction of indices no longer hold. Basing himself on suggestions by Patrick Festy, the author uses a didactic approach to demographic analysis (stating the hypotheses, constructing indices, describing methods of computation, and analysing the validity of the results in the light of the hypotheses). The ways in which unions are formed are described as is the ultimate fate of the union. Applying these principles to figures taken from a survey on birth control (INED 1988) shows that greater awareness of alternative forms of union has not changed the tendency for people to live as couples. However, unions now begin at an earlier age. Those who begin by cohabiting tend to be older than those who opt for a more traditional form of union. Cohabitation does not last for long: fewer than one in ten cohabiting unions survive ten years after their formation. The most frequent reason for termination is marriage, separation occurs more rarely. There is also a cohort effect: marriage becomes less common and is postponed further, whilst the rate of separation increases. (FRANCE, METHODOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS, CONSENSUAL UNION)

93.46.43 - French - Alfred NIZARD and Francisco MUNOZ-PEREZ, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Alcohol, Smoking and Mortality in France Since 1950. The Effects on Overall Mortality and the Excess Mortality of Males (Alcool, tabac et mortalité en France depuis 1950. Incidence de la consommation d'alcool et de tabac sur la mortalité) (p. 975-1014)

In a previous article it was shown that alcoholism was responsible for 40,000, and smoking for 50,000 deaths in France in 1986. Together with violent and accidental deaths these causes account for most deaths of persons aged less than 65. A reduction on alcohol consumption during the list few decade, has resulted in reducing the number of deaths linked to mental illness and cirrhosis, though the number remains high. Smoking (as well as the death rate from smoking-related diseases) increased significantly until the 1980s. Although the number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases has been reduced significantly, the gap between the mortality of the two sexes has widened. The number of deaths from causes related to the combined effects of alcohol consumption and smoking (cancer of the upper respiratory and digestive tract and of the oesophagus) fell among males and continued to grow more slowly among females. The proportion of deaths caused by alcohol consumption and smoking has nearly doubled between 1952 and 1986; excepting deaths from violence or cardiovascular disease, it rose from 17 to 34% of all deaths between the ages of 35 and 64 for men, and from 10 to 17% for women. Were it not for these cases, the fall in the general death rate would have been twice as a great among men, and the increase among women would have been 20%. The increase in the excess mortality of men between the ages of 35 and 64 (2.6 in 1986 compared with 1.8 in 1952) can be attributed mainly to smoking, and secondly to the consumption of alcohol. (FRANCE, MORTALITY DETERMINANTS)

93.46.44 - French - Bernard ZARCA, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

The Transmission of Self-Employed Status Between Generations: One Heir or Several? (L'héritage de l'indépendance professionnelle: un ou plusieurs élus au sein de la fratrie?) (p. 1015-1042)

In a previous article that dealt with the transmission of self-employed status from one generation to the next, the author carried out an analysis of the extent to which such transmission was limited to persons of the same sex (father-son, mother-daughter), or crossed the sex line (father-daughter, mother-son), and of the importance of the position of the male or female heir in the family. The analysis is carried further in the present paper, which investigates the chances of siblings inheriting their father's status (i.e. the extent to which brothers, or brothers and daughters' husbands, are in competition with one another), in terms of the sibling's characteristics and the existing ramifications within the family of origin (i.e. the role played by uncles and grandfathers). The Survey of Family Networks (1976) provides an ideal data base for this type of analysis. (FRANCE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS, SELF-EMPLOYED, INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY, SIBLINGS)

SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1993 - 48TH YEAR, NUMBER 5

93.46.45 - French - Nathalie BAJOS and Alfred SPIRA, INSERM, Santé publique, épidémiologie, reproduction humaine, U 292, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex (France)

The ACSF Survey. Setting Up a Multidisciplinary Study of Sexuality (L'enquête ACSF: élaboration d'un projet multidisciplinaire sur la sexualité) (p. 1209-1228)

In order to develop a strategy for AIDS prevention and to construct models of the epidemic's evolution, the National AIDS Research Agency requested that a survey of sexual behaviour in France should be undertaken. Such a project was bound to be multidisciplinary and combine a descriptive epidemiological approach with a psychological and sociological analysis of factors involved in different types of sexual activity. A multidisciplinary team was set up which included epidemiologists, sociologists, demographers, psychologists and economists. The approach at every stage of the research process was interdisciplinary: defining the issues, designing the method, collecting the data, and analising them. However, it must be noted that the analyses that have been made up to date are still mostly monodisciplinary, even though the approach of each member of the team may have been influenced by the many multidisciplinary discussions that took place at the beginning of the research. An overall multidisciplinary analysis is being undertaken with the object of identifying the social and psychological conditions that lead to relations which involve what the epidemiologists call unsafe practices. The results are expected to provide the instrument necessary for the understanding of unsafe situations and thus to develop more adequate prevention strategies. (FRANCE, SAMPLE SURVEYS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, RESEARCH PROJECTS)

93.46.46 - French - Alain GIAMI, INSERM et Laboratoire de Psychologie clinique, Centre Censier (France)

The ACSF Survey Questionnaire: The Effect of an Epidemiological Representation of Sexuality (Le questionnaire de l'enquête ACSF: influence d'une représentation épidémiologique de la sexualité) (p. 1229-1256)

The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which epidemiological and public health topics and issues have affected the construction of sexuality in the context of AIDS. The ACSF questionnaire was submitted to a dual analysis. It was presented and discussed in relation to its relevance for a scientific study of the problems raised, by the organization that commissioned it. But it was also analysed in terms of its significance as a socially acceptable scenario for the discussion of sexuality in the context of AIDS. The analysis is focused on the following: (1) the manner in which the questionnaire was presented to respondents; (2) the characteristics assigned to those who answered the questions and those of the partners whom they reported and described; (3) sexual practices; and (4) the "sexuality-risks-AIDS" system. It is shown that the whole questionnaire was shaped by the AIDS issue, since the investigation of sexual activity in the population is centered around the theme of AIDS. (FRANCE, AIDS, SEXUALITY, QUESTIONNAIRES)

93.46.47 - French - Benoît RIANDEY and Jean-Marie FIRDION, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Private Life and Telephone Survey: The Example of the ACSF Survey (Vie personnelle et enquête téléphonique: l'exemple de l'enquête ACSF) (p. 1257-1280)

In France, telephone surveys are a relatively new experience for social science researchers, in particular for investigating such delicate subjects as sexual behaviour. The ACSF survey consequently calls for considerable methodological investment, in terms of sampling procedures, supervision of data collection and quality assessment. The research team had to deal with a number of ethical questions and institutional problems raised by the need to protect respondent' private lives. At the expense of certain technical constraints, perhaps excessive in some cases, solutions were adopted which appear to be satisfactory from this point of view. (FRANCE, DATA COLLECTION, METHODOLOGY, PRIVACY)

93.46.48 - French - Jean-Marie FIRDION, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

The Impact of Number of Calls and Partner's Presence in Telephone Surveys (Effet du rang d'appel et de la présence du conjoint dans une enquête par téléphone) (p. 1281-1314)

Our analysis of data from the Survey on Sexual Behaviour in France (ACSF) is focused on two possible sources of bias in replies to sensitive questions put in telephone surveys. How many times should respondents be called to limit the bias caused by the tendency of members of a particular group being difficult to contact? Respondents who were contacted after several calls tend to belong to groups in which multiple sexual partners are more common, and where the number of sexual partners is larger. In the case of such respondents, dialling more than 12 times to collect information has proved valuable. We also aimed to determine whether the presence of the respondent's sexual partner at the time the call is made influences the responses. In these circumstances, drug use tends to be acknowledged less frequently, and the declared number of past sexual partners is smaller. Responses in telephone surveys are, therefore, affected by the partner's presence, when the questions relate to longer periods, or to periods which preceded the partnership. (FRANCE, DATA COLLECTION, METHODOLOGY, SAMPLING, BIAS)

93.46.49 - French - Michel BOZON, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Reaching Adult Sexuality: First Sexual Intercourse and its Sequel. From Timing to Attitudes (L'entrée dans la sexualité adulte: le premier rapport et ses suites. Du calendrier aux attitudes) (p. 1317-1352)

Describing a person's first sexual intercourse provides us with a view of his or her overall sexual activity, The nature of such encounters today differs markedly from what it was fifty years ago. When women now have their first sexual experience they are on average three years younger than was the case half a century ago. Differences between men and women in this respect have, however, persisted across generations. For men, the event still amounts to an act of sexual initiation, whereas women tend to regard it as a conjugal or preconjugal relation. In each generation, some individuals have their first sexual intercourse early. Postponing one's first sexual experience is linked to factors that delay the process of social maturation, e.g. staying at school longer. But the timing of the first sexual relation also indicates a certain attitude to sexuality, and more generally to living as a couple and to family life as a whole. The life-courses of individuals who become sexually active at younger ages tend to be more complex than those of others: they experience a larger number of separations, and their range of sexual practices is more diverse, whereas those who become sexually active at a later age tend to have a more traditional profile, have a smaller number of partners and remain with the same partner. They are opposed to any split between living as a couple, sexuality, and sentiment. These differences in attitude and behaviour are particularly strong among men. They are far less apparent among women, especially in the older generation; women tend systematically to associate sexuality with feelings and sentiment. (FRANCE, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, SEX DIFFERENTIALS)

93.46.50 - French - Antoine MESSIAH and Emmanuelle MOURET-FOURME, INSERM U-292, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex (France)

Homosexuality, Bisexuality: Elements of a Sexual Socio-biography (Homosexualité, bisexualité: éléments de socio-biographie sexuelle) (p. 1353-1380)

The ACSF survey contained a random sample of 210 men, who had had at least one homosexual experience. Several socio-biographical date were analyzed: type of sexual activity over different periods, sexual attraction, cohabitation, socio-demographic characteristics of individuals and couples, characteristics of first sexual relations, infliction of sexual violence, homosexual and heterosexual multi-partnerships, ability to discuss matter with one's parents and family during childhood, influence of religion, and tolerant attitudes towards male homosexuality. The analysis shows that the sample obtained in the ACSF survey is quite different from those in specific surveys carried out among male homosexuals or bisexuals, which precluded any random procedure. Thus, the bisexual population is quite significant, amounting to between 64 and 96% of homosexuals, depending on the period studied. Some characteristics of bisexuals lie mid-way between those of homosexuals and heterosexuals, whilst others are closer to those of heterosexuals, The biographical data show that events and their socio-demographic consequences differ with sexual orientation and this must be taken into account in strategies of prevention against HIV infection among homosexual and bisexual males. (FRANCE, HOMOSEXUALITY, SOCIOLOGY)

93.46.51 - French - Henri LERIDON, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Coital Frequency: Data and Coherence Analyses (La fréquence des rapports sexuels: données et analyses de cohérence) (p. 1381-1408)

Models of the transmission of AIDS and of the spread of the epidemic use variables that describe sexual behaviour, e.g. the number of sexual partners, and coital frequency. It is, therefore, useful to collect information on these variables and to assess its validity. In this paper, we focus on data relating to coital frequency, given in the Survey on Sexual Behaviour in France (ACSF) undertaken in 1992. Reported coital frequency during the past four weeks is similar for men and for women (8.0 and 7.1 respectively). It decreases with age (after the age of 25) and duration of the union, falling from 13 per month during the union's first year, to less than 8 per month after 15 years. These results confirm those from earlier surveys, such as that by Simon in 1970. Frequency over the last four weeks is compared with habitual frequency, within single partnerhips. The correlation is quite strong, and shows that the two questions hardly differ in the view of respondents. Reported frequency can also be correlated with duration since last intercourse. The reciprocal of frequency provides an estimate of the interval between two acts of intercourse (for each individual). This will be a closed interval, whereas the time elapsed since last intercourse is an open interval. The conditions which make these two measures comparable are discussed. Assuming that an individual is bound to engage in intercourse with roughly the same probability every day, it is shown that the mathematical expectations of the lengths of both types of interval are the same. The survey data fit this model so perfectly that it may be concluded that both questions have received consistent answers. The further assumption that the daily probability of intercourse is lognormally distributed between individuals, makes it possible to estimate the entire distribution of intervals. However, it is possible that all the data are marred by the same bias: the tendency to standardize reported behaviour. This would lead to an overestimate of the strength of the correlation, and perhaps of the habitual frequency of sexual relations. (FRANCE, SEXUAL RELTIONSHIPS, COITAL FREQUENCY)

93.46.52 - French - Brenda SPENCER, INSERM U 292, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex (France)

Normative Context of Sexual Behaviour and Choice of Prevention Strategies (Contexte normatif du comportement sexuel et choix des stratégies de préventions) (p. 1411-1436)

Any attempt to account for the wide range of sexual behaviour and of prevention strategies adopted by individuals must go beyond a purely individualistic perspective. Sexual practices take place within the wider context of social representation, even if behaviour is not always coherent with associated social representations. In this paper the normative framework of sexual behaviour is studied in relation to several examples: norms relating to love and to sexual relationship; the social representation of faithfulness, of the condom, and of the content of the sexual act; behavioural changes envisaged in relation to the AIDS epidemic, perceptions of and recourse to the HIV screening test. Clear differences in social representation occur between men and women; for example, the latter are more critical of infidelity. Consideration of the normative context of individual behaviour can contribute to the definition of prevention policy. (FRANCE, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, VALUE SYSTEMS, HEALTH)

93.46.53 - French - André BEJIN, 9 rue de Guise, 02140 Vervins (France)

Female Masturbation in France. An Illustration of the Assessment and Analysis of Underreporting of this Practice (La masturbation féminine en France. Un exemple d'estimation et d'analyse de la sous-déclaration d'une pratique) (p. 1437-1450)

In the ACSF report, published in early 1993, it was estimated from replies to direct questions that 42% of women aged between 18 and 69, resident in France, had practised masturbation at least once. ln this paper it is shown on the basis of replies to "indirect" questions that at least 56% of women resorted to this practice. Underreporting was most significant in the younger age groups: we found that 67% of those aged 18-19 had had at least minimal experience of masturbation, rather than the figure of 34% given in the survey. The paper examines some of the factors that effect underreporting, including the influence of the characteristics of the interviewer and that of age. If the new estimate given in the paper were accepted, masturbation appears as a major, rather than a marginal, component of most contemporary young women's initiation to sexuality. (FRANCE, WOMEN, MASTURBATION, UNDERREGISTRATION)

93.46.54 - French - Alexis FERRAND, Institut de Sociologie, Université de Lille-1, Lille (France), and Lise MOUNIER, LASMAS, CNRS, 59 à 61 rue Pouchet, 75017 Paris (France)

Talking About Sexuality: Analysing Relations between Confidants (L'échange de paroles sur la sexualité: une analyse des relations de confidence) (p. 1451-1476)

In order to study the effect of the environment on the way in which individuals handle their sexual lives, we asked respondents to describe three confidents with whom they discussed matters relating to love and sex. In this paper we consider the major dimensions of the act of confiding in another person from three different points of view: (1) the predisposition on the part of individuals belonging to different groups to have varying numbers of confidents of different types, the matrix of exchanges between different groups following such confidences, and the various types of bond that make confiding possible. (FRANCE, SEXUALITY, INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION)

93.46.55 - French - Béatrice DUCOT et Alfred SPIRA, INSERM U 292, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex (France)

Preventive Behaviour of AIDS: Prevalence and Conducive Factors (Les comportements de prévention du Sida: prévalence et facteurs favorisant) (p. 1479-1504)

Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS may be achieved by several different strategies: selection or reduction in the number of sexual partners, relinquishing certain sexual practices, and using condoms. 36% of heterosexual men and 30% of heterosexual women, who had had at least two different sexual partners, during the last five years, and who were questioned in the ACSF survey claim that they had altered their behaviour, since AIDS entered into the picture. The most frequently mentioned changes are greater selectiveness and reduction in the number of sexual partners. Persons most likely to have changed their behaviour are those who do not live as a couple, those who have had a large number of partners in the past, and those who admit having suffered from a sexuality transmitted disease. Apart from those who have only had a single faithful (or perceived to be faithful) sexual partner, 15% of men and 8% of women with a single partner and 17% of men and 5% of women in multipartnerships say that they used condoms systematically during the last 12 months. Factors conducive to that type of the protection include the type of the new, or occasional partner and the recency of the relation. Finally, it seems that having one or several confidants with whom very private matters can be discussed makes people more conscious of the risk of infection and stimulates preventive behaviour. (FRANCE, AIDS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR)

93.46.56 - French - Jean-Paul MOATTI, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille (France), Nathalie BELTZER, Unité de Recherches INSERM "Epidémiologie et Sciences sociales appliquées à l'Innovation médicale", U 357 (France), and William DAB, Ecole Nationale de la Santé Publique (Saint-Maurice)

Analysing Unsafe Behaviour in Face of HIV Infection. The Limits of Rationality (Les modèles d'analyse des comportements à risque face à l'infection à VIH: une conception trop étroite de la rationalité) (p. 1505-1534)

Social science research on the prevention of HIV infection has pointed to correlations between individuals' knowledge and beliefs about AIDS on the one hand, and their reactions - individual or collective - to infected persons and the risk of transmission, on the other. However, it has also shown that the connection between these correlations and actual behaviour has remained ambiguous. As is the case in other areas of preventive medicine, our results reinforce the view that improved information is not in itself sufficient to change individual behaviour, and thus reduce risk. The international literature that deals with the determinants of exposure to the risk of sexual transmission of HIV has been dominated by existing social-psychological models (the Health Belief Model, or social learning theory), and these models have been used with some success in the "community" implementation of preventive measures in San Fransisco's homosexual and bisexual communities. This paper points out the limitations of these models in explaining or predicting behaviour related to the risk of HIV transmission. It shows that they have relied implicitely on a reductionist notion of individual rationality, in which rationality is equated with complete avoidance of risk and with concern for absolute safety. Comparing these social-psychological models with models of expected utility - standard in the micro-economic analysis of behaviour under conditions of risks and uncertainty - and applying this theory to ACSF survey data, makes it possible to identify other underlying reasons for the persistence of individual exposure to the risk of sexually transmitted HIV, and to show that "no-change" or "intermediate change" strategies that do not give complete protection against HIV risks may yet prove to conform better with individual effective rationalities. Finally, the paper suggests some new directions for behavioural analyses that are less machinistic, and which would account better for the specific context and temporal dynamics in which exposure to the risk of HIV. Such analyses would benefit from the latest theoretical developments in micro-economics and social psychology. (FRANCE, AIDS, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, RISK EXPOSURE)

93.46.57 - French - Françoise LE PONT, INSERM, U 263, 27 rue de Chaligny, 75571 Paris Cedex 12 (France)

Estimating a Model for the Spread of the HIV AIDS Epidemic in France, Based on the ACSF Survey (Vers un modèle prévisionnel de développement de l'infection à VIH en France à partir de l'enquête ACSF) (p. 1535-1550)

In this chapter an estimated model of the AIDS epidemic is presented. It takes into account the socio-demographic characteristics of each individual, whose life-history is described by a series of events, e.g. encountering a partner, or being diagnosed as suffering from AIDS. By relating this to a classic mathematical model for sub-populations, the individual approach makes it possible to take account of the variability of sexual behaviour, documented in the ACSF survey, as well as the initial structure of the sexual network that the individual belongs to (the number of new partners per year, the characteristics of the partners such as age, sex, monogamy, socio-occupational group, and of the affairs (duration, cohabitation, etc.). These data can be presented in the form of model using an "if...then" approach which makes it possible to describe possible changes in behaviour and to compare their impact on the growth of the epidemic, and to study the spread of HIV in the general population, in which the risk of an epidemic that would effect the 18-24 age group has been clearly identified. (FRANCE, AIDS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, MODELS, FORECASTS)

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1993 - 48TH YEAR, NUMBER 6

93.46.58 - French - Nicole COEFFIC, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe-Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

The Post Census Survey of 1990. Assessing Completeness of Enumeration (L'enquête post-censitaire de 1990. Une mesure de l'exhaustivité du recensement) (p. 1655-1682)

In 1990, INSEE again undertook a post-census survey similar to that which had already been used to assess completeness of enumeration in 1962. In a sample of areas, the population was carefully counted and all the places in which individuals were likely to have been omitted or counted twice (second homes, previous place of residence for those who had recently moved, etc) were investigated. These results were compared with the census to assess the rate of omissions and double counting. An omission rate of about 1.8% and double counting of about 0.7% were found. The errors were concentrated in the same section of the population: those who were most mobile and difficult to locale. These are more often men than women, young rather than middle-aged or elderly, foreigners rather than French citizens. The situation has barely changed in 28 years, despite greater problems in data collection. (FRANCE, POPULATION CENSUSES, QUALITY OF DATA, POST-ENUMERATION SURVEYS)

93.46.59 - French - Dominique ROUAULT-GALDO, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe-Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Differences between Estimates of the Economically Active Population of France, Based on the Census of March 1990 and the Annual Employment Survey of January 1990. How Can the Figures Be Reconciled? (Les écarts d'estimation de la population active française au recensement et à l'enquête annuelle sur l'emploi. D'où viennent les divergences?) (p. 1683-1704)

INSEE's estimates of the economically active French population based on the annual Employment Survey published in January 1990 differ considerably from the census results of March 1990. The differences cannot be explained by sampling variation, even after differences in fieldwork, collection dates, and definitions were taken into account. Comparison of the completed survey questionnaires with census schedules of more than 40,000 adults showed that the method of coding the occupation of respondents in the census and the Employment Survey differed considerably. Results from the census showed an excess of 50,000 actively employed individuals and 170,000 unemployed over the figures in the Employment Survey. By contrast 210,000 fewer inactive individuals were enumerated than in the employment survey. A larger number of people described themselves as unemployed on the census form, and more stated that they were actively seeking work, than did so in the presence of an interviewer. Thus, 295,000 individuals who had described themselves as having looked for employment for over three months in March-April 1990 said in January that they were not seeking employment. The least skilled workers, in particular middle-aged women with little education, are least inclined to admit to an interviewer that they were seeking employment or expecting to be offered work. (FRANCE, LABOUR FORCE, POPULATION CENSUSES, SURVEYS, QUALITY OF DATA)

93.46.60 - French - Thierry EGGERICKX, Institut de Démographie, U.C.L., 1 Place Montesquieu, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium), and François BEGEOT, Eurostat, Office statistique des Communautés européennes (Luxembourg)

Censuses in Europe during the 1990s. From Diversity of National Practice to International Comparability of Results (Les recensements en Europe dans les années 1990. De la diversité des pratiques nationales à la comparabilité internationale des résultats) (p. 1705-1732)

Most European governments have accepted the recommendations of international organizations to enumerate their populations and their principal characteristics in 1990 and 1991. However, in certain countries the value of the census - the instrument normally used for this purpose - has been questioned, either because it is regarded as an intrusion on privacy, or because of its complexity and cost. Population registers have increasingly come to be used as a substitute for, or complement to, a simpler census, or large-scale sample surveys to limit the number of questions which needed to be answered by respondents, to supplement the information available in population registers, or even to replace the census when it could not be taken on the stipulated date. These different methods of data collection have led to many difficulties (e.g. in definitions of residence, marital status, or household type) and the quality of the results obtained has differed in different countries. It is more than ever necessary to strive for international standardization in this area. (WESTERN EUROPE, POPULATION CENSUSES, DATA COMPARABILITY)

93.46.61 - French - Alain CHENU, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin (France), and Nicole TABARD

Socio-occupational Changes in French Localities between 1982 and 1990 (Les transformations socio-professionnelles du territoire français, 1982-1990) (p. 1735-1770)

Socio-occupational profiles of communes in 1990 are compared with those in 1982. In the first part of this article, a multidimensional analysis is used to identify major trends and compare them with the situation in 1982. Was increasing affluence limited to communes, that were already wealthy? Is the increase in tertiary occupations confined to communes where tertiary occupations were already concentrated? In the second part of the article, the usual territorial categories - regions, city/suburban, large towns - are used to locate these trends geographically. Topics considered are: shift of technological activities to suburban areas and the West, and of handicrafts and service occupations towards central areas, reductions in skilled occupations in industrial areas, clear improvements in standards of living in areas which were already affluent in 1982. (FRANCE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS, ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS)

93.46.62 - French - Brigitte BACCAINI, Daniel COURGEAU and Guy DESPLANQUES, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Internal Migration in France from 1982 to 1990. A Comparison with Previous Periods (Les migrations internes en France de 1982 à 1990) (p. 1771-1790)

After a general increase in geographical mobility which occurred at all area levels (from place of residence to region), between 1954 and 1972 a decline between 1975 and 1982 slowed down between 1982 and 1990. The changes appear more striking and more complex when trends in net movements within regions and a fortiori figures of in-migration and out-migration are studied. In some regions it proved possible to identify similarities in migration behaviour: e.g. the experience of the lle-de-France and that of Western France. Different patterns were found in the Northern regions and the outer areas of the Paris region. Finally, in a significant block in the Southern region, there was marked synchronization of behaviour throughout the period from 1954 to 1990. (FRANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.46.63 - French - Brigitte BACCAINI, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Regional Attraction and Repulsion between 1982 and 1990. A Comparison with the Period from 1975 to 1982, and Characteristics of Different Age Groups (Régions attractives et régions répulsives entre 1982 et 1990. Comparaison avec la période 1975-1982 et spécificité des différentes classes d'âges) (p. 1791-1812)

So-called "gravity" models have been used to analyze migration flows by eliminating the influence of distance between areas and the size of the populations studied. Applying such a model to French interegional migration between 1982 and 1990 shows that the impact of distance is greater for young people than for adults, and especially for retired persons. Estimates based on indices of attraction and repulsion in the various regions (calculated front residual data of the model) show some significant trends during the periods 1975-1982 and 1982-1990. The attractive power of the Southern regions has increased, the absorptive capacity of the Paris region has grown etc. Analysis of "residual flows" indicates "preferred directions" and "barrier effects" between regions. Sharp contrasts have been found between the behaviour of young people who are still very much attracted to the Paris region, and those in other age groups who tend to leave this region and move to the South and West. The North-Eastern region (particularly the North-Pas-de-Calais section) remains unattractive for individuals of all ages whatever their origin, as was also the case during the previous period. (FRANCE, RESETTLEMENT POLICY, AGE GROUPS)

93.46.64 - French - Thomas LE JEANNIC, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe-Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Even Emigration Contributes to Population Growth in the lle-de-France (Rôle des migrations dans le peuplement de l'Ile-de-France) (p. 1813-1854)

Up to World War II the population of the Ile-de-France was increasing at the expense of the provinces, as a result of migration. After the war and during the baby boom, natural increase was primarily responsable for continuing population growth. Growth was initially accentuated and later checked by migration waves. However, natural increase and migration increase are not independent. At present, despite a net balance of emigration, migration has contributed to population growth in the region through its indirect effects on natural population increase. In its migration exchange with the provinces the lle-de-France has remained in deficit, but the deficit has clearly become smaller since 1982. Arrivals have increased and departures decreased for the first time since 1954. The geographical distribution of migrants' origins in the Ile-de-France has not varied. It tends to gain population from other big cities and the north-east whilst part of its population tends to leave for the rural and coastal districts and neighbouring areas of the Paris basin. A comparison of real fluctuations in population studied compared to those obtained from gravity models show that the lle-de-France exchanges populations with other large towns, and that there is, no significant exchange with the North, East or Rhone-Alpes regions. Finally, the Ile-de-France attracts young city dwellers from the provinces, but retired persons leave it to settle in the country. (FRANCE, REGIONS, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.46.65 - French - Chantal MADINIER, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe-Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

The Native-born Population of French Overseas Departments (DOMs) (Les originaires des départements d'outre-mer) (p. 1855-1868)

In 1990, the population of the French overseas departments (DOMs) (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana, and Réunion) was 1,459,000. Annual growth rates at 2% were four times those in metropolitan France. However, the direction of the migration flow has recently been reversed, since, for the first time in 25 years, inmigrants have outnumbered out-migrants. 316,000 individuals born in the DOMs are living in metropolitan France, but after a sharp increase in number between 1968 and 1982, the pace of growth has slackened considerably. Moreover, the numbers returning to the DOMs have been rising. When children of these families are included, the native-born population comes to 501,000. The total native-born population of the DOMs living in metropolitan France and in the DOMs is 1,771,000, of whom 28% live in metropolitan France. In certain age groups, e.g. between the ages of 20 and 39, the portion of native-born expatriates living in metropolitan France reaches nearly 50%. The employment situation favours native born expatriates living in metropolitan France over native-born residents in the DOMs. (FRANCE, REGIONS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW)

93.46.66 - French - Joëlle GAYMU, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Being Over 60 Years Old in France in 1990 (Avoir 60 ans ou plus en France en 1990) (p. 1871-1910)

After a slight pause between 1975 and 1982, related to the depleted age cohorts of World War I reaching retirement age, the population of France has continued to age, largely as a result of the decline in the mortality of the elderly. In 1990 almost 20% of the population were over 60 years old, and 9.2% had attained the age of 85. The geographical aspects of this trend are striking (in 28 departments the elderly outnumber younger adults; about eight years ago the corresponding figure was only about a dozen). There are large variations in the age distribution of differential areas (the proportion over 60 years old in Creuse is 2.5 times that in the Val d'Oise). In this article the extreme heterogeneity of life styles among the elderly (marital composition of households, housing conditions etc.) is analyzed, together with changes in major trends during the past decade. Among the topics considered are the increase in the numbers of elderly couples, the decline in institutionalization following retirement, the decline in importance of the multi generational household, as well as the increased isolation of the single elderly. None of these have shown a significant trend towards greater uniformity in different areas. (FRANCE, AGED, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, LIVING CONDITIONS)

93.46.67 - French - Michèle TRIBALAT, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Immigrants and Population Related to their Arrival in France during the 1990 Census (Les immigrés au recensement de 1990 et les populations liées à leur installation en France) (p. 1911-1946)

The total contribution made by foreign immigrants to the French population is based on the number of individuals born outside France, irrespective of their present nationality. The census identifies these people adequately. However, limiting the study to the foreign population results in bias, when the relative impact of different migration streams is assessed, and the behaviour and influence of immigrants studied. In particular, it magnifies the impact of African compared with European immigration. About one-third of immigrants are naturalized French citizens. In some of the older waves of migration, this figure can be very high indeed (nearly 70% for Russian and Polish immigrants). Moreover, as the immigrant population depends on continuing migration waves for its growth, it ages much faster and becomes extinct much sooner. Thus, between the last two censuses the proportion of Portuguese immigrants aged less than 20 years dropped from 20% to 5%. The census can also be used to study the contribution made by foreigners, especially young foreigners, on French soil. This may be estimated from answers to census questions relating to foreign heads of household. Thus, 14% of Portuguese immigrant aged under 16 live in family groups, headed by an immigrant. The proportion is as high as 38% in Seine-Saint-Denis. (FRANCE, POPULATION CENSUSES, IMMIGRANTS)

93.46.68 - French - Olivier MARCHAND, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe-Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Women's Labour Force Activity during the Early 1990s (L'activité professionnelle des femmes au début des années 1990) (p. 1947-1960)

In spite of a reduction in the length of their working life (longer education and earlier retirement), the number of economically active women in France increased between 1982 and 1990. This resulted from higher labour force participation between the ages of 25 and 55, where the importance of marital status on labour force participation has gradually declined. This trend has been found both among skilled workers, where women's working conditions tend to be similar to those of men, and also among the less skilled, temporary or part-time workers. But the appearance of women in the male-dominated tertiary sector has not affected the high concentration of women's jobs in particular occupations. (FRANCE, WOMEN, LABOUR FORCE, PARTICIPATION)

93.46.69 - French - Anne-Françoise MOLINIE, Centre de Recherche et d'Etudes sur l'Age et les Populations au Travail, 41 rue Gay-Lussac, 75005 Paris (France)

Activity Sectors and Age Group (Des secteurs et des âges) (p. 1961-1984)

Can the analysis of an age distribution and changes therein throw light on the relationship between the ages of wage earners, and the sector of activity in which they work? Is there evidence that the selection process is related to working conditions, as shown in ergonomic studies? In this article, which is based mainly on census data, the author analyses the age distributions of workers in different sectors of activity between 1975 and 1990. Two models are used to estimate how both stability and changes in these age distributions are related to variations in numbers of workers, and population replacement. (FRANCE, WORKING CLASS, AGE DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC SECTORS)

93.46.70 - French - Jacques LAVERTU, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe-Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Children and their Family Environment in the Census of 1990 (Les enfants et leur environnement familial au recensement de 1990) (p. 1985-2010)

In the census of 1990, 17.8 million children under 30 years old were living with their parent(s). They amount to 31% of the population, and live on average with 1.47 siblings. 14.4 million or 81% live with both parents, who are married. Although those intermediate and white collar occupations are slightly underrepresented, compared with the active adult male population, sons and daughters of blue-collar workers are overrepresented. Moreover, the older the child, the more likely he is to come from a family in which the head of the household has received little or no education. The proportion of children in families in which the mother is economically active does not vary significantly with the age of the child, at least not before the age of 20. For children of the same age, the number of siblings in the family affects the mother's level of labour force participation. Among children under 30 years old still living at home, 89% belong to a French family, 5.4% to one of North African origin, and 3.4% to one in which the parents come from the European Community. Between the censuses of 1982 and 1990, the age at which children leave the parental home and/or enter working life has increased markedly. (FRANCE, POPULATION CENSUSES, CHILDREN, FAMILY ENVIRONMENT)

93.46.71 - French - Guy DESPLANQUES, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Measuring Fertility Difference with a Single Census (Mesurer les disparités de fécondité à l'aide du seul recensement) (p. 2011-2024)

Birth rates in industrialized countries have generally been calculated by relating civil registration data to populations enumerated in censuses, or obtained from registration. Another -method makes use of the number of children enumerated in each household, who are declared in the census, and counts numbers of children born recently, rather than births. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. In this paper two variables are considered: nationality and place of residence. When estimates obtained by the two methods are compared, there are advantages in using the number of children returned in the census, since civil registers do not contain information on these topics. The analysis shows that the fertility of foreign women who have lived in France for several years is relatively low, and that birth rates for women who have moved from one region to another between 1982 and 1990 have been higher. Change of residence is often associated with the birth of a child. (FRANCE, FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY, POPULATION CENSUSES)