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AUGUST 1992 - VOLUME 7, NUMBER 21

93.40.01 - Spanish - Robert ROWLAND, Department of History, European University Insittute, Casella Postale 2330, 50100 Firenze (Italy)

Long Distance Migration and its Contexts: Portugal and Brazil (La migracion a grandes distancias y sus contextos: Portugal y Brasil)

The changing patterns of migration from Portugal to Brazil are analyzed considering the context in the country of emigration - persistence along several centuries, variations in intensity, socioeconomic causes and consequences - and that of the country of destination - timing, relative weight compared to other ethnic groups and how different groups interacted. Our vision is also influenced by the disciplinary frame - sociological, economical, demographic. Azorean emigration to the United States and Brazil in the late 19th century exemplifies the weight of non economical factors in the decision to emigrate. Compared to other immigrant groups in the era of mass migration, Portuguese immigrants maintained a higher sex ratio that the rest, a sign of persistent ambivalence in the migration project. (PORTUGAL, BRAZIL, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, HISTORY)

93.40.02 - Spanish - Moises LLORDEN MINANBRES

The State, Public Opinion and Spanish Overseas Emigration in the 19th Century (Posicionamientos del estado y de la opinion publica ante la emigracion espanola ultramarina a lo largo del siglo XIX)

The main concern of the Spanish authorities in regulating emigration was to prevent subjects from escaping military service. The protective role of the State towards emigrants was considered for the first time only in 1853, when requisites for immigrant transport were established. The first kind of control fostered clandestine emigration; the second kind was frequently reinforced because not respected. Public opinion expressed concern - which did not go uncontested - for the human resource drain; although frequent legal instruments were produced to protect emigrants from abuse, little effective action in this field was undertaken by the authorities. (SPAIN, HISTORY, EMIGRATION POLICY, PUBLIC OPINION)

93.40.03 - Spanish - Maria M. BJERB

Like Beacons Across the Storm... Ethnic Leadership in the Danish Community in Argentina (Como faros en la tormenta... Los lideres etnicos de la comunidad danesa)

While in the period before 1880 the first ethnic leader of the Danish community was a teacher who thanks to his good contacts and prestige among the local leaderships could gain some control on available land, in a second stage the leading role was played by ethnic priests, who were in a position to act as middlemen, especially as to economic opportunities, among their fellow countrymen. As it happened also among Spanish and Italian immigrants, there was no active mass participation in voluntary associations, except under pressure by the elites; however, the central leading role was not played by mutual aid society in the Buenos Aires, but by the Church. (ARGENTINA, DENMARK, HISTORY, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, ELITE)

93.40.04 - Spanish - Maria Liliana DA ORDEN

Immigration, Occupational Mobility and Urban Expansion: The Case or Spanish Immigrants in Mar del Plata, 1914-1930 (Inmigracion, movilidad ocupacional y expansion urbana: el caso de los espanoles en Mar del Plata, 1914-1930)

Following Germani, it was generally maintained that Argentine society experienced a strong upward mobility in the period of mass migration; this hypothesis was later questioned by studies based on a structural approach and qualitative sources, as this was the case with some approaches that, much like Thernstrom did for the urban social history in the United States, stress the limits of mobility in cities like Buenos Aires or Cordoba. This paper analyzes occupational mobility among first and second generation Spanish immigrants in a recent, middle size town as Mar del Plata in the 1910s and 1920s, on the basis of data obtained from Birth and Marriage records, considering diversity in regional origin, the changing context of economic growth in the city and the importance of ethnic and inter-ethnic social networks. (ARGENTINA, SPAIN, HISTORY, IMMIGRANTS, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY)

93.40.05 - Spanish - Beatriz E. ARGIROFFO and Claudia A. ETCHARRY

Immigration, Social Networks and Occupational Mobility. Italians from Ginestra and Ripalimosani in Rosario (Argentina) 1947-l958 (Inmigracion, redes sociales y movilidad ocupacional: italianos de Ginestra y Ripalimosani en Rosario (1947-1958)

The study - mainly on the basis of interviews - of two groups of Italian immigrants arrived in the city of Rosario (Argentina) after World War II shows that differences in job, social mobility and settlement patterns result in different kinds of contact with the host society. Albanese Italians from Ginestra and their non-Albanese neighbors from Ripacandida gathered in an industrial neighborhood near an important stell mill with the help of their paesani who had settled earlier, and joined the industrial labor force. The group protected its identity by limiting its participation in the broader society. Immigrants from Ripalimosani (Molise), also peasants, came to Rosario in chain migration and were part of a padrone-like system through which, with material help from a prominent paesano they established themselves as bakers, their activity causing them to scatter in different commercial neighborhoods of the city, but also allowing them to experience upward mobility. The group showed a higher level of exogamy than the Albanese, although hereby language is an important factor. (ARGENTINA, ITALY, IMMIGRANTS, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION)

DECEMBER 1992 - VOLUME 7, NUMBER 22

93.40.06 - Spanish - Spanish - Ronald C. NEWTON

Patria? Cual Patria? Italo-Argentines and Gernian-Argentines in the Age of Fascist National Renewal, 1922-1945 (Patria? Cual Patria?. Italo-argentinos y Germano-argentinos en la era de la renovacion nacional fascista, 1922-1945)

The impact of Italian and German renewal on, respectively, the Italo-Argentine and German-Argentine collectivities is analyzed against the Argentine background as far as the attitude of the criollo elite towards foreigners and the government's foreign policy are concerned. Fascist persistent - and costly - endeavours to gain supporters among the numerous Italo-Argentine collectivity were of little success, and those who joined fascism did it mainly out of opportunism. While ideological adhesion is not easy to establish, party membership was dismayingly low: less than 1% of Italian nationals and 3 or 4% of Reichsdeutsche were members of the Fascist Party, respectively, the Nazi Party. The historical context and the social composition lie behind the differences detected, mainly, a relative greater aproach of German-Argentines to pan-Germanism. (ARGENTINA, ITALY, GERMANY, HISTORY, IMMIGRANTS, POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES)

93.40.07 - Spanish - Spanish - Donna GABACCIA

Class and Culture: Italian Migrants in Labor Movements around the World, 1876-1914 (Clase y Cultura: los migrantes italianos en los movimientos obreros en elmundo, 1876-1914)

This study compares Italian migrants' interactions with workers of a wide variety of backgrounds worldwide. The greater number provided unskilled labor force to the building of capitalist infrastructure or became factory workers. Skilled workers and exiles became labor activists in their new homes, unskilled Italians workers, though more ambivalent, were not docile. Though not hostile to either organization or radical ideology, they tended to isolation and marginality when their preferences were not coincident with those, of local workers. Their patterns of action were influenced both by class and culture. (ITALY, EMIGRANTS, WORKING CLASS, SOCIAL MOVEMENT)

93.40.08 - Spanish - Spanish - Maria Cristina CACOPARDO

Potential Emigration of Young Italo-argentines (La emigracion potencial de jovenes italoargentinos)

In the last decades, a new demographic phenomenon aroused in Argentina, which has traditionally been a receiving country. The emigration of Argentines is today an evident fact since the increasing rate of negative migration imbalances and the growing demand for double citizenship among young Argentines. Recent inquiries within this population (young adults, high educational profile) have been made in three urban centres (Buenos Aires, Rosario and Mar del Plata). Current results show that pull factors and perception of potential work and economic oportunities. (ARGENTINA, EMIGRATION, BRAIN DRAIN)

93.40.09 - Spanish - Spanish - Alejandro VAZQUEZ GONZALEZ

The Micro-social Dimensions of Galician Emigration to America: The Role of Informal Social Networks (Las dimensiones microsociales de la emigracion gallega a America: La funcion de las redes sociales informales)

The approach aims at explaining differences in trends and preferences of Galician migrants to America. The positive role of micro-social factors and of informal networks is stressed as far as information, financiation, support and integration are concerned, which allowed many emigrants to choose their geographical and working destination on the basis of preestablished connections. The role of emigration in familial strategies is analyzed, as well as the different sources of information available to Galician families and to would be emigrants at the time of making their decisions. The paper posits the importance of chain migration as a means of reuniting families. (UNITED STATES, SPAIN, EMIGRATION, SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)

APRIL 1993 - VOLUME 8, NUMBER 23

93.40.10 - Spanish - Fernando Urrea GIRALDO

Main Trends in Migration Processes in Colombia and Economic Internationalization (Principales tendencias de los procesos migratorios en Colombia y la internacionalizacion de la economia) (p. 5-17)

Colombia has been experiencing, in the last decades, different kinds of spatial mobility towards the United States, Europe, Venezuela and other countries in Latin America. Since the 1980s, return flows have become significant. A greater proportion of migrant women is expected to continue and even increase, while non-migrants will increase their role in coffee-related activities. A higher educational level in the younger generations will also reinforce migration because of lacking opportunities at home; these potential migrants will continue to flow to unskilled and semi-skilled markets abroad and also, to illegal activities such as drug trafficking and prostitution. Return migrants with capital accumulated abroad are expected to produce beneficial effects in the Colombian economy. Also, remittances of migrants abroad will be important for the Colombian economy. (COLOMBIA, EMIGRATION, RETURN MIGRATION, LABOUR MARKET, MIGRANT WORKERS)

93.40.11 - Spanish - Andre CORTEN

Transnationalization and Sovereignty in the Caribbean (Transnacionalizacion y soberania en el Caribe) (p. 19-30)

Population displacements within the Caribbean area and towards the United States are analyzed considering rent transnationalization. These migrations are of a triangular nature, are not market-determined, but rather, follow a patriarchal logic and/or mechanisms of survival or subsistence. Caribbean citizens fleeing a resource-degradating system menacing their survival turn into economic refugees. Sovereignty in transnationalized countries lies in a country's ability to preserve the fundamental rights of its communities of citizens abroad. Caribbean migrants in New York metropolitan area acquire this conscience and take it home upon their return, as they metropolitanize urban environments in their homeland. (CARIBBEAN, UNITED STATES, EMIGRANTS, RETURN MIGRATION, ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)

93.40.12 - Spanish - Raimundo Adalberto Alvarado Umanzor

International Migrations in Central America in the 90s: Causes, Implications and Consequences (Las migraciones internacionales en Centroamerica en la decada de los noventa: causas, implicaciones y consecuencias) (p. 31-54)

After revising the demographic and historical backgrounds as well as the situation in each individual country in the area, the author concludes that migrations in Central America have been originated and influenced mainly by social and economic causes, as well as by social-political conflicts in the area, the latter affecting in particular El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Panama. Although bringing some relief to the families through remittances of money earned abroad, the general effects are negative for countries of origin, due to the loss of labour and ruptures in family relations. On the other hand, they significantly influence labour markets in the countries of destination, such as Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico and the United States. The countries in the area must now prepare themselves to receive many of those migrants back home. Government population policies must take these aspects of migrations into consideration and must be coordinated with development plans. (CENTRAL AMERICA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, LABOUR MIGRATION)

93.40.13 - Spanish - Hermann Kratochwil

Migration Policy and Integration Policies Within the Andean Pact (La politica de migracion en el marco de la politicas de integracion del Pacto Andino) (p. 55-76)

After a review of the institutions belonging to the Andean Pact, migration topics within this context are analyzed, considering three main issues: labour migration, dealt with in numerous meetings, conferences and committees since 1973; circulation of persons, where a series of agreements tending to simplify procedures at border-sites are still not practically in force for reasons concerning internal safety, drug traffic and unemployment; and migration across borders as related to borderline integration, which was dealt with in the Macchu Picchu Summit in 1990 and in a Decision Project in 1991. It must be noted, however, that the concept of integration has undergone important changes in meaning during the last decade. (SOUTH AMERICA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, REGIONAL ORGANIZATION, MIGRATION POLICY, REGIONAL INTEGRATION)

AUGUST 1993 - VOLUME 8, NUMBER 24

93.40.14 - Spanish - Eduardo José MIGUEZ

Social Mobility of Native and Immigrants in the Buenos Aires Frontier in the 19th Century: Data, Questions, Perspectives (La movilidad social de nativos e inmigrantes en la frontera bonaerense en el siglo XIX: datos, problemas, perspectivas) (p. 139-170)

The author reconsiders questions such as individual and familiar strategies to achieve upward mobility, possible lines of upward mobility and ethnic and group differences. Traditional approaches, such as structural and replacement mobility are not sufficient to capture the many shades of mobility or improvement when more than one society is involved, nor is landed property the sole indicator of economic progress. A reconsideration of mobility between the 1869 census and that of 1895 shows that opportunities of moving upwards were not neglectable for those who stayed in the area, irrespective of national groups. Inter-generational mobility was harder to achieve, though less difficult for children of immigrants. Early arrival to frontier areas opened the way to social mobility for those who stayed long enough. (ARGENTINA, HISTORY, SOCIAL MOBILITY, IMMIGRANTS)

93.40.15 - Spanish - Beatriz BRAGONI

Networks, Immigration and Social Mobility in Mendoza, Argentina: Entrepreneurial Rationality and Political Ways in a Family Group at the Turn of the Century, 1880-1930 (Redes, inmigracion y movilidad social en Mendoza: Racionalidad empresaria y modos de relacion politica de una parentela de origen finisecular, 1880-1930) (p. 171-204)

The case study of a Spanish family established in Mendoza as viticulturalists and wine makers provides an insight into law social dimension of personal relations in business. Further the evolution of business organization shows the owners' endeavours to keep the properties and achievements within the family and the group's commercial, political and social strategies for upward mobility. (ARGENTINA, HISTORY, SOCIAL MOBILITY, IMMIGRANTS)

93.40.16 - Spanish - Michel NANCY

From Life Histories and Life Stories to Anthropological Practices: On Individuals, Minorities and Migrants (De las historias y relatos de vida a las practicas antropologicas: individuos, minorias y migrantes) (p. 205-232)

The paper stresses the importance of combining a historical with an anthropological approach and the recourse to life histories in order to establish migration patterns among Lebanese peasants. A case study of migration from a Lebanese village shows the manifold destinations chosen, the geographical and occupational mobility of migrants and the role of family ties and relationship in their migration itineraries and cyclical returns to the home village. (LEBANON, GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS, ANTHROPOLOGY)

93.40.17 - Spanish - Christian MARTINEZ NEIRA

A Demographic Study on Dutch and Boer Settlers in Chile: Araucania, Llanquihue and Chiloe, 1895-1915 (Un estudio demografico de la colonizacion holandesa y boer en Chile: Araucania, Llanquihue y Chiloé, 1895-1915) (p. 233-260)

The paper presents Dutch and Boer settlers in Chile between 1895 and 1915. Not considered so far by statistics regarding immigrant settlers in the country, it is a clear example of the dimension and features of settlement of foreigners in southern Chile. During the period considered, Boer and Dutch settlers concentrated in three geographic areas: Chiloé, Gorbea (state-organized) and lago Rupanco (by a private company). As a whole, they were small in number (380 settlers), arrived in many different groups, well-consolidated families averaging 5 members and including non-nuclear members, and shared a pattern of individual, temporary settlement. The question remains for us on the actual role played by foreign settlers in Chile, especially as to the symbolic meaning of their presence in the liberal concept of development guiding the national leadership. (CHILE, NETHERLANDS, HISTORY, IMMIGRANTS)

93.40.18 - Spanish - Oscar ALVAREZ GILA

Emigration to America from a Guipuzcoan Town as per Emigration Licenses: Ordizia, 1840-1862 (Emigracion a América desde un municipio guipuzcoano, segun las Licensias de Emigracion: Ordizia, 1840-1862)

Basque emigration to America, though of qualitative importance, poses methodological difficulties mainly concerning the use of great statistical sources, where Basque people are masked either as of French or Spanish nationality. The recourse to local, nominal sources such as notarial registers of different kinds, and to microhistory can be interesting, especially when complemented by similar sources, either American or European which may allow us to follow the emigrant's cursus vitae. The study of notarized emigration licenses in a small Guipuzcoan village, Ordizia, confirms grosso modo the main traits of the migration process and the influence of the illegal migration. Thus the influence of chain migration in development and polarization of migration becomes evident, as well as some other aspects which might have remained unnoticed, such as seasonality of departures. A list of emigrants registered between 1841 and 1862 in Ordizia and a sample license are included. (SPAIN, HISTORY, EMIGRANTS, HISTORICAL SOURCES)

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