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1993 - NUMBER 1
MISCELLANIES

93.01.01 - French - Cyril GRANGE, 47, av Félix Faure, 75015 Paris (France)

The Upper Class in Paris Area, 1903-1987 (Les classes privilégiées dans l'espace parisien (1903-1087)) (p. 11-21)

This article describes the evolution of the "beaux quartier" of Paris in the 20th century. The population selected for this study is the population mentioned in the French Bottin Mondain equivalent of the American Social Register. In the 1900s, the Parisian upper class gathers in the 8th, 16th (the north part of it), 7th and 17th (especially in Plaine Monceau) districts. Today, the 16th is the first district of the bourgeoisie. It is followed by the 7th, the 17th and a new one, the 15th. The upper class has progressively left the 8th and the western part of the 9th districts, which stay nervertheless in the top group. Though the changes of the social map, the upper class stays in the west and the east of Paris is always as no upper class's land. (FRANCE, CAPITAL CITY, URBAN SOCIOLOGY, UPPER CLASS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)

93.01.02 - French - Boris DIVINSKY, Comenius University, Bratislava (Slovakia)

Romanies in Slovakia: A Challenge to the Future (Tsiganes en Slovaquie: un challenge pour le futur) (p. 23-33)

The collapse of socialism reinforced the problems linked with of nearly 5% Gipsy minority among the Slovakian population. The former policy was a voluntarist one in favour of the Gipsies. This politics did not encourage their assimilation and focused the feeling of other people against them. Unemployment rate is now as high as 43,5% among Gipsies of working age. The educational level of the Gipsies should be strongly upgraded. (SLOVAKIA, ETHNIC MINORITIES, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES)

93.01.03 - English - Andrei ROGERS and Cécile HEMEZ-DESCRYVE, Population Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0484 (U.S.A.)

Changing Patterns of Interregional Migration and Population Redistribution in the United States: A Cohort Perspective (p. 35-46)

During the past several decades, demographers have studied the effect of relative cohort size on fertility. This paper examines the effect of relative cohort size on the levels, spatial structures and age patterns of the interdivisional migration of young adults in the United States. The goal is to test some of the hypotheses put forward by Plane and Rogerson in a recent article on the topic. Three cohorts are studied across three time intervals: 1935-1940, 1955-1960 and 1975-1980. Drawing on the now well-documented argument that place of birth influences the behavior of migrants, return migrations are distinguished from nonreturn migrations. Relative cohort size appears to affect the levels and age patterns of migration. However, the effect of relative cohort size on the spatial structures of migration is not clear; different indices of spatial concentration exhibit different trends over the three time periods. (UNITED STATES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RESETTLEMENT POLICY, GENERATION EFFECT)

93.01.04 - French - Jean-Philippe DAMAIS, Université Paris-Nord, av Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse (France)

Residential Mobility and Differentiation of Space in Urban Environnement (Mobilité résidentielle et différenciation de l'espace en milieu urbain) (p. 47-60)

The author proposes to use the intra-urban residential mobility as an indicator of the internal dynamics of cities. He describes very meticulousnessly the evolution of residential behaviour in a middle town, Le Havre, between the four last French censuses. The decomposition of flows and the observation of their links with the change of urban surroundings allow to differentiate the space, using an own methodology which combines the stages of life cycle, the evolution of the household structure and the permanences and changes of the "town places". (FRANCE, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY)

93.01.05 - French - Josiane DUCHENE and Evelyne THILTGES, Institut de Démographie, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 place Montesquieu, B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve (Belgium)

Regional Adult Mortality in Belgium: 1985-1987 (La mortalité des plus de 15 ans en Belgique: les disparités régionales en 1985-1987) (p. 61-74)

In Belgium, regional inequalities of adult mortality are lesser today than in the past. The rapid decrease of mortality since the 1980's seems to reduce inequalities, but contrasts remain among age mortality patterns. At the regional level, analyses measuring short-term changes in order to better understand and forecast them, are unsatisfactory when one attempts to measure the significance of the results. This is still an unusual approach in demagraphy when results are based on the whole population and not on just a sample. (BELGIUM, ADULT MORTALITY, DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)

93.01.06 - English - Dominique VANNESTE and Katrien VANDENWEGHE, Institut Social and Economic Geography, K.U. Leuven, de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee (Leuven) (Belgium)

Location Factors of General Practioners in Belgium in Relation to the Grossman Model (p. 75-84)

This article on the factors affecting the location of general practioners in Belgium takes its starting point from the Grossman model. The basic variables and additional characteristics included in this model refer to social-demographic and environmental structures and also to morbidity. These are considered to be elements which account for the number of consultations, which in turn represent income opportunities for general practitioners. First of all the authors study the extent to which the concentration of general practitioners corresponds with the variables mentioned above (using canonical correlation analysis). Next the verify changes taking place in the composition of classes of general practitioners' density (and their spatial distribution) if the variables mentioned above are taken to be the most important location factors (through stepwise discriminant analysis). Finally the authors balance socio-demographic and environmental characteristics against some other factors. (BELGIUM, PHYSICIANS, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)

1993 - NUMBER 2
THE FRENCH POPULATION WITHIN ITS OWN SPACE

93.01.07 - French - Jean-Noël BIRABEN, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris cedex 14 (France)

Population Dynamics and Territorial Distribution of Humans, According to Some Historical Examples (Dynamique démographique et répartition territoriale des hommes d'après des exemples historiques) (p. 169-176)

Universal for all animals and plant species, the log-normal law of spatial distribution of groups of individuals did not seem to apply to humans, except in towns exceeding a certain size. In reality, this law does apply when the assumption is made that the current distribution is the addition of two distributions: a historical one, with a small standard deviation, corresponding to a local market economy based on farming and craft industry, and a recent one, with a large standard deviation, corresponding to a remote-exchange industrial economy. As productivity increases, one can follow how the population shifts from the former to the latter. The demographic transition is more than simply a fertility decline responding to a mortality decline. It is also the shift of a relatively uniform spatial distribution to a very differentiated one, linked to the reduction of land areas for production. (DEMOGRAPHIC MODELS, LOGNORMAL LAW, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, HISTORY)

93.01.08 - French - Alain JACQUOT, INSEE, Division Statistiques et Etudes Régionales, 18 bd Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Spatial Frictions Between Population and Employment (Les frictions spatiales entre la population et l'emploi) (p. 177-188)

With census data, we examine whether the distribution of jobs and that of people over the French territory display a greater degree of "harmony" in 1990 than they did in 1982. Counter-urbanization around the cities is still going on. But since the excess of births over deaths is larger in towns than it is in the rural parts of the country, there has been virtually no change in the degree of concentration of people over the territory. The increase of employment, however, benefited more to cities (especially the larger ones) than it did to the country. This widening gap between the distribution of people and that of jobs has resulted in an increase of commuting. (FRANCE, RESETTLEMENT POLICY, EMPLOYMENT, URBAN POPULATION, COMMUTING)

93.01.09 - French - J.-C. FANOUILLET, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Where Does the City End ? (Où finit la ville?) (p. 189-196)

The "new city dwellers" live further and further from the city itself: inhabited by farmers in the past, the dwelling of the rural areas are now occupied by a great number of people working every day in metropolis. Even if the country landcape does not always change, it is now under influence. (POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, RURAL ENVIRONMENT, COMMUTING)

93.01.10 - French - Guy DESPLANQUES, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Cedex 14 (France)

Intercensal Migrations During 1982-1990 (Les migrations intercensitaires de 1982 à 1990) (p. 197-204)

During the period 1982-1990, between the last censuses, five million people, that says one out of eleven, have changed area (NUTS 1). Like in the 70s, South regions have increased through internal migrations, especially the Mediterranean Coast. On the opposite, North-East regions have lost inhabitants. The capital region, Ile-de-France, was an emigration region, but the difference between immigrants from other regions and emigrants was smaller than during the period 1975-1982. The economic revival at the end of the 80s was probably profitable. Like in the previous decades, an important part of migrations are linked to the life cycle, particularly at the beginning and at the end of occupational life. (FRANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, INTERCENSAL MIGRATION)

93.01.11 - French - Thomas LE JEANNIC, INSEE, Service des Etudes et de la diffusion, 15 bd Gabriel Péri, 92245 Malakoff Cedex (France)

The Balance of Migrations Between Ile-de-France and the "Province" (Géographie des migrations Ile-de-France-province) (p. 205-214)

The balance of migration between the Ile-de-France region and the other French regions shows a debit balance which has been however reduced since 1982. The number of immigrants is growing up, and for the first time since 1954 the number of emigrants has been decreasing. The geography of gains and losses has not changed. The balance of migrations remains positive with the other big cities, and with the North-East of France, but shows a deficit with the rural areas, the coastal regions and the nearest areas of the Paris basin. The comparison between the real flows and the flows calculated with a gravity model shows that population movements are important between the Ile-de-France region and the big cities but lesser with the North, the East and the Rhône-Alpes regions. (FRANCE, INTERNAL MIGRATION, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, MODELS)

93.01.12 - French - Bernard AUBRY, INSEE Alsace, Cité Administrative, rue de l'Hôpital Militaire, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex (France)

A Contribution to Studies on Migration (Contribution à l'étude des migrations définitives) (p. 215-220)

Selected information on persons who were in Alsace at the time of one or more of the last five population consuses has been grouped in one file. Information on migratory movements is considerably improved as all noted population movements are included in the file and are linked with the principal characteristics of the persons concerned. The relatively large size of the file makes the use of a specific method of analysis (SAPHIR) desirable. The name SAPHIR (Population Analysis and the Historical Approach to Censuses) refers to both one - or more - reference files and to a method of analysis appropriate to the field of study. (FRANCE, REGIONS, FINAL MIGRATION, DATA BANK, METHODOLOGY)

93.01.13 - French - Jean-Philippe DAMAIS, Université de Paris Nord (XIII), Département de géographie, av Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse (France)

Residential Mobility in the French Great Urban Centres from 1968 to 1990 (La mobilité résidentielle dans les grandes agglomérations françaises de 1968 à 1990) (p. 221-228)

This paper concerns the evolution of residential mobility of the citizens inside urban centers where they are living, for the last twenty years. This analysis is unfinished owing to the fact of handicaps due to the form which the recent statistical data (census of 1990) are now available; it is not possible particularly to isolate the residential changes between communes in each urban center from those between all the French communes. Nevertheless, it appears that the residential mobility has been clearly less intense and less varying between 1982 to 1990 than during the two previous intercensal periodes, chiefly to the detriment, (?...), of the intra-communal mobility. (FRANCE, CITIES, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, INTERCENSAL MIGRATION)

93.01.14 - French - Jean-Pierre CHARRIE, CESURB, Université Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux III, 33405 Talence Cedex (France)

Demographic and Spatial Dynamics in the Middle Garonne Countries (Dynamique démographique et spatiale dans les pays de la Moyenne Garonne) (p. 229-236)

The middle Garonne countries have always had a low and spatially unbalanced demographic growth. The recent demographic growth affects all the districts of the valley. This change allows us to show the mechanisms furthering these geographic links; the part played by modern means of communication, the dynamism or the deterioration of economic activities in the towns, the continous spreading of urban areas, even the smallest ones. A typology helps us to bring out the main dynamics based on the urban framework. (FRANCE, REGIONS, POPULATION DYNAMICS)

93.01.15 - French - Robert MARCONIS, Anne-Marie ARNAUNE, Marie-Hélène CABANNE, Centre Interdisciplinaire d'Etudes Urbaines, Université de Toulouse-Le-Mirail, 5 allée A. Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France)

Demographic Revival and Geographical Disparities in the Midi-Pyrénées Region (Renouveau démographique et disparités géographiques dans la région Midi-Pyrénées) (p. 237-246)

Since 1954, the Midi-Pyrénées region's demographic revival has highly been beneficial to the Greater Toulouse area which is clearly dominating the urban hierarchy. These disparities result more from an intricate process, in which are involved interregional migrations, than from a mere resettlement of population from the region to its capital city. The growing gap between Toulouse and all the rest of the Midi-Pyrénées region is keeping pace with a leading trend of periurbanization which contributes to the emergence of a widespread residential area all around Toulouse including all the nearest medium-sized towns. The present statistical and administrative bounds do not allow to take properly into account the metropolitan area as part of the town and territory planning policies. (FRANCE, REGIONS, POPULATION DYNAMICS, RESETTLEMENT POLICY, URBAN CONCENTRATION)

93.01.16 - French - Jacques LAVERTU, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Geographical Analysis of Household Family Structures (Analyse spatiale de la structure familiale des ménages) (p. 255-262)

The geographic pattern of family structures in France is altering very slowly. The nuclear family is still a dominant character within the northern part of the country, whereas complex households hold their position in the South-West. Nevertheless, for several family types, the dicrepancies get narrower during the last intercensal period. This is particularly the case of complex households. (FRANCE, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION)

93.01.17 - French - Alfred DITTGEN, IDUP, Université de Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, 22 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris (France)

First Female Marriage Variation by French Departments: Evolution since the War (Variation départementale des premiers mariages féminins: évolution depuis la Guerre) (p. 263-270)

In the 50s and the 60s, proportion of never married women reduced and age at first marriage decreased. These changes go hand and hand with a reduction in traditional differences between departments. But an opposite evolution takes place in the urban areas of Paris, favoured by selected migrations. The fall of nuptiality since the beginning of the 70s has led to increase the department differences. Marriage the best resists where formely it was the least widespread and the most late. (FRANCE, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, WOMEN, FIRST MARRIAGE, CELIBACY)

93.01.18 - French - Gérard-François DUMONT, Université Paris-Sorbonne, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris (France)

Do the Nuptiality Behaviours of the Ile-de-France Region Anticipate those of France ? (Les comportements de nuptialité de l'Ile-de-France anticipent-ils ceux de la France?) (p. 271-280)

The study of the nuptiality behaviours in the most urban French region - Ile-de-France - and in France as a whole shows up obvious differences. Yet, when one checks up five factors, those differences seem to correspond with time shifts rather than with a real state of things. (FRANCE, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, NUPTIALITY)

93.01.19 - French - France PRIOUX, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Fertility Outside Marriage in France since 1968: Evolution of the Contrasts Between Departments (La fécondité hors mariage en France depuis 1968 évolution des contrastes interdépartementaux) (p. 281-292)

The frequency of births outside marriage (number of births per 1,000 unmarried women aged 15 to 44) increased dramatically in all the départements between 1968 and 1990 and contrasts between departments became more pronounced. Taking into account prenuptial conceptions and calculating a global rate for births conceived outside marriage lead to another conclusion: in 1968, the contrasts between the departments were already important and the average rate was high. Because of the decrease in prenuptial conceptions and the subsequent increase in births outside marriage, the rates first decreased in almost all departments: there was then a general rise between 1982 and 1990. Differences of evolution during the 1968-1975 and the 1975-1982 periods are of particular interest because the show discrepancies in the tempo of both diffusion of out of wedlock behaviours and contraceptive knowledge among young people from the beginning of the 1970s onwards. (FRANCE, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, ILLEGITIMATE FERTILITY)

93.01.20 - French - Chantal BLAYO, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Differential Abortion in French "départements" (L'avortement différentiel selon les départements) (p. 293-300)

Statistics of abortion are available by "départements" since 1976. The index of differential abortion shows greater deviations in time and space than those of other social indicators. This is less the result of disparities in women's behaviour (there are fewer abortions in the North of France than in the South) than of deep differences in medical services and in the respect of the law. (FRANCE, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, LEGAL ABORTION)

93.01.21 - French - Nicole SZTOKMAN, Université de Nantes, URA 915 CNRS, B.P. 1025, 44036 Nantes Cedex 01 (France)

Working Population: Main Trends and Regional Disparities (Population active: grandes tendances et disparités régionales) (p. 307-314)

The French working population has kept growing during the 80s because of the rising arrival of women on the labour market. But what is most characteristic of this recent evolution is the increasing unemployment and the employment precariousness which can reach up to 40-60% of the 20-25 years old working population. Regional disparities still remain, hardly soften, and the opposition between the north and the south of the country seems to increase. (FRANCE, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, LABOUR FORCE, UNEMPLOYMENT)

93.01.22 - French - Michel CASTELLAN, Maryse MARPSAT, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France), and Marie-Françoise GOLDBERGER, Délégation Interministérielle à la Ville, 194 av du Président Wilson, 93917 Plaine St-Denis Cedex (France)

The Districts which Benefit from French Urban Policy Show a Considerable Diversity (Les quartiers en convention: une grande diversité) (p. 315-324)

In metropolitan France, about 500 urban districts are benefiting from contracts between municipal, regional and central governments. Even if they share, among other features, a high unemployment rate, these districts show considerable differences among regions in terms of public housing districts, inner cities, working-class housing. Furthermore, a particular district can contrast more or less with the surrounding urban unit. (FRANCE, URBAN PLANNING)

93.01.23 - French - Raymonde SECHET, UFR Sciences Sociales, Université Rennes 2, 35043 Rennes Cedex (France)

RMI and Integration in Rural Backgrounds. The Example of the Mayenne (RMI et insertion en milieu rural. L'exemple mayennais) (p. 325-334)

By their demographic characteristics, the beneficiaries of the RMI (Revenu minimum d'insertion) in the French deparment of Mayenne are similar to the national average: youth, mostly persons living alone, many single-parent families, concentration in cities. Meanwhile, this department is a relevant area to analyze the application of the RMI in rural backgrounds: diversity of the beneficiaries, particular difficulties of reintegration despite a strong mobilization of local figures. (FRANCE, REGIONS, RURAL ENVIRONMENT, POVERTY)

93.01.24 - French - Christian PIHET, Philippe VIOLIER, Département de géographie, Université d'Angers, 35 rue de la Barre, 49000 Angers (France)

Local Policies and Distribution of the Elderly: The Case of Angers (Politiques locales et répartition des populations âgées: l'exemple d'Angers) (p. 335-342)

In Angers, a medium size city of Western France, the 1975 and 1990 censuses point out a great mobility of old people (over 75 years). Now, they rather aggregate in the city inner area. As a consequence, the central district gets proportionnally more populated with younger people. These changes in the age structure arise from three main processes: in the central district real estate rehabilitation and restoration add to the sortings out of old people; in the less coveted inner area, the greater number of elderly people results from the development of retirement homes and from the local public policy of keeping elderly citizens at home. (FRANCE, URBAN PLANNING, AGED)

93.01.25 - French - Robert HERIN, Université de Caen, URA CNRS 915, Département de géographie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex (France)

School Education, Inequalities of Opportunities: Geographical Dimensions (La formation scolaire, les dimensions géographiques de l'inégalité des chances) (p. 343-354)

The educational standards of French school children have been rising rapidly. The "baccalauréat" has become the basic qualification of the educational system. But social inequalities and geographical disparities in education have not disappeared, when one takes account of access to higher education, the "drop-outs" from education, or the education of children of rural background. They are becoming an entrenched part of the social and geographical diversity of the French society, inequalities which effectively have a hard life of their own. (FRANCE, TEACHING, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, SOCIAL HETEROGENEITY)

93.01.26 - French - Jean-Pierre AUGUSTIN, CESURB, Université Michel Montaigne, Bordeaux III, 33405 Talence Cedex (France)

Town, Schooling System and Social Inequalities (La ville, la scolarisation et l'inégalité des chances) (p. 355-364)

The progress made in schooling for all stands out even more in the towns where the biggest schools and universities are to be found. However, disparities still exist and sometimes are intensified for some groups or places. The survey carried out in the urban area of Bordeaux sheds some light on the means contrived by an educational society, the reality of differentiated poles and the inequality of chances in a given area. Beyond the "democratization" of secondary schooling, which is always the main concern, one can but wonder if the progress underway will not add even more to the social and spatial diversification of professional channels in the town. (FRANCE, TEACHING, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, SOCIAL HETEROGENEITY)

93.01.27 - French - Michelle GUILLON, Université de Poitiers, 95 av du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex (France)

Immigration: The Strengthening of the Parisian Polarisation, 1975-1990 (Immigration: le renfort de la polarisation parisienne, 1975-1990) (p. 371-378)

In spite of a pronouced reduction of entries since the beginning of the crisis, the foreign population keeps changing. Even more strongly than during prosperity times, steady flows are polarised towards the Ile-de-France region. In 1990, 38% of foreigners living in France dwell in Ile-de-France. Since 1975, it has been the sole region to have registered a greater proportion of immigrants. (FRANCE, IMMIGRATION, URBAN CONCENTRATION)

93.01.28 - French - Patrick SIMON, INED, 27 rue du Commandeur, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

Immigration Areas: Areas of Arrival or Areas of Settlement? The Case of Belleville (Les quartiers d'immigration: "ports de première entrée" ou espaces de sédentarisation? L'exemple de Belleville) (p. 379-388)

Immigrant communty structures have been mainly associated with the early phase of immigrant settlement. According to this model, such structures disappear in the course of the "acculturation" process. In this article, we argue that these structures exist during a different phase in immigrant settlement and that they are a response to needs that extend beyond the phase of pure "adaptation" to the host society. We attempt to support this argument through the analysis of residential stability of foreign immigrants, used as an indicator of a settling process. (FRANCE, IMMIGRANTS, INTEGRATION)

93.01.29 - French - Michel POINARD, UFR de géographie, Université de Toulouse-Le-Mirail, 5 allée A. Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France)

What Evaluation of the Portuguese Immigration in France Teaches Us? (Bilans et leçons de l'immigration portugaise en France) (p. 389-398)

The study of the Portuguese immigration in France presents an efficient pattern for the knowledge of international migrations: about 800.000 people were involved in this movement, acting only some years, out of the States' control. Finally, deeply inserted in the French society, the Portuguese community however had kept its links and networks with the native country. (FRANCE, PORTUGAL, IMMIGRANTS, INTEGRATION)

93.01.30 - French - Chantal MADINIER, INSEE, 18 bd Adolphe Pinard, 75675 Paris Cedex 14 (France)

People of French Overseas Department and Territories (Les populations de l'outre-mer français) (p. 401-408)

In 1990, 1 926 000 people were living in the French overseas departments and territories, 3/4 of which in the departments. The overseas departments are primarily three islands where population is dense and concentrated in the coast line areas, as the inside is not always very hospitable. Fertility has sharply decreased, while migration towards metropolitan France has slowed down. The fourth overseas department is a land three times as big as Belgium, underpopulated but attracting a growing flow of foreigners. Female activity is increasing and its patterns are becoming closer to those of metropolitan France. In spite of the creation of many new jobs, the unemployment rate is increasing: it is three times higher than in metropolitan France and it affects mainly young people. (FRANCE, REGIONS, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES)

93.01.31 - French - Jean-Paul COLLIEZ, INSEE, 4 rue de l'Ecole, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, (France)

la Réunion Is Deawning Nearer to France (La réunion se rapproche de la France) (p. 409-418)

The new status of la Réunion has deeply contributed to transform and enrich its society. That very largely explains its demographical changes. Three indicators are used to observe the convergence with the whole country: mortality; fertility and its uncertainties; male and more particularly female behavior towards employement, very significant of the advance to a more westernized society. (FRANCE, REGIONS, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES)

93.01.32 - French - Christine Chivallon, TIDE-CNRS, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Campus Universitaire, 33405 Talence (France)

Social Inequalities and Spatial Organization in the French Island of Martinique (Inégalités sociales et logiques spatiales à la Martinique) (p. 419-426)

The distribution of a few indicators related to income, employment and the level of consumption, in the seven major regional groups making up Martinique, brings certain differences to the fore. This inequality is expressed concentrically, moving away from the urban centre which mobilizes most of the island resources. The model which takes shape is in fact widespread. However, Martinique offers a variant since the urban phenomenon maps out diffentiated peripherial regions depending on the place they used to occupy in the traditional spatial system. (FRANCE, REGIONS, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY)

93.01.33 - French - André CALMONT, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR Lettres et Sciences humaines, Campus de Schoelder, 97275 Schoelder Cedex, Martinique (France)

Is the Haitian Community in the French Guiana Being Assimilated? (Les Haïtiens en Guyane: une communauté en voie d'intégration?) (p. 427-434)

The French Guiana which is traditionally open to immigration, is made up of a medley of different communities, the largest of which is the Haïtian community which has been settling there from 1974 onwards. This sizeable migration which was spontaneous and illicit, now plays a basic role, not only demographically but also through its impact on the economic system. Nevertheless it has involved tense, even sometimes hostile relations with the natives. For the last few years a process of assimilation seems to have started in connection with the three following parameters: the decrease of the migratory flow, from 1984 onwards, the stabilization of the Haïtian community and the evolution of the Guianese situation as well. (FRANCE, HAITI, REGIONS, IMMIGRATION)

1993 - NUMBER 3
MIGRATION AMONG THE ELDERLY IN EUROPE

93.01.34 - English - Anthony M. WARNES, King's College, Cornwall Road, London SEI 8TX (U.K.)

The Development of Retirement Migration in Great Britain (p. 451-464)

Migration around the age of retirement is an expression of the opportunities a society gives to its retired people and to the housing and life-style aspirations held by the older population. This article discusses the proposition that two phases of old age have developed among the affluent populations of western Europe. First, a period of relative wealthy and good health among young elderly people, and secondly, a later period of poorer health, lower income and increased dependency. The optimum locations for the two stages are described, and the effect of migrations among elderly people in redistribution the two age groups among urban and rural areas is discussed. (UNITED KINGDOM, PENSIONERS, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.01.35 - English - Pieter HOOIMEIJER, Frans Dieleman, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.115 3508 TC Utrech (Netherlands), and Marianne KUIJPERS-LINDE, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven (Netherlands)

Is Elderly Migration Absent in the Netherlands (p. 645-476)

The classical patterns in elderly migration, showing a retirement peak and an upward slope at higher ages in the migration age profile and showing a redistribution of the elderly population from urbanised regions towards more rural and coastal areas, are absent in the Netherlands. However, a more in-depth, multivariate analysis shows, that the basic processes underlying elderly migration are also at work in the Netherlands. Due to the specific social and geographical context which include among others a very diffuse age of retirement and a very dispersed pattern of recreational and housing amenities, the processes do no tead to the common age-specificity and geographical distribution in the migration of the elderly. (NETHERLANDS, PENSIONERS, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.01.36 - English - Franz-Joseph KEMPER, Department of Geography, Universty of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, D-53115 Bonn (Germany)

Migrations of the Elderly in West Germany: Developments 1970-1990 (p. 477-487)

The paper analyses interregional migration flows of the elderly in West Germany. The demographic and socio-economic structure of the migrants is described as well as types of migration such as amenity migrants preferring health-resorts, return migrants and kinship and support-related migrants. Next, areas of origin, mostly cities and urban agglomerations, and areas of destination are presented, with special reference to migration flows of the young-old and the old-old. During the 1970s and 1980s the migration rates of the elderly declined considerably, particularly for long-distance migration and more so for retirement migration sensu stricto than for support-related flows. The last section of the paper discusses some arguments to explain this decrease. (GERMANY, PENSIONERS, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.01.37 - French - Françoise CRIBIER and Alexandre KYCH, Géographie sociale et gérontologie, CNRS, Université de Paris 7, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris (France)

Retirement Migrations of City-dwellers in France (Les migrations de retraite des citadins en France) (p. 489-501)

Retirement migration is in France a very important phenomenon; on parisian household out of four, one provincial household out of eight, leaves his city for good at the time of retirement. Flows have constantly increased after World War II, but for the first time the rates of departure have lowered between 1982 and 1990 censuses. In this article we compare the propensity to move of the Parisians and "Provincials", according to social class and location in the city. Why such a différence between Parisians and Provincials retirees? What are the trends now? Is seasonal mobility becoming a surrogate for retirement migration? (FRANCE, PENSIONERS, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.01.38 - English - Sture ÖBERG, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Norbyvàgen 18 B, S-752 36 Uppsala (Sweden), Siv SCHEELE, Institutet för Regional Analys, Box 12519, 10229 Stockholm (Sweden), and Gerdt SUNDSTRÖM, Institutet för Gerontology, Box 1038, 53111 Jönköping (Sweden)

Migration Among the Elderly, the Stockholm Case (p. 503-514)

This article on migration among elderly in the Stockholm area discusses the subject with four research question in mind. It is shown that migration frequencies are higher in the age group around 65, which is the formal retirement age in Sweden, and that the flow is going from Stockholm to less populated areas and small towns. Some former immigrants to the area will migrate back to the regions where they grew up and spent their formative years. To a larger extent pensioners will migrate to regions depicted as attractive, which in this context means regions with idyllicly built-up areas, nice climate and low crime rates. Four out of five pensioners who moved out of the country, opted for "idyllic" towns as destinations. Finally it is shown that spatial mobility among pensioners has not increased over the last century. In general migration rates were somewhat higher a century ago with the exception of the rates for native born Stockholmers. (SWEDEN, AGED, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.01.39 - French - Françoise BARTIAUX, Département de démographie, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1, Place Montesquieu, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgique), and Alberto BONAGUIDI, Dipartimento di Statistica e Matematica all'Economia, Universita di Pisa, Via Ridolfi, 10 - I-56100 Pisa (Italy)

Retirement Migrations of Milaneses (Les migrations de retraite de Milanais) (p. 515-522)

This paper studies for 1981 the retirement migrations from the metropolitan area of Milan. We have used both census data (household sample). The findings show that retirement migrations do exist in the metropolitan area of Milan, although they are rather rare. Men migrate a little more often than do women, couples more than families living with (adult) children. The probability of migrating also varies according to residence (more in the town centre than in the suburbs), and this is mainly due to extra-metropolitan migration. (ITALY, PENSIONERS, INTERNAL MIGRATION)

93.01.40 - English - Reuben FORD, Concern Institute of Gerontology, King's College, University of London, London W2R 2LS (U.K.)

The Process of Mobility Decesion-making in Later Old Age: Early Findings from an Original Survey of Elderly People in South East England (p. 523-532)

This paper develops the concept of residential strategies in explanation of housing and locational choice in old age. It argues that the forces which shape decisions to migrate in later life, particularly among the older elderly, are little undestood. This deficiency is pertinent in the light of the key role played by housing and locational stress in the pathology of old age. The paper reports the preliminary finding of one of the first UK studies to seek to determine the residential decision-making process of elderly people, through original survey of their motivations and migration outcomes. The study found that although a high proportion of older age groups expressed an intention to stay put, far fewer than in younger age groups were willing to rule out the necessity of a future move. The results indicate a preponderance of housing preferences, social and family support networks over convential notions of locational amenity and convenience as motivations for residential adjustment in later life. The differential role of formal and informal advisers as sources of encouragement and of processes of negotiation within households are also emphasised. Finally, a synopsis of theoretical and methodological implications for future research is presented. (UNITED KINGDOM, AGED, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS)

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