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France (Poitiers)
REVUE EUROPEENNE DES MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES
1992 - VOLUME 8, NUMBER 1
ENTREPRENEURS BETWEEN TWO WORLDS
93.30.01 - French - Sophie BODY-GENDROT,
Professeur, Université de Paris IV, 105 rue Didot, 75014 Paris
(France)
An Attempt at Definition in International Comparisons (Essai de
définitions en matière de comparaisons internationales) (p. 9-16)
A certain number of "extraordinarily unclear" terms only become
meaningful when a prior analysis is undertaken of national, intra-
or super-national situations. This is the case of the term "one
who has immigrated" which cannot be translated by "immigrant"; a
foreigner in terms of nationality (equivalent to dual
nationality); of minorities, ethnic groups, communities, which
hold a meaning in the Anglo-saxon sense, but which go against the
grain of the French Republican thesis, based on the individual.
The researcher must choose, in his definition, between the
juridical approach and the sociological perception which are often
highly differenciated, before beginning any comparative study of
the creation of businesses by foreigners. (INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION, ETHNIC MINORITIES, ETHIC GROUPS, DATA COMPARABILITY)
93.30.02 - French - Michel DREYFUS, Chargé de
Recherche, 9 rue Malher, 75004 Paris (France)
What Is Known in France about Foreigners Creating Businesses over
the Last Century? (Que sait-on en France des créateurs
d'entreprises étrangers depuis un siècle?) (p. 17-26)
In France, very little is known about the history of foreign
enterprise. On the one hand, historians have been mainly
interested in the immigrants who organised themselves into
political movements. And then, the history of immigrants is
extremely recent and rarely has the economic aspect of emigration
been the subject of analysis. The history of enterprises is,
moreover, restricted in France which is both due to the fact that
the entrepreneurs are reticent to reveal their secrets and to the
fantasies they hold with regard to the reality of their
enterprise. Finally, foreigners creating enterprises were not well
prepared for leaving archives. The enterprises were undoubtedly
highly varied. To what extent were some of these foreigners who,
for example, had become integrated and had achieved their
objective, still considered to be foreigners? How did they live
out their own story and did they feel concerned by it? For the
time being, researchers are lacking in documentary evidence.
(FRANCE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTEGRATION)
93.30.03 - French - Claude-Valentin MARIE,
Mission de la lutte contre les trafics de main-d'oeuvre, Ministère
du Travail, 1 place Fontenoy, 75007 Paris (France)
Non-Salaried Foreigners in France - Symbol of the Economic
Mutation of the 1980s (Les étrangers non salariés en France,
symbole de la mutation économique des années 80) (p. 27-38)
Immigration in France can be characterised in three major ways in
the economic domain: the continual degradation in the employment
of wage-earning specialised foreigners in the traditional sectors
of the building trade and industry (automobile); the relative
progression of their numbers in the tertiary sector through their
qualifications; the increase, then stabilisation, of their numbers
amongst those looking for work (females, with the Algerians being
the worst affected); the increasing participation in unsalaried
activities (the number of artisans, shopkeepers and foreigner
entrepreneurs increased by 26% between 1975 and 1982, i.e., by
about 100,000 persons, wih the rate of reliability of these
undertakings being greater than that for French-born); and,
finally, their renewed presence in the illegal forms of activity
and employment. These changes are more revealing of a same
economic logic in a same universe of socio-juridical re-
composition of labour relations. "Labour collectivities" are thus
emerging, as is sub-contracting, in complex legal combinations
within the transnational space. (FRANCE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION,
INTEGRATION, EMPLOYMENT)
93.30.04 - French - Emmanuel MA MUNG, Chargé
de Recherche au CNRS, MIGRINTER URA 1145, Département de
Géographie, 95 avenue du Recteur-Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex
(France)
The Expansion of Ethnic Commerce: Chinese and North Africans in
the Paris Region (L'expansion du commerce ethnique: Chinois et
Maghrébins dans la région parisienne) (p. 39-59)
During the first half of 1989, 20% of the commercial leases on
offer for sale in Paris and in the surrounding areas were bought
up by Asians and North Africans, which underlines the importance
of the presence of these two groups in commercial activities.
Treating the data on several thousand advertisements of commercial
lease change overs made it possible to study, on a very fine
scale, movements within commercial leaseholding across ethnic
commerces. A highly differentiated growth can be deciphered
according to the groups, location and activities through the
strengthening of commercial bases in the areas where they were
traditionally present and their extension into the urban
periphery. Moreover, an analysis of the movements within
commercial leaseholdings reveals the importance of intra-communal
exchanges and the weakness of inter-communal flows. Furthermore,
this allows to distinguish a movement of social mobility through
commercial activity. (FRANCE, CHINA, NORTHERN AFRICA,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ECONOMY, ECONOMIC SECTORS)
93.30.05 - French - Abdelkader BELBAHRI,
Maître de Conférences, 87 chemin de Chavril, 69110 Sainte-Foye-
lès-Lyon (France)
The Diversity of Foreign Entrepreneurship in Lyons (Diversité de
l'entreprenariat étranger à Lyon) (p. 61-71)
The majority of foreign entrepreneurs (65%) have resulted from
traditional labour immigration. For the last 20 years, the
percentage of Southern Europeans entering business, compared to
the overall total, has decreased considerably; conversely, this
development is relatively significant for Asians, French-speaking
Africans and North Africans. Foreign entrepreneurs in the Lyons
agglomeration are to be found in all activity sectors, but given
sectors contain a larger concentration of foreigners of different
nationalities. There are five dominant sectors: building and
public works, inter-industrial wholesalers, general food stores,
drinks outlets and fairground workers. The sectors which are
massively invested by one group of immigrants or another are
actually more of a "preliminary settlement step" rather than
"ghettos". In this respect, developments in Turkish
entrepreneurship are highly significant. (FRANCE, INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION, ECONOMY, ECONOMIC SECTORS)
93.30.06 - French - Nadine WEIBEL, USHS, 23 A
rue Vauban, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
Foreigners and the Creation of Businesses in Alsace (Les étrangers
et la création d'entreprise en Alsace) (p. 73-81)
While it is tempting to invoke the creation of business as an
alternative to unemployment, or even to non-qualification, a finer
observation seems to reveal the existence of pre-existing
conditions to any successful project creation. These parameters
are very often identical to those which are more generally invoked
in discussions on integration (mastering of the host country's
language, education level, as well as solid family structure and
"cultural serenity"). Independently of the categories already
present like the rurals with peasant and artisanal traditions or
city dwellers holding diplomas, those who create enterprises
represent a form of model for their compatriots, that of a
successful challenge. However, it is rare that the services are
exclusively reserved for the community and recruitment is usually
based on criteria other than the nationality. (FRANCE,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTEGRATION)
93.30.07 - French - Salvatore PALIDDA, 40 rue
Pascal, 75013 Paris (France)
The Development of Immigrants' Independent Activities in Europe
and France (Le développement des activités indépendantes des
immigrés en Europe et en France) (p. 83-96)
Whether they are first or second generation, the immigrants in
France surprise with their creativity. More than 15% of
independent workers are born abroad and, if the French of foreign
origin are taken into consideration, about one-third of the total
numbers are foreign-born entrepreneurs. Asians, for example, after
having invested in the restaurant sector, are now turning to
computers and supermarkets; Italians own fruitful heating and
artisanal businesses and are beginning to get interested in
import-export; North Africans, for long solitary people, own
original and diversified businesses in the fields of tourism,
meat, sewing, caretaking, transport-couriers; the Portuguese have
become specialised in the cleaning of buildings and maintenance of
open spaces. The President's major projects procured work for
these independent workers. Other national groups are beginning to
show the first faltering steps towards entrepreneurship, whether
on an isolated path (Lebanese, Portuguese) or in the early stages
of businesses with ethnic clienteles (Africans). (EUROPE, FRANCE,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTEGRATION, ECONOMY, ECONOMIC SECTORS)
93.30.08 - French - Jérémy BOISSEVAIN,
Anthropological-Sociological Center, University of Amsterdam, O.Z.
Achterbuegwal, 185 1012 DK Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Ethnic Enterprises in the Netherlands (Les entreprises ethniques
aux Pays-Bas) (p. 97-106)
The immigrants come from the Mediterranean countries (Turkey,
Italy), from the Caribbean and Surinam. With the desire to create
enterprises, they come up against a profusion of rulings and laws
which, at the outset, are aimed at protecting the consumer and at
establishing competition within the rules of the game. They find
it impossible to work without the help of experts. There are some
10,000 small, ethnic businesses for 11 cultures, at the head of
which are the Italians (9%) and the Greeks (14%). Turks and
immigrants from Surinam (especially those from Hindustan) serve
essentially an ethnic clientele while the Italians, whose
businesses are more solid, have a more diversified clientele. The
Dutch Government is sensitive to the difficulties these small
businessmen face and offers them guidance. Acquiring the language
remains the principal condition of survival. (NETHERLANDS,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTEGRATION, ECONOMY, ECONOMIC SECTORS)
93.30.09 - French - Trevor P. JONES and David
MCEVOY, School of Social Sciences, Truman Street Building, 15-21
Webster Street, Liverpool L3 2ET (U.K.)
Ethnic Resources and Equality of Chances: Indo-pakistani
Businesses in Great Britain and Canada (Ressources ethniques et
égalité des chances: les entreprises indo-pakistanaises en Grande-
Bretagne et au Canada) (p. 107-126)
The creation of entreprises by immigrants from the Indian sub-
continent is a response to a situation of marginalisation rather
than a cultural predisposition towards commerce. Less advantageous
than the Cuban-style ethnic ghetto, this concentration of small
businessmen barely managing to survive, not speaking any English,
discriminated against by the banks, insurance companies and other
key actors, corresponds more to an imprisonment. A study of eleven
localities in Great Britain yields four types of profiles, from
the most narrowly specialised to the most integrated. In reality
(the case of Bradford), progression is rarely vertical and
responsibilities are limited to certain activities in the
restaurant sector, textiles and tobacconists. In comparison,
Canadian society (Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver) is more open, less
discriminating and more economically favourable towards Asians
who, at the outset, are more qualified. The encouraging and
legitimising Canadian directors contribute to the creation of a
favourable climate, but the local context forbids generalisations
and each case deserves a specific local study. (UNITED KINGDOM,
CANADA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTEGRATION, ECONOMY, ECONOMIC
SECTORS, MIGRATION POLICY)
93.30.10 - French - Saskia SASSEN, Columbia
University, Morningside Heights, New York, NY 10027 (U.S.A.)
Immigrant Entrepreneurs and the Implantation of Foreign Industries
in the United States: Elements of a Transnational Economy (Les
entrepreneurs immigrés et l'implantation des industries étrangères
aux Etats-Unis: éléments d'une économie transnationale) (p. 127-
137)
In the United States, the increase in foreign investments is
considerable and it includes the growth of small business creators
in high specialisation services (finance or real estate, for
example), in particular in New York and California, transnational
spaces par excellence. The businesses expatriate their production
and their localised services in large American cities and re-
import the manufactured products. The intersection of these
transnational spaces, creators of small businesses, provides a
renewed image of the centralisation which operates in the shape of
territorially dispersed networks across multiple networks. The
metropolises ("globalising cities") remain at the centre of the
control and coordination of these complicated financial and
administrative networks, but the non-banking forms of financing
make up the principal innovation. It is in this transnational
context that small foreign businesses play a decisive role.
(UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ECONOMY, ENTERPRISES)
93.30.11 - French - Roger WALDINGER,
Department of Sociology, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA
90024 (U.S.A.)
Policies to Aid the Creation of Businesses by Minorities in the
United States: A Critical Approach (Les politiques d'aide à la
création d'entreprises par les minorités aux Etats-Unis: approche
critique) (p. 139-153)
Governments have a dual interest in the development of small
ethnic businesses. The latter encourage the mobility of a petit
bourgeois electoral clientele, reinforce the notion of the
validity of risk and reduce inequality. But other policies (work
inspection, rigidity towards settlements, etc.) can hamper the
initiative of creation. In 1954, the creation of the SBA ("Small
Business Administration"), then, in the 1960s, of the MBEA
("Minority Business Enterprise Agency"), guaranteeing bank loans
to minority members creating businesses only found its coherence
under Nixon with the promotion of black capitalism. Local echelons
attempted to follow the federal directives in 30 megalopolises,
but the results were hardly positive, political goodwill to help
minorities fluctuates, money is lacking in the Administration's
vaults and numerous businesses are going bankrupt. (UNITED STATES,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ENTERPRISES, ETHNIC MINORITIES)
93.30.12 - French - Ivan LIGHT, Department of
Sociology, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024
(U.S.A.) et al.
Los Angeles: The Ethnic Iranian Economy (Los Angeles: l'économie
ethnique des Iraniens) (p. 155-169)
An ethnic economic system is made up of independent workers and
their ethnic compatriots. This study deals with the gulf between
the notion of "ethnic economy" (and its variation, an "enclaved
ethnic economy") and that of "national immigrant groups". In
effect, the ethnic groups do not necessarily coincide with the
national origins. In order to illustrate this hypothesis, the
authors use a survey undertaken on the Iranians living in Los
Angeles. Starting from the fact that this national immigrant group
is divided into four ethnico-religious sub-groups (Armenians,
Baha'is, Jews and Muslims), the Iranians residing in Los Angeles
collect into distinct ethnic economies rather than one single
economy. Each ethnico-religious sub-group possesses its own ethnic
economy and these separate economies are only distantly related to
a global Iranian ethnic economy. (UNITED STATES, IRAN,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ECONOMY, ETHNICITY)
93.30.13 - French - Alejandro PORTES and Min
ZHOU, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (U.S.A.)
Towards the Summits: New Perspectives on the Issue of Ethnic
Minorities (En route vers les sommets: nouvelles perspectives sur
la question des minorités ethniques) (p. 171-192)
The recent experience of several immigrant groups in the United
States cannot be described by any of the current theories, no
matter whether they are structuralist or functionalist, economic
or sociological. Since they are too rigid, they do not explain why
certain groups are stagnant (for example, the Puerto Ricans),
while others are increasing rapidly. The number of businesses of
Asian origin grew by 87% between 1982 and 1987 to reach the record
figure of 377,000 businesses (while the overall growth rate was
14%). Hispanic businesses also increased by 80% during this period
with business figures jumping from 12 to 25 billion dollars. Three
specific examples - Dominican businesses in New York, the Cuban
enclave in Miami and Chinatown in New York - paint a new picture
of immigrants. They are not anxious to become assimilated into the
overall society as they become prosperous more rapidly by
remaining within their own community. After which, whether they
invest in their country of origin, become intermediaries on the
international scene or immediately become inserted into the middle
classes, they seem to have ensured their futures. (UNITED STATES,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ECONOMY, ENTERPRISES)
1992 - VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2
93.30.14 - French - Mirjana MOROKVASIC, CNRS,
Vreie Universitat Berlin, Arbeitsmigration, Rüdesheimer Strasse 1,
D-1000 Berlin 33 (Allemagne)
The War and Refugees in Ex-Yugoslavia (La guerre et les réfugiés
dans l'ex-Yougoslavie) (p. 5-25)
The violent break-up of Yugoslavia has led to more than two
million people being exiled. The present document examines the
massive displacement since the onset of hostilities to the
present. Based on statistics from the United Nations High
Commission for Refugees and various surveys taken on site, the
author presents an update of the situation of ex-Yugoslavia itself
and abroad. With the passage of time, the departure of individuals
is becoming increasingly rare while mass and forced exodus is
becoming more and more frequent. It is becoming clear that
escaping and displacement of the population are not only the
consequences of war, but also one of its aims: leading up to
"ethnically cleansed" territories. The article also raises the
question of the duty of European countries' to show solidarity,
but who are reticent in the face of Yugoslavian war refugees.
(YUGOSLAVIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, REFUGEES, RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION, WAR)
93.30.15 - French - Alain TARRIUS, Faculté
d'Anthropologie et de Sociologie, Université Louis Lumière, Lyon
II, 5 avenue P. Mendès France, 69676 Bron (France)
Circulation of Professional Elites and European Integration
(Circulation des élites professionnelles et intégration
européenne) (p. 27-56)
Two years of investigations in London, Brussels and Paris have
permitted the author to identify circulating professionals: these
are entrepreneurs and liberal professions belonging to the old
Jewish and Italian diasporas, capable of federating, over the
generations, the journeys of their exiles into spaces of
proximity, into networks through which riches and reputations
transit today. The author has also followed the paths of
occupational migration of the managers of public or private
enterprises: accumulation of fatigues, rejection of a chronicling
of international mobility, desire for a micro-localised insertion
on the means of an irreversible sedentarity. The large
international businesses are trying to manage the increase in the
close-by international mobility: in doing this, they provoke new
types of mobility, which are occupational (change of employer)
rather than spatial, and not easy to manage. (EUROPE,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, ELITE)
93.30.16 - French - Henri de LARY, Direction
de la Population et des Migrations, Ministère des Affaires
Sociales et de l'Intégration, 1 place Fontenoy, 75007 Paris
(France)
The United Nations Convention on the Protection of All Migrant
Workers and their Family Members (La convention des Nations Unies
sur la protection de tous les travailleurs migrants et des membres
de leur famille) (p. 57-81)
Mexico, Algeria and Yugoslavia who, in 1979, were among the co-
authors of the preliminary draft of the Convention on the
Protection of Migrants, to be drawn up in the United Nations
framework, were hoping to obtain, in the first instance, improved
protection for their non-regular migrant workers in the Employment
States and nothing appeared more appropriate than to request for
these workers that the integrality of their rights, as human
beings, be respected. But two orientations affected the
construction of this project in an unexpected way: the first was
the result of an observation made during the preliminary reading
according to which the States of origin who were to ratify the
Convention would also have to respect its terms, at the very least
for those of their country having emigrated. The second
orientation results, in the main, from the wish of a certain
number of States - not only European - to seek for and to
prescribe in this instrument the best possible statute for the
legal migrant worker and his family. (UNITED STATES, MIGARTION
POLICY)
93.30.17 - French - Alain BATTEGAY, Groupe de
Recherche sur la Socialisation CNRS/ARIESE, Université Lyon 2,
Bât. K, 5 avenue Pierre Mendès France, 69500 Bron (France)
Immigration Today in French Townships: The Issue of Ethnic
Territories (L'actualité de l'immigration dans les villes
françaises: la question des territoires ethniques) (p. 83-100)
The author studies the interference between the creation of a
North African minority in which Algerian immigration played a
central part and urban mutations. The existence of a
territorialised identity within spaces of immigrant centralisation
and in areas of social habitats is one of its major consequences
and raises the issue of it being taken into consideration by
public policies and systems of political representation. (FRANCE,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, FAMILY MIGRATION)
93.30.18 - French - Nadir BOUMAZA, Institut de
Géographie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble I, 17 rue
Maurice Gignoux, 38031 Grenoble Cedex (France)
The Interethnic Relationships in New Urban Stakes (Les relations
interethniques dans les nouveaux enjeux urbains) (p. 101-120)
The author examines interferences between the urban
transformations and the formation of Maghrebin minority, in which
Algerian immigration has played a central part. The constitution
of an identity territorialised in immigrated centralities and in
quarters of social settlements is a major consequences of them. It
puts the problem of its taking into account by urbans policies and
political representation's systems. (FRANCE, ALGERIA,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, URBANIZATION)
93.30.19 - French - Jean-Pierre BLAY, Rua
Almiraute Gonzales 35, Appt. 1103, Copacabana, 22060 Rio de
Janeiro R.J. (Brazil)
The Horse Trade, British Immigration and Social Structures in
Chantilly in the 19th Century (Industrie hippique, immigration
anglaise et structures sociales à Chantilly au XIXe siècle) (p.
121-132)
During the "July Monarchy", the influence of the aristocratic
circles was felt in the world of horse-racing, at a time when
British culture was highly prized by the sportsmen in the circle
of the Duke of Orleans. This phenomenon was at the origin of the
diversification of urban functions and provoked the overall
enrichment of the population in which it appeared, beside the
traditional bourgeoisie of worthies - a British bourgeoisie
arising from the world of horse-racing. (FRANCE, UNITED KINGDOM,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
93.30.20 - French - Carmel CAMILLERI,
Université de Paris V, Centre Henri Pierron, 28 rue Serpente,
75006 Paris (France)
Trends in Family Structures Amongst North Africans and Portuguese
in France (Evolution des structures familiales chez les Maghrébins
et les Portugais de France) (p. 133-146)
Based on the oldest and most numerous of the immigrant communities
(North African and Portuguese), the author examines trends in the
family sructures of migrants to France. Their swing towards the
contemporary Western model would appear to be the inescapable
average tendency. But that is occurring after obstacles and
conflicts which are leading to varied states of equilibrium.
Moreover, while the patriarchal structure as a whole is affected,
the change is not homogeneous, depending on which aspects are
considered. (FRANCE, NORTHERN AFRICA, PORTUGAL, INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION)
93.30.21 - French - Sylvie FANCHETTE, 11
Chaussée de la Muette, 75016 Paris (France)
Migratory Strategy in the Over-populated Space of the Nile Delta
(Stratégie migratoires dans l'espace surpeuplé du Delta du Nil)
(p. 147-170)
In the densely populated space of the centre of the Nile Delta,
the villagers have developed numerous strategies, characterised by
their search for resources outside the village economy, to enable
them to go on living in the villages and the townships which are
constantly changing. While emigration to the Gulf States has
greatly contributed to this process - one-quarter of Egyptian
families seems to have benefited from emigrant remittances - it
has only ever been a temporary alternative in response to the lack
of resources in the village. Pendular migration towards the towns
has, on the other hand, been a more long-term strategy. It has
permitted the survival of the majority of the farmlands and has
aided the development of a more and more urbanised social stratum.
(EGYPT, WESTERN ASIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, CAPITAL MOVEMENTS,
OVERPOPULATION)
1992 - VOLUME 8, NUMBER 3
THE CHINESE DIASPORA IN WESTERN COUNTRIES
93.30.22 - French - Vaughan ROBINSON,
Department of Geography, University College of Swansea, Singleton
Park, Swansea SA2 8PP (U.K.)
An Invisible Minority: The Chinese in Great Britain (Une minorité
invisible: les Chinois en Grande-Bretagne) (p. 9-31)
The author examines the situation of the Chinese minority in the
United Kingdom. He begins by questioning the reason why this group
has been subjected to so little research and then analyses some of
the cultural constants which have been noted in Chinese abroad. He
then describes the four phases of Chinese settling in Great
Britain: the pioneers, the early immigrants, the liberal
professions and mass migration. For each of these phases, data is
provided on the motivation underlying migration, its importance
and chronological history as well as on the bases of settlement
and the socio-economic characteristics. The second last part
covers the Chinese in the food sector while the last section deals
with the future of the Chinese in the United Kingdom. The most
recent socio-demographic data available are presented and an
analysis is made of how their dispersion and the linguistic
difficulties have turned the Chinese ino an invisible minority.
(UNITED KINGDOM, CHINA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ETHNIC
MINORITIES)
93.30.23 - French - Frank N. PIKE, Sinologisch
Instituut, Arsenaalstraat 1, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden
(Netherlands)
Immigration and Entrepreneurship: The Chinese in the Netherlands
(Immigration et entreprenariat: les Chinois aux Pays-Bas) (p. 33-
50)
The first part of the present article presents a rapid overall
view of the various communities living in the Netherlands: Asians
from Hong Kong, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Singapore and Malaysia, who
have specialised in the food sector; Asians from Indonesia,
Surinam and, finally, from Vietnam. The second and third sections
are a more detailed analysis of the immigration patterns of the
Asians working in the food sector and the growth in Sino-
Indonesian restaurants. The main argument is that the discursive
structures and specific relationships of power have reproduced -
and are themselves reproduced by - a powerful and "unilateral"
migration culture and a certain degree of economic success.
(NETHERLANDS, CHINA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ECONOMY)
93.30.24 - French - Giovanna CAMPANI and Lucia
MADDII, Dipartimento di Scienze dell' Educazione, Universita di
Scienze dell' Educazione, Palazzo Corsini, Via di Parione 11/B,
50123 Firenze (Italy)
A World Apart: The Chinese in Tuscany (Un monde à part: les
Chinois en Toscane) (p. 51-72)
This article describes Chinese immigration to Italy, with a
special focus on the Chinese community in Tuscany, one of the
largest in the country. This community, which was founded only a
decade or so ago, has developed in the traditionally
industrialised districts of bag- and shoe-making and - very
recently - tailoring. Chinese immigrants have progressively taken
the place of Italian artisans in these production sectors. The
article, which is based on a field survey and on lengthy
participative observation, considers the migratory path of the
Chinese (of whom most came from Zhejiang, in the People's
Republic), the organisation of the community, economic activity
and interaction with the local population. (ITALY, CHINA,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ECONOMY)
93.30.25 - French - Jan Chien Chen LIN,
Department of Sociology, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas
77204-3474 (U.S.A.)
The Flow of Chinese Labour and Capital Towards the United States
(Les flux de main-d'oeuvre et de capitaux chinois vers les Etats-
Unis) (p. 73-90)
The "Chinatowns" of America have undergone considerable
transformation since they were created in the middle of the 19th
century. These changes are due to the structural development in
the flow of Chinese labour and capital towards the United States.
The author studies the historical development of the Chinatowns of
America on the basis of the significant economic changes and the
American immigration policy. He also examines the conditions of
their appearance both in South-East Asia and in the United States.
At the outset, they consisted in enclaves of small businessmen and
now, the Chinatowns in the States are being restructured, both
materially and economically, by the significant inflows of outside
capital. This transition sometimes leads to conflicting interests
between large capital and modest population. (UNITED STATES,
CHINA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, CAPITAL
MOVEMENTS)
93.30.26 - French - Roger WALDINGER and Yenfen
TSENG, Department of Sociology, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los
Angeles, CA 90024 (U.S.A.)
Diverging Diasporas: The Chinese Communities in New York and Los
Angeles (Divergentes diasporas: les communautés chinoises de New
York et de Los Angeles) (p. 91-115)
The authors compare the situation of the Chinese in Los Angeles
with those in New York in order to highlight the internal
diversity of these two communities and the resulting
differentiation. They believe that, at the outset, these two
communities were similar and that their social structure was
characteristic of the Chinese during the first hundred years of
their settlement. While the two communities have grown to an
extraordinary extent with the renewal of mass Chinese immigration
during the mid-1960s, their means of development was even more
divergent than before. (UNITED STATES, CHINA, INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION, INTEGRATION)
93.30.27 - French - Kwok-Bun CHAN, Department
of Sociology, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge
Crescent, 511 Singapore (Singapore)
Ethnic Resources, Opportunity Structures and Adaptation
Strategies: Chinese Businesses in Canada (Ressources ethniques,
structures d'opportunité et stratégies d'adaptation: les
entreprises chinoises au Canada) (p. 117-137)
The first Chinese immigrants to Canada were specialised in the
commerce of goods for their own community, then in services such
as the laundry and food sectors. Today, with the Canadian policy
of encouraging the immigration of businessmen, the steps followed
by the early immigrants are now completely out of date. The 1988-
1989 data on the immigrants investing in British Colombia show
that the Chinese - mainly those originating from Hong Kong - are
the main investors, no matter the economic category. The situation
is the same in Ontario which is another preferred destination of
the Chinese. They have now carved out a niche for themselves in
industry and export. It is in fact the Chinese who have
revitalised the clothing industry in Toronto. (CANADA, CHINA,
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, ADJUSTMENT)
93.30.28 - French - Jean-Pierre HASSOUN,
Chargé de Recherche CNRS, Centre d'ethnologie française, 6 avenue
du Mahatma Gandhi, 75016 Paris (France)
Religious Practices and Chinese Enterprises in Paris - A
Favourable Landscape (Pratiques religieuses et entreprises
chinoises à Paris. Un paysage favorable) (p. 139-154)
This article deals with the ritual practices observed in Paris by
enterprises run by Chinese originating from Cambodia, Vietnam and
Laos who arrived in France in the late 1970s. Religious
ethnography makes it possible to distinguish these practices
amongst them by their intensity, regularity, degree of
formalisation and to update a continuation of religious practices
in the workplace. More than their diversity, these propitiatory
rites valorize material wealth and are organised according to the
same logic of exchange between the world of men and the world of
the gods. Furthermore, they are concise, cost little in financial
or human terms and do not incite to meditation. Thus, this
religious landscape and the interiorisation of the topics, ideas
and values associated with these rituals may be considered as a
symbolic resource. (FRANCE, CHINA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION,
RELIGION)
93.30.29 - French - Yu-Sion LIVE, CREDA, 45
rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris (France)
The Chinese in Paris Since the Beginning of the Century. Urban
Presence and Economic Activity (Les Chinois de Paris depuis le
début du siècle. Présence urbaine et activités économiques) (p.
155-173)
The present study highlights the endogenous and/or exogenous
determinants likely to encourage the expansion or decline of
Chinese activities and the "Chinese" areas in relation to
migratory flows. By including this process in a diachronic
analysis (covering the origins, the development and the outcome of
activities), the author demonstrates that an ethnic economy does
not live in a closed circuit and that its viability is, in most
cases, placed under the socio-cultural and economic influence of
the overall society or under legal measures governing commercial
activities or even under world political events, etc. (FRANCE,
CHINA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION)
93.30.30 - French - Emmanuel MA MUNG, Chargé
de Recherche au CNRS, MIGRINTER URA 1145, Département de
Géographie, 95 avenue du Recteur-Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex
(France)
Economic Plan of Action and Spatial Resources: Factors in a
Diaspora Economy (Dispositif économique et ressources spatiales:
éléments d'une économie de diaspora) (p. 175-193)
The author describes the organisation of Chinese businesses
amongst themselves, based on the example of Paris. It is suggested
that, to the categories of ethnic labour market, intra-community
or extra-community markets, exotic, community or everyday
commerces, should be added the concepts of external commerce
enterprises, mainstream enterprises and identity reproduction
enterprises. The author's other aim is to attempt to see how this
plan of action as an element in a diaspora economy becomes
aggregated to the latter. In order to do so, the author uses the
idea of spatial resources. (FRANCE, CHINA, INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION, ECONOMY)
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