Back to home pageUnited States of America (Staten Island) INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW FALL 1992 - NUMBER 3 93.11.01 - English - Rosanna PEROTTI, Hofstra University, Hempstead, Long Island, NY 11550 (U.S.A.) IRCA's Antidiscrimination Provisions:What Went Wrong? (p. 732-753) After negotiating for 15 years, why could not Congress build into its major illegal immigration bill adequate safeguards against new national origin and citizenship discrimination? One answer lies in the process through which Congress and interest group advocates negotiated IRCA's verification and redress provisions, the bill's main protections against discrimination. This essay concludes that, although it was foreseen that discrimination problems might arise from IRCA's "existing documents" verification provisions, members of Congress still agreed on these provisions to avoid difficult political questions. Restrictionists and liberals must engage in a dialogue aimed at developing verification provisions that will not be discriminatory. (UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, DISCRIMINATION) 93.11.02 - English - Steven A. SPENCER, O'Melveny and Myers, Washington, DC (U.S.A.) Illegal Migrant Laborers in Japan (p. 754-786) The rapid increase in the number of illegal migrant workers in Japan in the last seven poses Japanese policy-makers with a dilemma: should Japan capitulate to a domestic labor shortage and outside pressure on its borders and admit foreign laborers legally, or should it maintain its policy of excluding foreign laborers in order to protect Japanese society and economy from the adverse effects of foreign migration? Strong arguments in favor of both sides make an easy choice impossible, but the swelling presence of illegal migrant workers, fostered by strong economic forces, may make an exclusionary policy unworkable and unrealistic. (JAPAN, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION) 93.11.03 - English - Roger Mark SELYA, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 (U.S.A.) Illegal Migration in Taiwan: A Preliminary Overview (p. 787-805) Since 1986, there have been indications that Taiwan (the Republic of China) has been experiencing an increase in illegal migration. Despite a lack of data describing the number, origins and demographic characteristics of the illegal migrants, an open policy debate has been carried out by economic and social planners, entrepreneurs and labor leaders. Interviews with representatives of these three groups suggest that, contrary to expectations, planners favor the legalization of foreign workers; individual entrepreneurs also consider legalization a wise option. Labor leaders, as expected, are opposed to the use of imported labor. In January 1990, the Executive Yuan (Assembly) adopted regulations permitting limited use of foreign labor. The increase in illegal migrants and the decision to regularize their status suggests the need to review carefully the implications of all planning initiatives as far in advance as possible, and preferably when development plans are being initially implemented. (TAIWAN, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION) 93.11.04 - English - Gerald HABERKORN, National Planning and Statistics Office, Port Vila (Vanuatu) Temporary versus Permanent Population Mobility in Melanesia: A Case Study from Vanuatu (p. 806-842) Melanesia's urban population tripled from a mere 7% of the region's total population in 1955 to 20% by 1985. The overall picture conveyed by the Melanesian mobility literature, however, emphasizes rural-based circular mobility as the predominant form of population mobility in the region. Seeking to reconcile this contrast, this article argues that much of the alleged continued predominance of circular mobility owes more to its underlying operationalizations, ways of measurement, and theoretical conceptualizations than reflects contemporary reality. This argument is substantiated by an analysis of recent developments in Vanuatu mobility set in the local and historical conditions of migration from the island of Paama. It is demonstrated how specific structural transformations on the island and in urban areas throughout this century were not only conducive to a change from temporary to long-term or permanent rural absences, but how they also have emerged as the direct result of mobility, thus highlighting the latter's dialectical nature. Evidence for this mobility change is derived from a comparative analysis of lifetime mobility histories of urban and rural Paamese men and women. (MELANESIA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, URBANIZATION) 93.11.05 - English - Rosemary PRESTON, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL (U.K.) Refugees in Papua New Guinea: Government Response and Assistance, 1984-1988 (p. 843-876) Melanesian West Papuans have been seeking refuge in Papua New Guinea since Indonesia annexed the province of Irian Jaya in 1962. The slowness of the Papua New Guinean government to respond to the 12,000 who crossed the border in 1984 paved the way for subsequent policy of minimal assistance so as not to jeopardize national security, by antagonizing Indonesia or by exacerbating the jealously of local people. As in other places, the long-term effect for refugees is likely to be social and economic marginalization, combined with insecure residential status. (PAPUA NEW GUINEA, INDONESIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION) 93.11.06 - English - William RUEFLE, University of South Alabama, 230 Administration Bldg., Mobile, Alabama 36688 (U.S.A.), William H. ROSS and Diane MANDELL, University of Wisconsin, 1725 State St., La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601 (U.S.A.) Attitudes toward Southeast Asian Immigrants in a Wisconsin Community (p. 877-898) A telephone survey was conducted of 458 adult residents of La Crosse, Wisconsin, a community with over 2,000 Hmong immigrants, as well as lesser numbers of other Southeast Asian (SEA) immigrants. Knowledge about and attitude toward the SEA immigrants were assessed. The community was almost evenly divided in its attitude toward the new immigrants. A positive attitude toward SEAs was negatively related to ethnocentrism and positively related to economic optimism. It was also correlated with selected demographic variables. Multiple regression analyses showed that ethnocentrism accounted for a significant portion of the variance in attitude even after economic optimism and demographic background factors had been entered into the equation. Implications for policy and community attitude change are discussed. (UNITED STATES, SOUTHEASTERN ASIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION) 93.11.07 - English - Lorraine MAJKA, University of Oxford, University Offices, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD (U.K.), and Brendan MULLAN, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (U.S.A.) Employment Retention, Area of Origin and Type of Social Support among Refugees in the Chicago Area (p. 899-926) This article examines the impact of various socio-demographic variables on refugees' employment propensities in the greater metropolitan Chicago area. It extends existing research and knowledge of forced migrants' labor force activities by exploring the impact of region of origin and refugees' access to support systems and organizations on employment retention and job maintenance. The analysis shows that refugees' labor force participation patterns and experiences are influenced differentially both by their background characteristics and by their exposure to US assistance systems. Southeast Asian asylees are less successful in maintaining stable job placements when compared to their more socially advantaged and often more suitably placed Eastern European counterparts. Refugee self-help initiatives require greater empowerment and increased acceptance and status to assist other refugees in adjusting to the host society. (UNITED STATES, SOUTHEASTERN ASIA, REFUGEES, LABOUR FORCE) 93.11.08 - English - Frank BOVENKERK and Loes RULAND, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 8, 3508 TC Utrecht (Netherlands) Artisan Entrepreneurs: Two Centuries of Italian Immigration to the Netherlands (p. 927-939) Through recent ethnographic study of European international migration, a new type of temporary migrant has been identified that has been important historically: artisan entrepreneurs. The description of four such Italian groups to the Netherlands (chimney sweeps, mosaic workers, makers of plaster figures and ice-cream vendors) demonstrates how the demands of their trades have shaped their social histories. (ITALY, NETHERLANDS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, CRAFTSMEN) 93.11.09 - English - Gary David MITCHELL, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.S.A.) The Impact of US Immigration Policy on the Economic "Quality" of German and Austrian Immigrants in the 1930s (p. 940-967) Under the "likely to become a public charge" clause (the LPC clause), consular officers were expected to distinguish among intended immigrants on the basis of their likelihood of becoming public charges at any time subsequent to their arrival in the United States. If the LPC clause was implemented with any degree of efficiency, the group of refugees which arrived before the clause was renounced in March 1938 would have been subjected to stricter economic-quality standards than the group which arrived after it was renounced. The results of a European economic quality comparison between LPC refugees and post-LPC refugees suggest that the LPC clause did not result in any significant quality distinctions between the immigrants of the two groups. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis show that there is not any evidence that refugees who arrived while the LPC clause was in effect had any less US earnings potential and, thus, were any less likely to become public charges than refugees who arrived after the LPC clause was renounced. (UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, REFUGEES) SPRING 1993 - NUMBER 1 93.11.10 - English - Seteney SHAMI, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 20184, Amman (Jordan) The Social Implications of Population Displacement and Resettlement: An Overview with a Focus on the Middle East (p. 4- 33) Recent decades have witnessed a global increase in the collective displacement of populations as a result of natural disasters, wars and development projects. The social implications of displacement, and its corollary process of resettlement, are explored in this paper, with a focus on the Arab World. Most studies of this region tend to describe selected cases with little attempt at analytical synthesis or generalization based on comparative data. An approach which emphasizes the relation between the causes and consequences of displacement, examines cases in their historical context, and selects the appropriate unit of analysis, is essential in developing an adequate framework of analysis. (ARAB COUNTRIES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION) 93.11.11 - English - Hassan ELNAJJAR, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (U.S.A.) Planned Emigration: The Palestinian Case (p. 34-50) Emigration from the Palestinian refugee camps is argued, to be planned by the UN through educating Palestinians and sending them for work abroad. It is hypothesized that only skilled labor and white collar jobs attract refugees to emigrate, not mere employment. A structural model is proposed which shows emigration as more related to higher education than employment. The data was collected, through personal interviews, from Dair El Balah refugee camp in Gaza Strip in 1986. There are 291 observations representing individuals who are 19 years old or over. The major conclusion is that the UN plan to solve the problem of refugees through dispersing them has failed in the 1980s. (ARAB COUNTRIES, REFUGEES, EDUCATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION) 93.11.12 - English - Matthijs KALMIJN, Princeton University, 21 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08544 (U.S.A.) Spouse Selection among the Children of European Immigrants: A Study of Marriage Cohorts in the 1960 Census (p. 51-78) This article uses 1960 census data to describe patterns of spouse selection among the native born children of European immigrants. The analysis builds on previous studies of ethnic intermarriage but is new in that it focuses specifically on the second generation. In addition, it considers intermarriage as a multidimensional phenomenon and evaluates how the relative importance of national and educational boundaries in marriage choice has changed. Comparisons of synthetic marriage cohorts suggests that second generation European Americans marry increasingly into the native stock, they marry increasingly out of their national origin group, and the national boundaries that separate them have become weaker over time. At the same time, it is found that educational homogamy has increased across cohorts. More generally, changes in the marital assimilation of the second generation can be characterized as a shift from national origins to education. Methodologically, the study is novel in that multidimensional logmultiplicative models of association are used as a new way of measuring marriage distances between groups. (UNITED STATES, EUROPE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MARRIAGE, MATE SELECTION) 93.11.13 - English - Clara G. MUSCHKIN, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706 (U.S.A.) Consequences of Return Migrant Status for Employment in Puerto Rico (p. 79-102) At the aggregate level, return migrants in Puerto Rico in 1970 and 1980 faced greater employment-related difficulties, as compared with nonmigrants. This paper explores the individual-level relationship of return migrant status to employment outcomes. The conceptual framework takes into consideration local and regional contextual factors, particularly the employment conditions prevailing in Puerto Rico during this period. Within this framework, specific hypotheses suggest a negative influence of return migrant status, as return migrants are particularly vulnerable to discontinuities in employment and to spells of unemployment. This findings substantiate the hypotheses for both census years, and indicate the importance of the duration of residence in the US and the timing of the return move as mediating factors. (PORTO RICO, UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION) 93.11.14 - English - Seamus GRIMES, Department of Geography, University College, Galway (Ireland) Residential Segregation in Australian Cities: A Literature Review (p. 103-120) In this review of literature dealing with the postwar immigrant experience in urban Australia, some of the key interpretations of residential segregation are assessed. The paper focuses on studies which have examined ethnic clusters formed by southern Europeans in Sydney and Melbourne, and more recently by Indochinese refugees. Much of the analysis to date has been based on measuring static residential patterns rather than social interaction, and the need to question the significance of ethnic concentrations which sometimes characterise the early stages of immigrants adaptation is suggested. (AUSTRALIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, URBANIZATION, ETHNICITY) 93.11.15 - English - Jacques POOT, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O.Box 600, Wellington (New Zealand) Adaptation of Migrants in the New Zealand Labour Market (p. 121- 139) This paper addresses economic aspects of New Zealand immigration during the 1980s. General features are overall net emigration, but coinciding with high levels of immigration from Asia and Pacific Island countries. Earnings by years in New Zealand profiles for immigrants with selected occupations are steeper for Pacific Island-born males than for other immigrant groups. Although there are few data, there is some evidence that profiles differ between cohorts. Since the level of controlled immigration is likely to be increased and the perceived labour market outcomes are an input in the selection criteria, further research is needed. (NEW ZEALAND, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION) 93.11.16 - English - Kwok B. Chan and Tong Chee KIONG, National University of Singapore (Singapore) Rethinking Assimilation and Ethnicity: The Chinese in Thailand This paper attempts to critically re-examine some of the major hypotheses about the assimilation process in general and the assimilation of the Chinese in Thailand in particular. The authors argue that assimilation cannot be seen as a straight-line, one- way, lineal process of the Chinese becoming Thai. At the very least, they suggest that assimilation be conceived as a two-way process which, in the long run, will leave the Chinese with something Thai, and the Thai with something Chinese. The important theoretical question is no longer whether the Chinese in Thailand have been assimilated or not, but rather how they, as individuals and as a group, go about presenting themselves in their transactions with the Thai and other Chinese, and why. The analytical focus will thus be on the dynamics of social transactions within and between ethnic boundaries. What typically happens when an ethnic actor stays within his or her own ethnic boundary? What motivates him or her to cross it? It is our suggestion that some fundamental, classical dichotomies in sociology such as instrumental and expressive functions, public and private place, and secondary and primary status, be retrieved and used creatively as strategic conceptual building blocks in the overall task of theory-building in the field of ethnic studies. (THAILAND, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ETHNICITY, ASSIMILATION) SUMMER 1993 - NUMBER 2 93.11.17 - English - Barry R. CHISWICK, University of Illinois at Chicago, P.O. Box 4348, Chicago, Illinois 60680 (U.S.A.) Soviet Jews in the United States: An Analysis of their Linguistic and Economic Adjustment (p. 260-285) This article reviews the literature and analyzes 1980 Census data to study English language fluency and earnings among Soviet Jews. The literature review reveals: (1) the importance of employment and attaining pre-migration occupational status for self-esteem, (2) the difficulty of adjusting to the wide range of choices in the US, (3) the greater difficulty and economic importance of learning English and (4) the rapid linguistic and economic mobility. The multivariate analysis supports the latter two points. Soviet Jews have a difficult initial adjustment but after five years in the US they achieve parity in English fluency and earnings with other European immigrants, ceteris paribus. (UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, JEWS, ADJUSTMENT) 93.11.18 - English - Yitchak HABERFELD, Tel- Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69-978 Tel-Aviv (Israel) Immigration and Ethnic Origin: The Effect of Demographic Attributes on Earnings of Israeli Men and Women (p. 286-305) Waves of immigrants are often dominated by a single ethnic group, creating difficulty in separating the effects of ethnic origin and immigrant status on earnings. The present paper examined the separate effects of ethnicity and immigration on earnings by studying a sample of Israeli workers. The results indicated that immigrant status constitutes a major handicap in the Israeli labor market. Ethnicity, on the other hand, plays a minor role in the earnings determination process. The consequences of these results for labor market policies were discussed. (ISRAEL, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ETHNICITY, LABOUR MARKET) 93.11.19 - English - Thomas FAIST, New School for Social Research, 66 West 12th Street, New York, NY 10011 (U.S.A.) From School to Work: Public Policy and Underclass Formation among Young Turks in Germany during the 1980s (p. 306-331) This article analyzes the entry of young Turkish immigrants into German labor markets during the 1980s. In comparative perspective, German shows a high degree of public responsibility for job training of school leavers. The German apprenticeship or dual system of vocational and job training has resulted in high rates of training and low youth unemployment rates. However, while the participation rate of young Turks in the dual system has increased over the past decade, a high degree of ethnic inequality has persisted. Ethnically-specific access to job training and employment has developed. This finding applies even more strongly to young Turkish women than to Turkish men. Nevertheless, no ethnic underclass emerged during the 1980s. It remains to be seen, however, how the process of European integration will affect the insertion of the descendants of Turkish migrants. (GERMANY, TURKEY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, TRAINING, INTEGRATION) 93.11.20 - English - Ron ROTHBART, Medical Research Institute of San Francisco, 2200 Webster Street, San Francisco, California 94115 (U.S.A.) The Ethnic Saloon as a Form of Immigrant Enterprise (p. 332-358) While some maintain that immigrant enterprise promotes the upward social mobility of new ethnic groups, others argue that it often contributes little to group advancement. This article examines the case of ethnic saloons owned by earstern European immigrants in a Pennsylvania coal-mining town between 1880 and World War I. It is argued that social embeddedness eased the entry of eastern Europeans into the business but restricted their ability to succeed. Most went out of business and returned to blue-collar work after a few years. Only the few who diversified or expanded beyond the ethnic saloon market accumulated much wealth. Thus, in this case, ethnic entrepreneurship contributed little to group advancement. (UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, ETHNIC GROUPS, ADJUSTMENT) 93.11.21 - English - Bruce J. CHAPMAN, Australian National University, GPO 4, Canberra, ACT 2601 (Australia), and Robyn IREDALE, University of Wollongong, P.O. Box 1144, Wollongong, NSW 2500 (Australia) Immigrant Qualifications Recognition and Relative Wage Outcomes (p. 359-387) Australian society is most unusual in that it is characterised by relatively large numbers of immigrants, many of whom are ostensibly skilled workers. This empirical exercise used a data set compiled under the auspices of the Commonwealth Government. The data revealed that around 39% of skilled immigrants chose to subject their overseas qualifications to local assessment and, of these, 42% were recognised as being equivalent to their Australian counterpart. The econometric wage estimations reveal that immigrants from non-English speaking countries, as a whole, received low increments as a consequence of overseas qualifications compared to having Australian qualifications. (AUSTRALIA, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, WAGES) 93.11.22 - English - Eduard HAUFF and Per VAGLUM, University of Olso, P.O. Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo 3 (Norway) Integration of Vietnamese Refugees into the Norwegian Labour Market. The Impact of War Trauma (p. 388-405) 145 Vietnamese boat refugees were interviewed on arrival and after three years in Norway. The integration into the labour market was poor and the rate of unemployment was relatively high (16%). 82 (63%) were members of the labour force, the rest being students (n=41) or housewives (n=6). Both loss of social status in Vietnam in 1975 and experiences of war trauma was independently related to labour force participation, when age, sex and mental health were controlled for. The risk of unemployment was increased among men and among refugees with low formal education and with no accompanying spouse. The results indicate that war trauma may have an impact on career choice and integration into the labour market which is independent of mental health. Future immigration policies should probably improve the refugees' opportunities to establish intra-ethnic social networks to facilitate job finding and entrepreneurship. (UNITED STATES, VIET NAM, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTEGRATION, EMPLOYMENT) 93.11.23 - English - Robert P. SWIERENGA, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 (U.S.A.) The Delayed Transition from Folk to Labour Migration: The Netherlands, 1880-1920 (p. 406-424) This article analyzes Netherlands government statistics on overseas emigration, 1880-1920, which reveal that the process of industrialization caused a major social structural shift in the 1890s. A system of urban labour migration replaced the traditional rural folk movement and the primary destination shifted away from the USA to Dutch colonies in Asia and South America. The Netherlands belatedly "caught up" with the rest of Western Europe in the shift from family to industrial overseas emigrants. (NETHERLANDS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, EMIGRATION)
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